Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e最新文献_第6页

Genetics of Phaeochromocytomas, Paragangliomas, and Neuroblastoma 嗜铬细胞瘤、副神经节瘤和神经母细胞瘤的遗传学

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0097

E. Maher, R. Casey

{"title":"Genetics of Phaeochromocytomas, Paragangliomas, and Neuroblastoma","authors":"E. Maher, R. Casey","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0097","url":null,"abstract":"Phaeochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and neuroblastomas are the main primary tumours that arise from the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Phaeochromocytomas arise from sympathetic nervous system (chromaffin) cells in the adrenal medulla. Paragangliomas may arise from the sympathetic or parasympathetic system. The former, previously known as extra-adrenal phaeochromocytomas but referred herein as paragangliomas, typically occur along the sympathetic chain and, like phaeochromocytomas, are usually secretory and most commonly present with symptoms of excess catecholamine secretion. Parasympathetic ganglia-derived paragangliomas (herein referred to as head and neck paraganglioma, HNPGL) develop along branches of the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves (e.g. carotid body tumours, glomus jugulare) and are only rarely secretory. Phaeochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and HNPGL are rare in childhood but neuroblastomas, which are derived from neuroblasts in the developing sympathetic nervous system and are most common in children under the age of 5 years. Familial forms of neuroblastoma are rare but a major feature of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) and HNPGL is the high frequency of inherited cases and the major inherited syndromic and non-syndromic disorders that predispose to these tumours are described in Chapter 6.13.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123352245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Opioids on Adrenal and Reproductive Endocrinology 阿片类药物对肾上腺和生殖内分泌的影响

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0211

E. Armeni, A. Grossman, B. Khoo

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Endocrine Abnormalities in HIV Infection HIV感染中的内分泌异常

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0207

S. Grinspoon, T. Stanley

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Management of Adrenal Insufficiency 肾上腺功能不全的处理

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0103

W. Arlt

{"title":"Management of Adrenal Insufficiency","authors":"W. Arlt","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0103","url":null,"abstract":"In 1855, Thomas Addison identified a clinical syndrome characterized by wasting and hyperpigmentation as the result of adrenal gland destruction. This landmark observation paved the way for progress in understanding and treating adrenal insufficiency, with the introduction of adrenal extracts for treatment of Addison’s disease by the groups of Hartman and Pfiffner in 1929. However, long-term survival of patients with adrenal insufficiency only became possible after the seminal work of Edward Kendall, Philip Hench, and Tadeus Reichstein on the characterization and therapeutic use of cortisone. In 1946, Lewis Sarrett, a Merck scientist, achieved a partial synthesis of cortisone, which marked the beginning of industrial-scale production of cortisone. In 1948, in a fundamental clinical experiment at the Mayo Clinic, the first patient with Addison’s received intravenous injections of Kendall’s Compound E, cortisone, resulting in ‘notable improvement of his condition’. This was followed by ground-breaking trials on the use of cortisone in rheumatoid arthritis. In November 1950, cortisone was made available to all physicians in the United States, which culminated in the award of the 1950 Nobel Prize in Medicine to Kendall, Hench, and Reichstein. This progress reached other countries and widespread availability of cortisone in the United Kingdom was achieved by joint efforts of Glaxo and the Medical Research Council. Though almost 150 years have passed since Addison’s landmark observations and 60 years since the introduction of life-saving cortisone, there are still advances and challensges in the management of adrenal insufficiency, summarized in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114950085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Familial Syndromes and Genetic Causes of Paraganglioma and Phaeochromocytoma 副神经节瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤的家族综合征和遗传原因

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0119

E. Maher, R. Casey

引用次数: 0

Short Stature in Children Born Small for Gestational Age 出生时小于胎龄的儿童身材矮小

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0182

A. Hokken-Koelega

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Gastrinoma

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0111

C. Toumpanakis, M. Caplin

{"title":"Gastrinoma","authors":"C. Toumpanakis, M. Caplin","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0111","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrinomas are functional neuroendocrine tumours, characterized by autonomous release of gastrin by the tumour cells, which results in symptoms not only due to the tumour growth per se, but also due to gastric acid hypersecretion. Gastrinomas can either be sporadic or can be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) syndrome in 25% of cases. The duodenum (especially the first and the second part) is the most common location for both sporadic and MEN-1 associated gastrinomas. Most of the symptoms in patients with gastrinomas include peptic ulcers resistant to treatment, erosive oesophagitis, and chronic diarrhoea. Fasting serum gastrin levels of >10-fold the upper normal limit in the presence of gastric p H<2 or basal acid output (BAO)>15 mmol/h confirm the clinical suspicion, of a gastrinoma. Precise localization of primary tumour as well as metastatic deposits can be achieved through the new molecular imaging studies (68Ga-DOTA PET) in combination with good quality cross-sectional imaging studies and endoscopic ultrasound. Once the diagnosis is established, it is important to control gastric acid hypersecretion and prevent its complications, by using high-doses proton pump inhibitors. The aim of surgery in patients with sporadic gastrinomas is curative resection, in order to decrease the risk of development of distant metastases, as well as to completely control the hormonal symptoms. The benefit of surgery in gastrinomas associated with MEN-1 syndrome is controversial. All patients with advanced and inoperable disease should have systemic antitumour treatment (somatostatin analogues, molecular targeted agents, chemotherapy, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy) in order to prolong the survival rates.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124243982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Management of Idiopathic Male Infertility 特发性男性不育症的治疗

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0491

H. Tournaye, B. Popovic-Todorovic

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Endocrinology, Sleep, and Circadian Rhythms 内分泌学，睡眠和昼夜节律

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0011

G. Brabant, H. Oster

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Molecular Aspects of Hormone Regulation 激素调控的分子方面

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0003

K. Siddle, G. Brierley

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