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Laboratory Evaluation 实验室评价
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0154
D. Dumesic, Z. Al-Safi
{"title":"Laboratory Evaluation","authors":"D. Dumesic, Z. Al-Safi","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0154","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of laboratory assessment and imaging studies can be ordered to guide the management of patients with suspected endocrine abnormality. These are selected based on the clinical presentation. In this chapter, we thereby classify them into hormonal evaluation (e.g. β‎-hCG, oestradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH, androgens (testosterone, DHEAS), 17 α‎-hydroxyprogesterone (17 OHP), prolactin, growth hormone, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), thyroid hormone, cortisol), imaging studies (e.g. head, ovarian, adrenal, bone density, and thyroid), and other assessments (e.g. karyotype, fragile X testing, autoimmune testing, insulin resistance testing) that are helpful in diagnosing these conditions and evaluating for other associated abnormalities. A full references list and illustrative tables provide further reading and information.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124158885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 59
Exogenous Factors and Female Reproductive Health 外生因素与女性生殖健康
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0169
E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, Eleni A. Kandaraki
{"title":"Exogenous Factors and Female Reproductive Health","authors":"E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, Eleni A. Kandaraki","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0169","url":null,"abstract":"Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) and glycotoxins or advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs) have raised one of the most controversial environmental question of recent decades that requires urgent answers, since there is now better appreciation that both AGEs and EDCs exposure from food, depends on methods of food processing packaging and nutrient composition. The Western diet and lifestyle can be a significant environmental source of these toxicants that are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of female reproductive axis deregulation. Acute or prolonged exposure to EDCs and AGEs through different life cycle stages may result in destabilization of the hormonal homeostasis and lead to disruption of reproductive functions. Extensive data from different scientific models, collected in recent years, have confirmed their negative role. Therefore, strategies and strong recommendations should be targeted to reduce human exposure in order to protect current as well as next generations from steadily rising adverse health effects.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123755023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Endocrine Response to Stress 内分泌对压力的反应
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0203
D. Henley, T. Upton, S. Lightman
{"title":"The Endocrine Response to Stress","authors":"D. Henley, T. Upton, S. Lightman","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0203","url":null,"abstract":"Reaction to stress is characterized by a series of interlinked, dynamic, and organized responses that function to restore homeostasis. Rapid activation of the sympathoadrenomedullary and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axes occurs following acute stress exposure in order to appropriately respond to, adapt, or escape the threat. The dynamic, pulsatile nature of the HPA axis is crucial to the function of glucocorticoids which modulate many of the complex neurocognitive and physiological changes that occur in acute and chronic stress states. Maladaptive long-term activation of the stress response is associated with numerous pathological states including mood and sleep disorders, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The altered stress dynamics that occur in critical illness remain poorly understood.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122784699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pathogenesis of Non-Toxic Goitre 无毒甲状腺肿的发病机制
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0074
D. Führer, H. Jäschke
{"title":"Pathogenesis of Non-Toxic Goitre","authors":"D. Führer, H. Jäschke","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0074","url":null,"abstract":"In clinical terms goitre is a thyroid enlargement above the gender- and age specific reference range and may present with euthyroid, hyperthyroid, or hypothyroid function. On morphological grounds, goitre may be diffuse or nodular. Histologically, thyroid nodules are distinguished by morphological criteria according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. On functional grounds, nodules are classified as either ‘cold’, ‘normal’, or ‘hot’ depending whether they show decreased, normal, or increased uptake of radioactive nuclides such as technetium on scintiscan. In contrast to solitary nodular thyroid disease, which has a more uniform clinical, pathological, and molecular picture, multinodular goitre (MNG) usually comprises a mixed group of nodular entities. The aetiology of non-toxic goitre includes extrinsic factors like dietary iodine and intrinsic factors like age, gender, or genetic disposition. This chapter discusses the interplay of the aforementioned aspects in the pathogenesis of benign non-toxic goitre.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131334585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Non-Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours 无功能胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0110
Kok Haw Jonathan Lim, J. Valle, W. Mansoor
{"title":"Non-Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours","authors":"Kok Haw Jonathan Lim, J. Valle, W. Mansoor","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0110","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will focus on neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the lung and pancreas (panNETs) (non-functioning) summarizing the current understanding, diagnosis, and management recommendations of these two subgroups NETs (functioning panNETs and other NET subtypes will be covered separately in subsequent chapters). Lung NETs are the most common subtype of NETs outside the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) axis, and there has been an alarming rise in its incidence in recent years. Lung NETs are categorized into well-differentiated typical carcinoid (TC), well-differentiated atypical carcinoid (AC), poorly differentiated small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and poorly differentiated large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC); which has a significant implication on the treatment recommended. Meanwhile panNETs are classified morphologically into well-differentiated NETs (grades 1-3) and poorly differentiated NECs (grade 3). The majority of lung NETs and panNETs are non-functioning by virtue of absence of carcinoid syndrome and lack of positive serum neuroendocrine biomarkers. In both, histopathological, biochemical, and complete radiological work-up including the use of nuclear medicine imaging are pivotal in confirming the diagnosis. The last decade has witnessed rapid advances in systemic treatment options available for both lung NETs and panNETs with the advent of somatostatin analogues (SSAs), various targeted therapies, and chemotherapy; and also liver-directed therapies and other nuclear medicine ‘theranostics’. In view of the heterogeneity in NETs, each patient’s treatment pathway should be personalized, and it is recommended for all subtypes of NETs to be managed in high-volume centres in close partnership with a specialized multidisciplinary team.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131631026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hormone Therapy in Transgender Men 跨性别男性的激素治疗
