IEEE Access最新文献

{"title":"Design of Compact Dual-Band Eighth-Mode SIW Antenna for On-Body ISM Band Application","authors":"Muthukumara Rajaguru Kattiakara Muni Samy;Abhishek Gudipalli","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472310","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a dual-band, compact, eight-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (EMSIW) antenna is presented for 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) applications. The electrical size of the proposed antenna is reduced by 1/8th compared to a conventional rectangular SIW cavity resonator by using the EMSIW approach. With the eight-mode concept, the dominant mode is preserved at the same frequency while achieving a large reduction in antenna size. The dominant mode’s resonance frequency is independently adjusted to 2.4 GHz, and a higher-order mode operates at 5.8 GHz. When both slots are loaded in an EMSIW, the radiation pattern at 5.8 GHz is enhanced in the broadside direction.The antenna’s on-body performance is validated using a biological phantom model at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz, demonstrating lower sensitivity. The antenna’s simulated efficiency and measured gain in free space are 5.9 dBi and 60% and 3.8 dBi and 60%, respectively. The simulated Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values are within acceptable limits for on-body WBAN applications, attributed to the predominantly unidirectional radiation from the antenna resulting in low SAR values. Additionally, the measurement results align well with the simulation outcomes.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"145069-145078"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Optimal Energy Dispatch Management System for Hybrid Power Plants: PV-Grid-Battery-Diesel Generator-Pumped Hydro Storage","authors":"Fatma Ahmed;Rashid Al-Abri;Hassan Yousef;Ahmed M. Massoud","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3470652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3470652","url":null,"abstract":"Effective real-time energy management strategies are crucial for optimising hybrid power plants, particularly when challenged with integrating Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and managing their intermittent nature. This paper presents a comprehensive energy management framework holding real-time optimisation for HPP. The practical implications of this research are significant, as it provides a roadmap for seamlessly integrating RESs with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) in Hybrid Power Plants (HPPs) to minimise cost while meeting daily household energy demands. Furthermore, it demonstrates how diesel generators (DGs) can be incorporated into the HPP’s energy management system while minimising carbon emissions. An Energy Dispatch Engine (EDE) is introduced to control HPPs that combine PV, BESS, DG and Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS). Two optimisation approaches are used, namely, Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP). The system leverages load and RES power data while considering State-of-Charge (SoC) constraints to manage battery health proactively. Optimising discharge and charge profiles of the BESS, with the overarching goal of minimising the total cost of satisfying daily load demand, is an objective. Various tariff schemes were explored to assess the presented EDE. Our testing demonstrates that the SDDP approach consistently results in lower total costs than MILP. The total cost for the MILP method, where the system with PHS incurs higher costs (219.8 \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${$}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/24h) than the total cost for the SDDP method, where the system with PHS system (180 \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${$}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/24h). The cost of CO2 emissions was found to be lower in the case of SDDP, amounting to 8.3 \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${$}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/24h for a total emission of 160 kg. In contrast, the MILP approach resulted in a higher CO2 cost of 10.2 \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${$}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/24h for a total emission of 200 kg. This suggests that SDDP is more cost-effective in terms of reducing CO2 emissions.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"143307-143326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 1.5-Approximation for Symmetric Euclidean Open Loop TSP","authors":"Alok Chauhan","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472282","url":null,"abstract":"Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is NP-hard and therefore lacks efficient algorithm that provides optimal solution. So far, a benchmark in this area is Christofides’ Algorithm, which provides an upper bound of 3/2 for metric TSP. In this paper, it is shown that a simple nearest neighbor heuristic called 2- Repetitive Nearest Neighbor (2-RNN) with much simpler implementation without the need to construct minimum spanning tree and Euler tour also has the approximation ratio of 3/2 for open loop symmetric Euclidean TSP which also matches with current standard for open loop TSP. Experiments also show that the average performance of 2-RNN in terms of gap percentage (18.75) is better than that of Christofides’ algorithm (28.09) for eight instances of TSPLIB dataset and gap percentage of 1.06 (2-RNN) and 9.10 (Christofides) for 6449 instances of the Dots dataset, albeit at the cost of an order of magnitude higher time complexity.