IEEE Access最新文献

{"title":"Fully Quantized Matrix Arithmetic-Only BERT Model and Its FPGA-Based Accelerator","authors":"Hiroshi Fuketa;Toshihiro Katashita;Yohei Hori;Masakazu Hioki","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581957","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a fully quantized matrix arithmetic-only BERT (FQ MA-BERT) model to enable efficient natural language processing. Conventionally, the BERT model relies on floating point arithmetic for inference and requires not only linear matrix multiplication but also nonlinear functions, such as softmax and normalization functions, which significantly increase hardware costs. In contrast, the proposed FQ MA-BERT model quantizes all activations and weights to 8-bit integer precision and ternary precision, respectively, i.e., the proposed model is fully quantized. Moreover, all nonlinear layers are replaced with matrix arithmetic operations. This means that the proposed model consists solely of integer-precision linear matrix arithmetic operations, allowing a significant reduction in hardware resources. To validate the hardware-friendliness of the proposed FQ MA-BERT model, we implement an accelerator for the proposed model on AMD Zynq Ultrascale+ FPGA. The proposed accelerator comprises only two types of integer-precision matrix multiplication units without the need for specialized circuits to perform nonlinear functions. The implementation results show that the hardware resource efficiency of the proposed accelerator is 1.8 times higher than that of conventional FPGA-based BERT accelerators.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"107165-107174"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Millimeter-Wave Yagi MIMO Antenna With High Isolation and Beam-Tilting Capability Using Optimized Metamaterials","authors":"Bashar A. F. Esmail;Dustin Isleifson;Slawomir Koziel","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581586","url":null,"abstract":"A high-performance multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for the millimeter-wave spectrum is introduced in this paper, featuring broadband performance, high gain, superior isolation, and beam-tilting functionality. A single Yagi antenna, utilizing a third-order mode dipole as its driver with integrated reflectors, is designed for the 28 GHz band to enhance gain. The rigorous numerical optimization procedure was employed to precisely adjust the dimensions and positions of the driven dipole, director, and reflectors. The optimized Yagi antenna functions within the 28 GHz 5G band, offering a 2.6 GHz bandwidth. The radiation pattern results reveal that the antenna’s gain in this higher resonant mode exceeds that of a conventional Yagi-Uda antenna, achieving a gain of 9.35 dBi at 28 GHz. The MIMO antenna is subsequently designed using two adjacent Yagi elements, with a metamaterial array positioned between them to enhance isolation and tilt the radiation beam. The trust region (TR) method is utilized to refine the metamaterial’s dimensions, achieving up to 58 dB of isolation at 28 GHz. Additionally, the metamaterial enables a 33-degree E-plane beam tilting relative to the end-fire direction when switching between the two ports’ excitations. The system is validated through experiments, demonstrating a strong correlation between the simulated and measured data.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"107710-107719"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine Motor Tasks in Virtual Reality: The Impact of Haptic Feedback and Object Characterization","authors":"Nour Hatira;Mine Sarac","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581787","url":null,"abstract":"Fine motor tasks in Virtual Reality (VR) are often constrained by the lack of natural sensory cues, particularly the sense of touch. Previous studies have shown that object characteristics (e.g., shape and size) influence how users perceive and interact with objects. However, the literature lacks insight into how these factors affect each other. This study investigates how different haptic feedback modalities and object characteristics influence user performance during fine motor tasks in VR. We conducted a user study with 25 participants as SenseGlove Nova 1 rendered alternative haptic feedback conditions: combined (force and vibration), force-only, vibration-only, and no feedback. Participants grasped and inserted virtual objects of different shapes (cube, cylinder, pentagon, triangle) and sizes (small, medium, large) into a toybox. Our results show that combined feedback consistently led to greater precision, fewer collisions, and an improved manipulation experience, particularly with larger and more complex objects. Object characteristics also significantly influenced performance: medium-sized and simpler-shaped objects created the best results. Additionally, object characteristics also influenced performance, with medium-sized and simpler-shaped objects leading to better performance. Our findings indicate the need to choose haptic feedback modalities based on object-specific characteristics for better user performance and experience.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"108348-108358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045349","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closed-Form Solution for CFAR Detection Threshold in G0 Distributed SAR Clutter","authors":"Dheeren Ku Mahapatra;Sourabh Paul;Biswajit Dwivedy;Alejandro C. Frery","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581682","url":null,"abstract":"We devise a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector for detecting targets in clutter regions with varying degrees of heterogeneity. The CFAR detector employs the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathcal {G}^{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> distribution for characterizing the statistics of background Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) clutter amplitude data. We express the Method of Log-Cumulants (MoLC) estimator for the shape parameter of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathcal {G}^{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-distribution in closed-form using an approximation of the polygamma function. We quantify the effectiveness of employing a polygamma approximation in MoLC estimation for clutter regions with varying levels of heterogeneity using a Monte Carlo simulation. Exploiting the dependencies between hypergeometric functions and the Fisher-Snedecor distribution function, we formulate a closed-form solution