Jenneke Bakker, J. van der Kruk, J. Bikowski, H. Vereecken
{"title":"Two-layer inversion of dispersive GPR data due to freezing induced waveguides — A synthetic study","authors":"Jenneke Bakker, J. van der Kruk, J. Bikowski, H. Vereecken","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963841","url":null,"abstract":"A large permittivity contrast between a thin surface layer and the underlying substratum, caused by rapid changing dynamic processes in the subsurface, can result in waveguide dispersion. In some cases, a single-layer waveguide cannot explain the measured electromagnetic waves. Here, we show an analysis of four synthetic dispersive datasets of two-layer leaky waveguides which have large and small permittivity contrasts between the layers as well as an increasing and a decreasing permittivity with depth. The four synthetic datasets are inverted with a multi-layer inversion algorithm for leaky waveguides and with different single-layer inversion algorithms. For the two-layer waveguides with a large increasing permittivity with depth, it is not possible to reliably reconstruct the model parameters of the lowest layer. For small contrasts within the waveguide, the single-layer inversion algorithm resulted in an arithmetic mean value for the permittivity and a total waveguide thickness.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133725928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3-D survey with a modular ground-penetrating radar system at the Roman town Mariana (Corsica)","authors":"L. Verdonck, F. Vermeulen","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963872","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the use of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) arrays with a large number of antenna elements in a fixed configuration has become more common. The investment needed for these systems is significant. Although gradually expandable modular systems, consisting of antennas which can be used independently, do not match the fast acquisition of detailed datasets by means of multi-channel arrays, they can help finding a compromise between increased acquisition speed and (limited) resources. In modular systems, the separation between transmitter-receiver pairs is often larger than the sampling distance prescribed by the Nyquist theorem. As a consequence, additional profiles have to be recorded in between, which requires a high positioning precision. As a completely identical response for the different antennas in an array is difficult to achieve, stripes can occur in the horizontal slices, especially when ringing occurs. This complicates the interpretation of features in the direction of the survey lines. In this paper, a threedimensional frequency-wavenumber filter is proposed, consisting in a combination of a circular filter and a fan filter. The application of this filter to GPR data collected at the Roman town Mariana (Corsica, France) showed a reduction of the stripe patterns, allowing a more reliable characterization of subtle archaeological structures.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126734871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vivaldi shaped TEM horn fed ridged horn antenna design for UWB GPR systems","authors":"A. S. Turk, A. K. Keskin","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963859","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with ultra-wide band (UWB) TEM horn antenna types, which are suitable for hand-held and vehicle mounted impulse GPR systems. On this scope, conventional, dielectric loaded, Vivaldi form, multi-sensor adaptive, and array configurations of the TEM horn structure are designed, simulated and measured. The Vivaldi shaped TEM horn fed ridged horn antenna prototype is proposed as a novel design to reach hyper-wide band radiation performance from 400 MHz up to 18 GHz for multi-band GPR operation that can provide high resolution imaging. The numerical and experimental results are presented and compared.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128669773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Fiaz, L. Pajewski, C. Ponti, G. Schettini, F. Frezza
{"title":"Scattering by cylindrical targets buried in a ground with rough interface","authors":"M. A. Fiaz, L. Pajewski, C. Ponti, G. Schettini, F. Frezza","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963868","url":null,"abstract":"The scattering problem of a plane-wave by a set of cylinders buried under a rough surface is considered. As solving technique, an analytical solution based on Cylindrical Wave Approach is proposed, in the cases of perfectly-conducting or dielectric objects. Small Perturbation Method is employed to deal with the rough surface profile. The presence of multiple cylinders is useful both to study the case of interacting scatterers and to simulate objects with arbitrary cross-section. Numerical results relevant to a surface with sinusoidal profile are presented.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123977871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Blindow, C. Salat, V. Gundelach, U. Buschmann, W. Kahnt
{"title":"Performance and calibration of the helicoper GPR system BGR-P30","authors":"N. Blindow, C. Salat, V. Gundelach, U. Buschmann, W. Kahnt","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963896","url":null,"abstract":"Airborne ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements of geological structures and of temperate ice are a challenge because of absorption, internal scattering, and surface roughness. We found that at center frequencies of 30 MHz or below effects of scattering and roughness are sufficiently reduced to produce good quality radar data. We report results and penetration depths of recent helicopter measurements performed over sand and gravel in Germany and over glaciers in Patagonia with the 30 MHz airborne radar system BGR-P30. Calibration of airborne GPR instruments is accomplished by flying over a flat surface with a known reflection coefficient (e.g. a freshwater lake) at different altitudes. The determined dynamic range of the BGR-P30 system is consistent with in situ penetration depths for the different materials.