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"144509-144518"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10702593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142409038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Directional Encoding for Point Cloud Analysis","authors":"Yoonjae Jung;Sang-Hyun Lee;Seung-Woo Seo","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472301","url":null,"abstract":"Extracting informative local features in point clouds is crucial for accurately understanding spatial information inside 3D point data. Previous works utilize either complex network designs or simple multi-layer perceptrons (MLP) to extract the local features. However, complex networks often incur high computational cost, whereas simple MLP may struggle to capture the spatial relations among local points effectively. These challenges limit their scalability to delicate and real-time tasks, such as autonomous driving and robot navigation. To address these challenges, we propose a novel 3D Directional Encoding Network (3D-DENet) capable of effectively encoding spatial relations with low computational cost. 3D-DENet extracts spatial and point features separately. The key component of 3D-DENet for spatial feature extraction is Directional Encoding (DE), which encodes the cosine similarity between direction vectors of local points and trainable direction vectors. To extract point features, we also propose Local Point Feature Multi-Aggregation (LPFMA), which integrates various aspects of local point features using diverse aggregation functions. By leveraging DE and LPFMA in a hierarchical structure, 3D-DENet efficiently captures both detailed spatial and high-level semantic features from point clouds. Experiments show that 3D-DENet is effective and efficient in classification and segmentation tasks. In particular, 3D-DENet achieves an overall accuracy of 90.7% and a mean accuracy of 90.1% on ScanObjectNN, outperforming the current state-of-the-art method while using only 47% floating point operations.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"144533-144543"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142407445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is This Code the Best? Or Can It Be Further Improved? Developer Stats to the Rescue","authors":"Waseem Ahmed;Ahmed Harbaoui","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472481","url":null,"abstract":"Is the given code the best? Or can it be further improved? And if so, by how much? To answer these three questions, code cannot be seen in isolation from it’s developer as the developer factor plays a vital role in determining code quality. However, no universally accepted metric or developer stat currently exists that provides an objective indicator to a developer’s ability to produce code benchmarked against an expert developer. While traditional developer stats like rank, position, rating and experience published on Online Judges (OJs) provide various insights into a developer’s behavior and ability, they do not help us in answering these three questions. Moreover, unless code quality can be numerically quantified this may not be possible. Towards this end, we conducted an empirical study of over 72 million submissions made by 143,853 users in 1876 contests on Codeforces, a popular OJ, to analyze their code in terms of its correctness, completeness and performance efficiency (code quality characteristics listed in the ISO/IEC 25010 product quality model) measured against the given requirements regardless of the programming language used. First, we investigated ways to predict code quality given a developer’s traditional stats using various ML regression models. To quantify and compare code quality, new concepts like score and contest scorecard, had to be introduced. Second, we identified causes that led to poor predictability. Our analysis helped classify user’s performance in contests based on our discovery of erratic or temperamental behavior of users during contests. Third, we formulated a quality index or \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$qtext {-}index$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of a developer, a new and unique developer stat to indicate the ability of a developer in producing quality code, and to help increase the predictability of the ML models by mitigating the negative effect of temperamental behavior of users during contests. Among the ML models used, our results suggest that the GradientBoost regressor is the most suited ML model to predict code quality which gave us a high prediction accuracy of around 99.55%. We also demonstrated the uniqueness of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$qtext {-}index$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 over traditional stats and described how it can complement the usefulness of traditional developer stats in decision making.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"144395-144411"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Memory Hierarchy on Memory Encryption Performance","authors":"Viktor V. Prutyanov;Mikhail Y. Romashikhin;Yan Vugenfirer;Roman A. Solovyev;Aleksandr Y. Romanov","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472311","url":null,"abstract":"Memory encryption with authentication protects critical applications from attackers with physical access. Memory encryption introduces memory access latency overhead due to the cryptographic computations and metadata accesses in DRAM. We propose using a metadata cache to reduce latency and report the results of an experimental and simulation evaluation of the impact of the DRAM and metadata cache on the overall latency of memory encryption schemes based on Intel SGX and Encryption for Large Memory integrity trees on an FPGA-based platform with DDR3 DRAM. We present the results of an end-to-end performance evaluation of the RISC-V RocketChip soft-core and the memory encryption with several metadata cache configurations.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"144812-144817"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142409007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Requirements, Benefits, and Barriers of IoT Solutions to Support Well-Being in Elementary Schools","authors":"Agnieszka Kitkowska;Karin Brodén;Lamya Abdullah","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3469558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3469558","url":null,"abstract":"In most parts of the world, minors’ access to education is guaranteed, resulting in most of their time being spent in the school building. Similarly, school staff spend a relatively long time in the same building. This unique setting requires both groups to stay inside the school walls throughout the working days, which might negatively affect their well-being. Studies show that low indoor air quality might negatively affect well-being. Moreover, school staff and students mention other problems, such as worrisome declining students’ attendance, motivation, social relations, safety, stress, and pressure, among others. Technological solutions, such as IoT-based systems, might be one way to tackle the well-being issue at schools. However, most of the existing solutions focus on the quality of the indoor environment, disregarding the needs and pains of school