for the CFAR detection threshold. Furthermore, we derive a closed-form expression of the detection probability for the proposed CFAR detector in terms of clutter model parameters and the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). We present analytical results that confirm the efficacy of the CFAR detector in various clutter environments, as well as for different SCR levels, compared to the CFAR-WBL, CFAR-LGN, CFAR-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathcal {K}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and existing CFAR-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathcal {G}^{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> detectors. We further assess the performance of the CFAR detector on ALOSPALSAR and MSTAR (Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition) data, which represent sea clutter and vegetation clutter, respectively. The proposed detector achieves accurate detection results compared to the aforementioned state-of-the-art CFAR detectors. Finally, experimental results illustrate the computational effectiveness of the proposed CFAR-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathcal {G}^{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> detector compared to CFAR-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathcal {K}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and conventional CFAR-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathcal {G}^{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> detectors.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"107175-107186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coordinated Control Approach for Brake Actuator Failures: A Fault-Tolerant Strategy Using Braking Systems and Steering","authors":"Yunchul Ha;Seunguk Jeon;Jinyong Park;Seoyeon Choi;Seunghoon Woo","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581926","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a fault-tolerant control system is proposed for brake actuators in a vehicle. A degradation in deceleration performance and lateral stability caused by brake actuator failure can cause serious safety issues. The integration of braking system with either the drive or steering actuators has performance limitations, and previously studied fully integrated braking, driving, and steering systems have complex structures. Therefore, a coordinated control approach for fault-tolerant control of brake actuators was proposed herein to achieve a coordinated control of the drive, brake, and steering actuators. The drive and brake controller performed optimal torque allocation of the desired longitudinal force and yaw moment, and a constraint was set to ensure that the yaw moment error did not exceed the allowable limit. The unachieved yaw moment in the drive and brake controllers was compensated by the front and rear wheel feedforward steering angles of the steering controller. This structure improved deceleration performance and lateral stability by allowing a certain amount of imbalance in braking force and compensating for it with the steering control. The fault-tolerant control system was verified via simulations and experiments, demonstrating that additional control of driving and steering improved the deceleration performance and lateral stability, respectively. Simulation results revealed that the proposed strategy considerably improved lateral stability compared to independent control strategy using the same actuators. The experiments further verified the applicability of the proposed strategy to vehicles and confirmed that yaw rate errors were reduced under both single and dual brake actuator failure conditions.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"108005-108024"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Series Compensated Low Frequency Transformers Emulating Multipulse Rectifiers for Harmonic Current Content Minimization in Electrical Grids","authors":"Carlos A. Munoz;Carlos R. Baier;Jesus C. Hernández;Esteban I. Marciel;Pedro E. Melin","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581891","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the use of series compensated low frequency transformers (SCLFT), operating in parallel to traditional low frequency transformers (LFT), to attenuate harmonic distortion caused by nonlinear loads in electrical networks. The proposed strategy achieves harmonic cancellation through a controlled phase shift between the SCLFT and LFT voltages, emulating the behavior of multi-pulse transformers. By integrating power converters into the LFT, the SCLFT’s operation is optimized to maximize system efficiency and implement a robust control algorithm for precise output voltage regulation. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations and experimental testing, demonstrating a significant reduction in current harmonic distortion. These results position series-compensated SCLFTs as a viable solution for enhancing power quality in distribution grids. This technology offers a promising alternative to modernizing electrical infrastructure and paves the way for future applications in microgrid optimization and large-scale distribution systems.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"107455-107466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing Taiwanese Traffic Patterns on Consecutive Holidays Through Forecast Reconciliation and Prediction-Based Anomaly Detection Techniques","authors":"Mahsa Ashouri;Frederick Kin Hing Phoa;Marzia Angela Cremona","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581839","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores traffic patterns on Taiwanese highways during consecutive holidays, with a focus on understanding the behavior of Taiwanese highway traffic. We propose a prediction-based detection method for identifying highway traffic anomalies using reconciled ordinary least squares (OLS) forecasts and bootstrap prediction intervals. Two fundamental features of traffic flow time series – seasonality and spatial autocorrelation – are captured by adding Fourier terms in OLS models, spatial aggregation (as a hierarchical structure mimicking the geographical division into regions, cities, and stations), and a reconciliation step. Our approach, although simple, is capable of modeling complex traffic datasets with reasonable accuracy. Being based on OLS, it is efficient and permits avoiding the computational burden of more complex methods. Analyses of Taiwan’s consecutive holidays in 2019, 2020, and 2021 (73 days) showed strong variations in anomalies across different directions and highways. Specifically, we detected some areas and highways comprising a high number of traffic anomalies (north direction-central and southern regions-highways No. 1 and 3, south direction-southern region-highway No.3), and others with generally normal traffic (east and west direction). These results could provide important decision-support information to traffic authorities.