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Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e最新文献

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Somatostatinoma 生长抑素瘤
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-47648-1_5416
J. Wass
{"title":"Somatostatinoma","authors":"J. Wass","doi":"10.1007/978-3-540-47648-1_5416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47648-1_5416","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"7 42","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114052205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary 下丘脑和垂体的功能解剖
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0014
J. Morris
{"title":"Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary","authors":"J. Morris","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothalamus forms only a tiny part of the human brain but nevertheless controls, through feedforward and feedback connections with the pituitary gland, the autonomic nervous system, and other parts of the brain, nearly all the important aspects of our developing and adult life and enables us to respond appropriately to our changing environment. The hypothalamus influences our reproductive systems; the growth of the body, feeding behaviour, metabolic rate, and energy balance; our water and electrolyte balance; and our day–night rhythms. Not surprisingly it has links with the reward systems that influence behavioural and emotional responses including aggressive and affiliative/social behaviour. Whereas some neurons form distinct nuclei, others are more diffusely distributed and few obvious fibre bundles interconnect them. Therefore, although many clinical conditions have long been associated with hypothalamic dysfunction, it is only fairly recently that techniques such as genetic manipulation and optogenetic stimulation have enabled the functions and connections of defined groups of neurons to be unravelled.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"63 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128528629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Insulinoma and Hypoglycaemia 胰岛素瘤和低血糖
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0112
Ingrid Yin Fung Mak, A. Grossman
{"title":"Insulinoma and Hypoglycaemia","authors":"Ingrid Yin Fung Mak, A. Grossman","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0112","url":null,"abstract":"Hypoglycaemia is a clinical syndrome with diverse aetiologies. While the list of possible causes is extremely long, excluding patients with diabetes then the most frequent cause in patients who are otherwise well is an insulinoma. Insulinomas are the most common functioning pancreatic islet cell tumour and may be part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome. Patients present with episodic symptoms of neuroglycopaenia and catecholamine responses, and diagnosis is confirmed by evidence of endogenous hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia with tumour localization by CT, MRI, endoscopic ultrasound, functional imaging, and/or intra-arterial calcium stimulation with venous sampling. Most tumours are benign and solitary, making surgical cure and long-term remission possible with complete resection. Diazoxide, everolimus, and somatostatin analogues are the major medical options for hormonal control in metastatic disease, while peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, chemotherapy, and liver-debulking procedures are reserved for the more aggressive tumours. Important differential diagnoses of hypoglycaemia without apparent causes include medications, non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycaemic syndrome, autoimmune hypoglycaemia, and non-islet cell tumour hypoglycaemia.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115839463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Common Features of Endocrine Tumours 内分泌肿瘤的共同特征
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0008
A. Jouinot, Fidéline Bonnet-Serrano, J. Bertherat
{"title":"Common Features of Endocrine Tumours","authors":"A. Jouinot, Fidéline Bonnet-Serrano, J. Bertherat","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on endocrine tumours arising from endocrine glands, as defined by the World Health Organization 2017 classification: tumours of the pituitary, the thyroid, the parathyroid, the adrenal cortex, the adrenal medulla, and extra-adrenal paraganglia, and the neuroendocrine pancreas. These tumours share specific features in terms of pathophysiology, diagnosis work-up, and clinical management. Genetic background is frequent and includes genetic predispositions to one specific tumour type, such as pituitary adenoma (AIP), primary bilateral macronodular hyperplasia (ARMC5), or pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (SDH genes), or to multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN1 and RET). Hormonal work-up, with basal and dynamic assays, and radiological as well as nuclear imaging based on hormone membrane receptors, are the key steps of the diagnosis process, to evaluate the amount and origin of hormonal secretion, as well as the tumour extension. Management of endocrine tumours should associate both the treatment of the tumour mass, in most cases primarily with surgery, and the control of hormone secretion.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116151586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Glucose Monitoring and Sensing 血糖监测与传感
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0251
J. Pickup, N. Oliver
{"title":"Glucose Monitoring and Sensing","authors":"J. Pickup, N. Oliver","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0251","url":null,"abstract":"Glucose monitoring is critical to enable people with diabetes to self-manage effectively, especially those with insulin-treated diabetes. Self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose (SMBG) has been available to people with diabetes for four decades and is now being supplemented and, for some, superseded by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provided by subcutaneously implanted sensors. Information such as estimated glucose concentrations, rate of change, alerts for impending glucose extremes and historical patterns can enable more appropriate carbohydrate intake, physical activity, insulin administration, and lifestyle decisions in real-time. Improvements in overall glycaemic control, as measured by HbA1c, time-in-range for glucose readings, hypoglycaemia exposure, and hypoglycaemic events, as well as quality of life, have all been reported with CGM. Flash glucose monitoring (FGM) with retrospective review of previously recorded continuous glucose readings from a subcutaneous glucose sensor is likely to be a replacement for SMBG. Sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy uses CGM data for feedback control of insulin delivery, and pumps with automatic low glucose-activated suspend of the basal insulin infusion are already in widespread clinical use and effective at reducing hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. Hybrid closed-loop systems employing CGM are entering practice and fully closed-loop systems are under development.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114640108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Obesity as a Public Health Problem 肥胖是一个公共健康问题