inhabitants. Further, some research focused on IoT in households, social housing, or universities. Yet, school inhabitants’ requirements may differ, considering higher density of occupancy, cognitive tasks that school inhabitants continuously perform, and the fact that school students are minors who are still in the process of physical and mental development. In the current article, we present an investigation of how IoT-based solutions could extend beyond solely environment-measuring tools and fulfill the needs of school inhabitants. Through an interview study with eleven IoT experts guided by user (school inhabitants) requirements identified in the previous research, we assess functional and non-functional system requirements that such systems should build on. These are discussed against the five-layer IoT architecture model. Moreover, the study identifies barriers and benefits of IoT-based solutions, which are discussed in the context of existing scientific and legal frameworks. The exploratory findings presented in the paper could be used as a guide for decision-makers at schools to ensure that the students and staff’s well-being is maintained, as well as by IoT suppliers to produce holistic or compatible solutions that could be easily integrated into the unique contexts of school.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"144965-144981"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Structure Design of Wearable Assistive Robot Driven by ADAMS System","authors":"Xiaona Cai","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472116","url":null,"abstract":"Currently wearable assistive robot has been widely researched and applied in many fields. Aiming at the problems of difficult and time-consuming handling of goods, a wearable assistive robot using automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems is designed. The robot is assisted by robot operating system. The robot uses robot operating system to assist the automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems system, and the mechanical structure of the robot is analyzed and designed. Then the robot structure is simulated and analyzed by the software to explore the practical application of the robot. The results of the study indicated that the height of the robot’s air drive affected the effectiveness of the robot’s application. The angle of the robot could reach 36.2° at 0mm height, 53.6° at 50mm and 66.7° at 100mm. At the same time, the maximum force of the robot’s stand could reach 191.5N. The amount of robot’s assisting force varied in different handling goods. The actual force applied by the robot varied in different arm positions. However, the actual structural design of the robot is in line with the actual application effect. It can be concluded that the robot designed by the system conforms to the actual application structure and can realize the actual booster assistance effect. This is a good guide for the assistive control and structure analysis of the assistive robot.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"145366-145377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Layer Multi-User MIMO With Cylindrical Arrays Under 3GPP 3D Channel Model for B5G/6G Networks","authors":"Daniel Gaetano Riviello;Riccardo Tuninato;Roberto Garello","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472489","url":null,"abstract":"Massive MIMO technology has significantly enhanced the performance of 5G networks, and its potential is poised for further expansion in the upcoming 6G standard. Large antenna arrays at the transmitter, combined with multiple antennas at each user can enable multi-user multi-layer MIMO data transmission. In this paper, we study the potential benefits of a cylindrical array arrangement in a 3D scenario, compared to the conventional trisector planar array configuration. In fact, cylindrical arrays allow for more uniform coverage of the cell, don’t suffer from beam broadening, and can mitigate the sector-edge problem. For this purpose, we assess the effectiveness of multi-user and multi-layer precoding and combining strategies using cylindrical arrays outfitted with both single and dual-polarized antenna elements, under the most recent 3GPP-compliant 3D channel model for 5G, and by taking into account impairments due to an imperfect channel estimation. Results and comparisons with planar arrays in terms of sum-rate, spectral efficiency and outage are provided for outdoor Line-of-Sight (LOS), outdoor Non-LOS, and indoor users. They highlight the benefits of using cylindrical arrays in realistic 3D scenarios, even when the planar arrays of the different sectors are coordinated to operate as a single array. This makes them an interesting solution for next-generation 6G networks.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"145753-145767"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approximating Energy Market Clearing and Bidding With Model-Based Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Thomas Wolgast;Astrid Nieße","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3472480","url":null,"abstract":"Energy market rules should incentivize market participants to behave in a market and grid conform way. However, they can also provide incentives for undesired and unexpected strategies if the market design is flawed. MARL is a promising new approach to predicting the expected profit-maximizing behavior of energy market participants in simulation. However, reinforcement learning requires many interactions with the system to converge, and the power system environment often consists of extensive computations, e.g., optimal power flow (OPF) calculation for market clearing. To tackle this complexity, we provide a model of the energy market to a basic multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithm in the form of a learned OPF approximation and explicit market rules. The learned OPF surrogate model makes an explicit solving of the OPF completely unnecessary. Our experiments demonstrate that the model additionally reduces training time by about one order of magnitude but at the cost of a slightly worse performance. Potential applications of our method are market design, more realistic modeling of market participants, and analysis of manipulative behavior. Source code available at \u0000<uri>https://github.com/Digitalized-Energy-Systems/marl_clearing_and_bidding</uri>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"12 ","pages":"145106-145117"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}