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0200
G. T’Sjoen, J. Defreyne
{"title":"Hormone Therapy in Transgender Men","authors":"G. T’Sjoen, J. Defreyne","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0200","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, transgender medicine is not a strong part of the medical curriculum, although a large number of transgender persons will search for some kind of gender-affirming care. As psychopathology is clearly reduced in transgender persons after the initiation of hormone therapy, we believe all endocrinologists should become familiar with endocrinological care for transgender persons. In transgender men, testosterone therapy is initiated, aimed at achieving cisgender male reference values of serum testosterone in order to induce virilization. Although gender-affirming hormonal therapy with testosterone is considered safe, endocrinological follow-up is advised in all transgender people receiving gender-affirming hormonal care and will be discussed in this chapter for transgender men.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125546254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Female Hypogonadism 女性性腺机能减退
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0162
E. Yasmin, G. Conway
{"title":"Female Hypogonadism","authors":"E. Yasmin, G. Conway","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0162","url":null,"abstract":"The natural lifespan of the ovary is occasionally interrupted by pathological processes, some known but many unknown. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) may be caused by genetic and chromosomal defects, autoimmune damage, and cancer treatments. POI can be a devastating diagnosis for a teenager or for someone who has yet to start a family. Knowledge of the pathogenesis of the condition, as well as treatment options in terms of hormones and assisted fertility require a multidisciplinary team comprising reproductive medicine, endocrinology, clinical psychology, and specialists in assisted conception. Premature ovarian failure is a complex condition that requires specialist services. The diagnostic work-up is aimed at determined the aetiology where possible and is followed by a screen for syndromic conditions. Oestrogen replacement and fertility options need to be reassessed at intervals and clinicians have to be vigilant for psychological sequelae.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130515216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lipoprotein Metabolism 脂蛋白代谢
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0230
B. Angelin, P. Parini
{"title":"Lipoprotein Metabolism","authors":"B. Angelin, P. Parini","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0230","url":null,"abstract":"Lipids are a heterogeneous group of substances with a myriad of structural and regulatory functions. The realization that changes in plasma lipids, particularly elevated cholesterol in apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease has given great impetus to the study of factors regulating plasma lipid metabolism. With the use of increasingly refined methodology, understanding of normal plasma lipoprotein metabolism and its derangements in the face of genetic and/or environmental factors is continuously expanding. This chapter summarizes current concepts regarding normal plasma lipoprotein synthesis, transport, and interconversion in humans, forming a basis for subsequent discussions of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of dyslipidaemia.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116525398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Management of Toxic Multinodular Goitre and Toxic Adenoma 中毒性多结节性甲状腺肿和中毒性腺瘤的治疗
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0064
D. Führer, H. Jäschke
{"title":"Management of Toxic Multinodular Goitre and Toxic Adenoma","authors":"D. Führer, H. Jäschke","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0064","url":null,"abstract":"Toxic adenoma (TA) and toxic multinodular goitre (TMNG) represent the clinically important presentations of thyroid autonomy. Thyroid autonomy is a condition where thyrocytes produce thyroid hormones independently of thyrotropin (TSH) and in absence of TSH receptor stimulating antibodies (TSAb). This prevalence of thyroid autonomy is linked with dietary iodine supply and is a common finding in areas with iodine deficiency. Genetic alterations frequently determined in patients with TA or TMNG are activating somatic mutations in the TSH receptor or the Gs alpha protein subunit resulting in a loss of pituitary control of the thyroid. This chapter discusses beside epidemiology and pathology also the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options for patients with TA or TMNG.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"12 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120924854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病的分类与诊断
Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0242
S. Colagiuri, C. M. Lee
{"title":"Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"S. Colagiuri, C. M. Lee","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0242","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is a major contributor to the global disease burden. The first official recommendation on the diagnostic criteria and classification of diabetes was published in 1965. At the time measurement of 2-hour plasma glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test was the only recommended diagnostic test. Today, measures of fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin are recognized alternatives. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes are universally agreed but criteria for intermediate hyperglycaemia differ. Classification of diabetes has evolved with improved understanding of the aetiopathology of diabetes but remains challenging due to the overlap of diabetes phenotypes. While new classification systems have been proposed to address the limitations of the current system, lack of global access to diagnostic tests which might better characterize types of diabetes hinders their universal application.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123355348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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