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0223
A. Bauman
{"title":"Obesity as a Public Health Problem","authors":"A. Bauman","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0223","url":null,"abstract":"Public health approaches to obesity are distinctly different, but complementary, to clinical management. The history of describing obesity as a public health problem is lengthy, preceding the 1990s high-income country ‘obesity epidemic’. Overweight and obesity now affect half to two-thirds of developed country populations, and rates are still increasing in middle-income countries. Patterns and socioeconomic correlates of obesity differ across countries at different stages of industrial development. In relation to health outcomes, obesity is consistently related to non-communicable disease, especially diabetes. Risk increases across all levels of obesity, but increases exponentially for extreme obesity. Population-wide increases are likely due to a complex system of environmental, societal, economic, and cultural factors, and these need to be addressed in implementing upstream primary prevention solutions. Working outside of the health sector will be required, posing challenge to the implementation of national obesity prevention plans.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"54 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121002111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Management of Phaeochromocytoma and Paraganglioma 嗜铬细胞瘤和副神经节瘤的治疗
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0098
H. Timmers
{"title":"Management of Phaeochromocytoma and Paraganglioma","authors":"H. Timmers","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0098","url":null,"abstract":"Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare catecholamine producing tumours. The pathophysiology of PPGL is largely driven by genomic alterations. At least 35% of PPGLs occur as part of a hereditary syndrome. Catecholamine excess may lead to severe hypertension and potentially lethal cardiovascular complications. Therefore, prompt diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, usually by surgical resection. Biochemical testing should include analysis of plasma-free metanephrines or urinary fractionated metanephrines. Additional testing using the clonidine-suppression test is indicated in case of mildly elevated test results that cannot be explained by faulty sampling conditions, patient preparation, or by use of interfering medication. Following a biochemical diagnosis of PPGL, tumour localization can be achieved by CT or MRI. This chapter describes the imaging and treatment modalities that can be employed in the effective management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126703255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Endocrine and Local Regulation of Testicular Hormone and Sperm Production 睾丸激素和精子产生的内分泌和局部调控
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0480
I. Huhtaniemi, J. Toppari
{"title":"Endocrine and Local Regulation of Testicular Hormone and Sperm Production","authors":"I. Huhtaniemi, J. Toppari","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0480","url":null,"abstract":"The testis has two main functions, that is, androgen production and spermatogenesis, and the key role in their endocrine regulation is played by the two pituitary gonadotrophins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates Leydig cells of testicular interstitial tissue in the production of testosterone (T). T, secreted into the peripheral circulation, regulates the function of an array of androgen-responsive non-gonadal target tissues. Within the testis, T regulates indirectly spermatogenesis through stimulation of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules. FSH promotes spermatogenesis, also indirectly, through actions on Sertoli cells. A plethora of local paracrine signals and metabolites between Sertoli and germ cells underlie the intricate regulatory mechanisms of spermatogenesis. This chapter summarizes the main hormonal regulation of the testis, that is, the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis, and the main events in the process of spermatogenesis and its regulation.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127473887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pituitary Radiotherapy 垂体放疗
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0024
N. Fersht, F. Soldá
{"title":"Pituitary Radiotherapy","authors":"N. Fersht, F. Soldá","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Pituitary adenomas are usually benign intracranial tumours accounting for about 10 to 15% of all intracranial malignancies. They are managed with a combination of surgery, medical therapy, and radiotherapy to control symptoms related to mass-effect and hypersecretion of hormones. Trans-sphenoidal surgery is the standard initial approach in the majority of patients and provides long-term local and hormonal control in completely excised lesions. Radiotherapy is indicated in progressive residual and recurrent adenomas, or in lesions not amenable for surgery or medical treatment. Radiotherapy achieves local tumour control rates of over 90% in most series. In secreting tumours, hormonal control is attained after radiotherapy in the majority of patients, independent of the secreting tumour subtype. Modern radiotherapy techniques allow the delivery of an effective therapeutic dose to the tumour while permitting a substantial reduction in the amount of dose to the surrounding healthy brain, limiting the risk of treatment-related long-term complications.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126373368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Long-Term Endocrine Sequalae of Cancer Therapy 癌症治疗的长期内分泌后遗症
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0217
C. Higham, R. Murray
{"title":"Long-Term Endocrine Sequalae of Cancer Therapy","authors":"C. Higham, R. Murray","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0217","url":null,"abstract":"There are an increasing number of patients living with and beyond cancer (LWBC) who are susceptible to both short- and long-term cancer therapy related side effects. Long-term endocrine sequelae of cancer therapies occur in up to 50% of childhood cancer survivors and may occur decades after the treatment has been delivered. These consequences of treatment can cause significant morbidity and increased mortality if not diagnosed and appropriately managed. This chapter will provide an overview of these endocrine sequalae include disturbances of growth and puberty, hypothalamo-pituitary (HP) dysfunction, hypogonadism, thyroid dysfunction, benign and malignant thyroid nodules, hyperparathyroidism, and bone effects. The relative contributions of cancer treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy and patient factors are discussed. Appropriate screening, diagnostic testing, and treatment algorithms are also described.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125181047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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