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"108500-108518"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional Readiness Evaluation of Smart Tourism Destinations: A Natural Language Processing and Thematic Analysis Approach","authors":"Dhiani Tresna Absari;Arif Djunaidy;Tony Dwi Susanto","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581962","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of the tourism sector, driven by technological progress, has led to smart tourism, improving visitor experiences and streamlining destination administration. In underdeveloped nations, such as Indonesia, destinations often are not adequately prepared to use smart technology, resulting in inefficiencies and unsuccessful projects. Existing models for evaluating tourism progress typically concentrate on specific regions or isolated dimensions, lacking a comprehensive assessment of governance, socio-economic conditions, and information technology (IT) awareness. This research addresses this gap by introducing a multidimensional framework for evaluating smart tourism readiness based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) paradigm. The study starts with a thorough review of existing literature using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) method to find key factors for readiness, and it uses a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research methods. We conducted a quantitative examination using natural language processing (NLP) to cluster the dimensions of the existing evaluation models. In the qualitative phase, two validation processes were conducted. The first process involved expert interviews with stakeholders to validate the dimensions identified in the previous step. In the second validation process, we simplified the information by matching the proposed dimensions with IT governance components from well-known frameworks like COBIT and ITIL 4. This mapping ensures the proposed dimensions are aligned with IT governance components, supporting the effective management of smart technology in smart tourism destinations. The study identifies seven critical readiness dimensions as a key finding: governance, sustainability, online tourism services, smart technology, accessibility, innovation, and socioeconomic conditions. The findings contribute to a holistic readiness evaluation framework, offering actionable insights for policymakers and tourism stakeholders to inform strategic planning and policy development. This comprehensive model supports the successful implementation of smart tourism initiatives, addressing the unique challenges of developing countries and fostering long-term sustainability.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"108284-108305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Effects of Cyberattacks in Mixed and Fully Connected Vehicle Environments Using a Novel Microscopic Traffic Model","authors":"Zawar Hussain Khan;Faryal Ali;Thomas Aaron Gulliver;Ahmed B. Altamimi;Mohammad Alsaffar;Fahad F. Alfaisal","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3581788","url":null,"abstract":"Cybersecurity has increased in importance due to advances in connected vehicle technology. To evaluate the impact of cyberattacks in mixed and fully connected vehicle environments, a novel microscopic traffic model is given that incorporates the connected autonomous vehicle (CAV) penetration rate. The intelligent driver (ID) model assumes uniform driver behavior based on a constant which is unsuitable for this environment. Thus, a variable exponent based on the cyberattack intensity is proposed that integrates the CAV penetration rate. The proposed model is evaluated over a 1000 m circular road for 500 s with a platoon of 28 vehicles with 60% of vehicles affected by an attack. The results obtained indicate that cyberattacks reduce traffic stability, particularly at low CAV penetration rates. At high penetration rates, these attacks have less of an impact due to faster reaction times and coordination of unaffected CAVs. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively characterize traffic behavior under cyberattacks, and so can be used to alleviate congestion in the presence of cybersecurity threats.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"108641-108652"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Implementation of Parameterized MPC Strategies for Lane Keeping Assist Systems in Real-Time HIL Architecture","authors":"James Duvan Garcia Montoya;André Murilo;Evandro Leonardo Silva Teixeira;Rafael Rodrigues da Silva;Bruno Augusto Angélico","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3582149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3582149","url":null,"abstract":"The Lane Assist System (LAS) helps drivers stay within their road lanes. It uses cutting-edge technology (such as a camera system) to monitor marks for lane-following applications. The Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS), a LAS with steering control, ensures appropriate lateral vehicle dynamics, avoiding unexpected steering operation. Despite LKAS solutions promoting comfort driving, robust steering control is lacking, requiring constant driver intervention, sometimes with premature LKAS deactivation. For this reason, this paper investigates parameterized Model-Predictive Control (MPC) solutions for real-time LKAS applications. The parameterized MPC calculates control actions for a constrained dynamic system, making it a potential candidate for robust LKAS. A sideslip and lateral speed bicycle model with three MPC formulations and various Quadratic Programming Solvers were considered. Trajectory tracking, lateral displacement and yaw angle regulation experimental tests were run through Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) Architecture. Experimental results, along with comparative performance and robustness analyses, demonstrate satisfactory results and provide valuable insights into the application of MPC for lane-keeping assist systems.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"109883-109893"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045931","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}