{"title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of On-Grid Park and Ride EV Parking Station With Renewable Energy","authors":"Soichiro Ueda;Masahiro Furukakoi;Akie Uehara;Hiroshi Takahashi;Ashraf Mohamed Hemeida;Mitsunaga Kinjo;Tomonobu Senjyu","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3604097","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"In response to the growing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve a decarbonized society, this study focuses on the optimal design of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations powered by renewable energy sources. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), which emit no CO2 during operation, are particularly effective when combined with Park and Ride (P&R) systems that mitigate urban traffic congestion. This paper investigates the optimal operation and configuration of P&R BEV charging stations in Okinawa, Japan, comparing two power supply methods: on-grid and off-grid systems using photovoltaic (PV), wind power generation (WG), and battery energy storage systems (BESS). A multi-objective optimization model is developed to minimize the annual operating cost while meeting EV charging demand. To identify the optimal configuration, an exhaustive search of equipment unit combinations is conducted. The resulting pareto front reveals trade-offs between total annual EV charging energy and parking operator profit. In addition, three representative charging levels are analyzed in detail. Results show that on-grid systems achieve higher profit margins under moderate charging demand, leveraging grid power to maintain stable operations. In contrast, off-grid systems, while requiring higher initial investment, exhibit greater self-sufficiency and perform better in high demand scenarios or in remote areas with limited grid access. Thus, the optimal power supply method should be selected based on site-specific conditions, such as EV charging scale, regional infrastructure, and resilience requirements. Among the options, the on-grid system is identified as the most practical and economically viable solution under current technological and institutional conditions.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"152669-152681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11145064","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Access","FirstCategoryId":"94","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11145064/","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
In response to the growing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve a decarbonized society, this study focuses on the optimal design of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations powered by renewable energy sources. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), which emit no CO2 during operation, are particularly effective when combined with Park and Ride (P&R) systems that mitigate urban traffic congestion. This paper investigates the optimal operation and configuration of P&R BEV charging stations in Okinawa, Japan, comparing two power supply methods: on-grid and off-grid systems using photovoltaic (PV), wind power generation (WG), and battery energy storage systems (BESS). A multi-objective optimization model is developed to minimize the annual operating cost while meeting EV charging demand. To identify the optimal configuration, an exhaustive search of equipment unit combinations is conducted. The resulting pareto front reveals trade-offs between total annual EV charging energy and parking operator profit. In addition, three representative charging levels are analyzed in detail. Results show that on-grid systems achieve higher profit margins under moderate charging demand, leveraging grid power to maintain stable operations. In contrast, off-grid systems, while requiring higher initial investment, exhibit greater self-sufficiency and perform better in high demand scenarios or in remote areas with limited grid access. Thus, the optimal power supply method should be selected based on site-specific conditions, such as EV charging scale, regional infrastructure, and resilience requirements. Among the options, the on-grid system is identified as the most practical and economically viable solution under current technological and institutional conditions.
IEEE AccessCOMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMSENGIN-ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
CiteScore
9.80
自引率
7.70%
发文量
6673
审稿时长
6 weeks
期刊介绍:
IEEE Access® is a multidisciplinary, open access (OA), applications-oriented, all-electronic archival journal that continuously presents the results of original research or development across all of IEEE''s fields of interest.
IEEE Access will publish articles that are of high interest to readers, original, technically correct, and clearly presented. Supported by author publication charges (APC), its hallmarks are a rapid peer review and publication process with open access to all readers. Unlike IEEE''s traditional Transactions or Journals, reviews are "binary", in that reviewers will either Accept or Reject an article in the form it is submitted in order to achieve rapid turnaround. Especially encouraged are submissions on:
Multidisciplinary topics, or applications-oriented articles and negative results that do not fit within the scope of IEEE''s traditional journals.
Practical articles discussing new experiments or measurement techniques, interesting solutions to engineering.
Development of new or improved fabrication or manufacturing techniques.
Reviews or survey articles of new or evolving fields oriented to assist others in understanding the new area.