Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e最新文献_第7页

Exogenous Factors and Female Reproductive Health 外生因素与女性生殖健康

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0168

Siew S. Lim, A. Mousa, S. Shorakae, L. Moran

{"title":"Exogenous Factors and Female Reproductive Health","authors":"Siew S. Lim, A. Mousa, S. Shorakae, L. Moran","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0168","url":null,"abstract":"Undernutrition adversely affects fertility. A low body weight is associated with delayed conception. When conception does occur, undernutrition could also adversely affect pregnancy outcomes. Low prepregnancy BMI (<18.5 kg/m2) is associated with increased risk of early miscarriage, preterm labour, anaemia, insufficient weight gain, and impaired intrauterine fetal growth. On the other hand, overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and other complications during pregnancy and delivery. Weight loss through energy restriction, with or without exercise, improves reproductive function in overweight or obese women. Aside from body weight and energy status, maternal macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes before and during pregnancy would also influence pregnancy outcomes. Studies in mostly nutritionally at-risk women reported that balanced energy/protein supplementation (<25% energy from protein) is associated with higher birth weights but high protein supplementation (> 25% energy from protein) may increase the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. Reducing glycaemic index or glycaemic load of maternal diet may reduce the risk of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) births or gestational diabetes. In terms of micronutrients, current evidence supports folic acid supplementation (at least 400 µg/day) to reduce the risk of fetal abnormalities, iodine supplementation for women at risk of iodine deficiency to prevent complications in fetal physical and mental development, and iron supplementation to reduce the risk of maternal anaemia where required.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129904289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Surgery for Thyrotoxicosis 甲状腺毒症的手术治疗

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0061

N. Perrier, O. Clark, S. Fisher

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Principles of Hormone Replacement 激素替代原理

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0012

R. Ross

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Management of Thyroid Disorders Before Assisted and Spontaneous Pregnancies 辅助妊娠和自然妊娠前甲状腺疾病的管理

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0171

K. Poppe, F. Veltri, D. Unuane

{"title":"Management of Thyroid Disorders Before Assisted and Spontaneous Pregnancies","authors":"K. Poppe, F. Veltri, D. Unuane","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0171","url":null,"abstract":"Severe thyroid dysfunction may lead to menstrual disorders and infertility. Fertility problems may persist even after restoring normal thyroid function, and then an assisted reproductive technology (ART) may be considered as a therapeutic option. Prior to an ART treatment, an ovarian hyperstimulation is performed, leading to high oestradiol levels, which may lead to hypothyroidism in women with thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), necessitating thyroid hormone supplements (LT4) before pregnancy. Moreover, women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome and idiopathic infertility have a higher prevalence of TAI. Women with a known hypothyroidism before pregnancy and treated with LT4 should have a serum TSH <2.5 mIU/L, both in case of assisted and spontaneous pregnancies. Women with Graves’ disease desiring pregnancy should be advised of the increased risk of maternal and fetal complications and about the possible side effects of antithyroid drugs. If necessary, pregnancy must be postponed until euthyroidism is reached and confirmed. With the exception of women planning ART or those known to have TAI, at present there are no recommendations regarding universal screening for thyroid function in the preconception phase.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122369522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hormonal Contraception 激素避孕

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0166

Jennifer Chin, B. Kaneshiro

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Adrenal Disease in Pregnancy 妊娠期肾上腺疾病

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0177

D. Torpy, M. O’Reilly, S. M. D. De Sousa

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Syndromes of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone 甲状腺激素抵抗综合征

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0071

C. Moran, M. Gurnell, K. Chatterjee

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Prevention in Endocrinology 内分泌学预防

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0013

J. Valabhji, R. Agha-Jaffar

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Management of Primary Aldosteronism 原发性醛固酮增多症的治疗

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0100

W. Drake, Morris J. Brown

{"title":"Management of Primary Aldosteronism","authors":"W. Drake, Morris J. Brown","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0100","url":null,"abstract":"Major advances have been made since Jerome Conn first described the meticulous assessment and surgical treatment of a patient with severe primary aldosteronism (PA) more than 60 years ago. Diagnostic criteria, although still imperfect, have been refined; high definition cross-sectional imaging is widely available; adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is practised to a high standard in selected centres; low-morbidity laparoscopic adrenalectomy (replacing open surgery involving rib resection) is now routine; preliminary data are emerging about the utility of radiofrequency ablation of adrenal nodules as an alternative to surgery; and the range of medical therapies, available or in development, is expanding. Despite this, based on current prevalence estimates, it remains the case that under 1% of patients with PA are fully evaluated and treated. Given the evidence that PA is associated with substantial excess cardiometabolic morbidity over and above that conferred by elevated blood pressure alone, this underprovision of clinical care represents a major public health issue. This chapter will describe the current approach to the management of PA (from its initial suspicion, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the success of treatment) and highlight areas of particular uncertainty and controversy.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131344203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Hypertension in Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病患者高血压

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0283

B. Williams

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