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117076290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"GPR prospecting in Renaissance and baroque monuments in Lecce (Southern Italy)","authors":"F. Grasso, N. Masini","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963851","url":null,"abstract":"In this contribution, we present three case histories related to three churches of the 16-17th century in Lecce, Southern Italy. The data have been processed by means of a standard processing, and the results have been interpreted with the aid of an archive research. The aim of this paper is to show that a strict collaboration between technical and humanistic competencies can constitute a meaningful additional value to the results in these kinds of case histories.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115130801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dielectric mittivity of logic Materials at different er contents - Measurements with an impedance analyzer","authors":"F. Owenier, J. Hornung, M. Hinderer","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963836","url":null,"abstract":"Dielectric permittivity is an important parameter for all investigations based on electromagnetic waves (e.g. GPR and TDR measurements). In combination with the electric conductivity, it is crucial for the determination of the propagation velocity, the reflection coefficient and the decay of the electromagnetic wave. The dielectric permittivity depends on several factors like water content, mineralogy, grain size, and bulk density of the material. Our laboratory measurements of dielectric permittivity show quantitative relations between these parameters and that commonly used general algorithms for moisture detection bear significant inaccuracies (up to 200% error for clay substrates). Therefore, it is crucial to determine the permittivity for every specific application. This paper provides new algorithms for some most important substrate types, which can be used to recalibrate TDR-tools for specific applications. However, measurements of the dielectric permittivity are also frequency-dependent. In this study an impedance analyzer was used, which provides a frequency range between 10MHz and 1GHz. This is inside the most common range of applications like the TDR measurement method, which has a frequency range from 20KHz up to 20GHz. Ground penetrating radar measurements operate mostly in a frequency range from 40 to 900MHz.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132981665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Attenuation of GPR waves in soil samples based on reflection measurements","authors":"T. Wunderlich, W. Rabbel","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963879","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the influence of clay and water content on the geoelectrical and GPR properties of various soil samples. The GPR measurements were analyzed not only regarding wave velocity but also with respect to amplitude decay. The attenuation of the GPR waves is quantified in terms of the quality factor Q that can be determined from a comparison of the amplitudes of the direct and reflected waves. We applied the spectral ratio method known from seismic data processing to determine the Q-factor and confirmed the obtained Q-values by foreward wavelet modeling. The investigated soil samples showed variations in the clay contents of 2–60 % and in the volumetric water content from 0 to 35 %. The corresponding quality factors vary between 5 and 15 for high and low clay and water contents, respectively.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127260880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of far-field layered media modeling for time-domain commercial GPR antenna","authors":"M. R. Mahmoudzadeh, K. Jadoon, S. Lambot","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963898","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility to estimate accurately the subsurface electromagnetic properties from commercial ground penetrating radar (GPR) signals using inverse modeling is obstructed by the appropriateness of the forward model describing the GPR subsurface system. In 2004 Lambot et al. proposed a promising GPR model for multilayered media characterization based on frequency-domain subsurface Green's functions and antenna effects filtering by linear transfer functions. In this study we analyzed the feasibility of full-waveform frequency-domain modeling for off-ground time-domain commercial GPR. We calculated the antenna transfer functions using measurements with a 1 GHz center frequency transmitting and receiving horn antenna situated at different heights above a copper plane. Also we validated the approach in the laboratory with measurements performed over the water as a homogeneous medium with frequency dependent electrical properties. A single Debye relaxation model was used to describe the frequency dependent water electrical properties with correcting the relaxation period and static dielectric permittivity of water for temperature. Inversion of the radar data in the frequency-domain provided relatively accurate estimations of the antenna heights and water layer thickness. These results demonstrated the ability of full-waveform modeling to be also used for commercial time-domain radars.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"242 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124960715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X. Yang, A. Klotzsche, J. van der Kruk, H. Vereecken, G. Meles, H. Maurer
{"title":"Full-waveform inversion of cross-hole GPR data measured at the boise gravel aquifer","authors":"X. Yang, A. Klotzsche, J. van der Kruk, H. Vereecken, G. Meles, H. Maurer","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2011.5963905","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-hole radar tomography is a useful tool for mapping shallow subsurface dielectric permittivity (ε) and electrical conductivity (σ) parameters. Conventional ray-based tomography suffers from some shortcomings: it provides relatively low resolution images and it cannot supply reliable information on certain types of low velocity structure. Higher resolution images can be provided by full-waveform inversion that uses significantly more information of the data. Since the first application of full-waveform inversion on experimental GPR data, the algorithm has been significantly improved. An overview is given of all developments by applying different versions of the full-waveform inversion to the experimental data set acquired at the Boise Hydrogeophysics Research Site in Idaho. Almost all improvements resulted in a reducing final misfit between the measured and synthetic data and a reducing gradient at the final iteration.","PeriodicalId":130006,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121613691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}