ACS Chemical Health & Safety最新文献

{"title":"June is National Safety Month & Virtual Issue","authors":"Mary Beth Mulcahy,  and , Tilak Chandra, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.3c00057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.3c00057","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"314218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Malathion, DIMP, and Strawberry Furanone as CWA Simulants for Consideration in Field-Level Interior Building Remediation Exercises","authors":"Lukas Oudejans*,&nbsp;Barbara Wyrzykowska-Ceradini,&nbsp;Eric Morris,&nbsp;Stephen Jackson,&nbsp;Abderrahmane Touati,&nbsp;Jonathan Sawyer,&nbsp;Anne Mikelonis and Shannon Serre,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.3c00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.3c00029","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Field-level exercises with the purpose to assess remediation following the deliberate release of a highly toxic chemical in an indoor environment can be conducted using low(er) toxicity simulants if they are closely linked to the behavior of the toxic chemical itself. Chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants have been identified on their suitability based on chemical structural similarities and associated physical and chemical properties. However, there are no reported studies that combine measurement of simulant parameters like persistence on surfaces, ability to sample for, and capability to degrade during the decontamination phase such that the level of success of a field-level exercise can be quantified. Experimental research was conducted to assess these gaps using a select number of CWA simulants. The organophosphate pesticide malathion was found to be a suitable simulant for use in field-level exercises that simulate the release of the highly persistent nerve agent VX based on its high persistence, effective surface sampling and analysis using standard analytical equipment, and the in situ degradation in the presence of different oxidizing decontaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41079033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inherent Hazards Assessment and Classification Method for University Chemical Laboratories in China","authors":"Shangzhi Liu,&nbsp;Songlin Ju,&nbsp;Yifei Meng,&nbsp;Qinglong Liu and Dongfeng Zhao*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.3c00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.3c00022","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In recent years, chemical laboratory accidents have frequently occurred in Chinese universities. A three-year safety inspection by the Ministry of Education of China discovered many issues in university chemical laboratories, including inadequate hazards identification, limited risk awareness, and insufficient safety management. In view of these problems, this study established the inherent hazards assessment and classification (IHAC) method for university chemical laboratories. We quantitatively evaluated the materials, equipment, and processes of chemical laboratories for inherent hazards. To differentiate levels of supervision over inherent hazards, we separated chemical laboratories into four tiers: A, B, C, and D. We used IHAC in a Chinese university’s chemical laboratory to show that it can effectively identify and evaluate laboratory dangers. Simultaneously, splitting laboratories into multiple levels can result in more targeted laboratory safety management and accident prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"799105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reaction Calorimetry and Scale-Up Considerations of Bromo- and Chloro-Boron Subphthalocyanine","authors":"Benjamin J. Knapik,&nbsp;Rachel Zigelstein,&nbsp;Marko Saban and Timothy P. Bender*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.3c00036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.3c00036","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The formation mechanism of boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) has thus far evaded researchers, making it nearly impossible to accurately estimate the overall reaction enthalpy─a critical metric for determining chemical process safety for scale-up. To address this gap, reaction calorimetry was used to collect thermokinetic data for a baseline Br-BsubPc reaction at three temperatures and two BBr₃ reagent ratios and a proposed semibatch process for Cl-BsubPc. For the Br-BsubPc process, the magnitude of the enthalpy of reaction (ΔH_r) increased with increasing reaction temperature, from −244.6 kJ/mol-BBr₃ at 25 °C to −332.7 kJ/mol-BBr₃ at 50 °C to −391.3 kJ/mol-BBr₃ at 75 °C. However, this increase in the magnitude of ΔH_r did not result in a noticeable increase in Br-BsubPc yield, achieving 50%, 49%, and 52% yields at 25 °C, 50 °C, and 75 °C, respectively. When the molar equivalence of BBr₃ was increased by 1.5× at 25 °C, the magnitude of ΔH_r increased slightly (−252.2 kJ/mol-BBr₃), but the yield did not improve (47%). Therefore, further attempts were made to try and improve the yield of Br-BsubPc by increasing the molar equivalence of BBr₃. It was found that BBr₃ equivalencies greater than 0.48 resulted in significant reductions in Br-BsubPc yield. The ΔH_r of the semibatch Cl-BsubPc process was −266.5 kJ/mol-BCl₃ with a yield of 33%. These processes were assessed based on criticality criteria and were both found to be “Criticality Class 1”, which is relatively safe for scale-up. Based on the calorimetry measurements, preliminary estimates for process conditions and reactor design for scale-up are provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41079032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper and Lower Flammability Limits, Limit N2O Concentrations, and Minimum Inerting Concentrations of n-Alkane–N2O–Diluent Mixtures: An Experimental and Computational Study","authors":"Yusuke Koshiba*,&nbsp; and ,&nbsp;Shiho Asano,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.3c00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.3c00023","url":null,"abstract":"<p ><b>Objectives</b>: N₂O is widely used in the chemical industry and laboratories; however, several fire/explosion accidents have been reported in facilities that handle N₂O. This study aimed (i) to experimentally investigate the lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and UFL, respectively), limit nitrous oxide concentration (LN₂OC), and minimum inerting concentrations (MICs) of fuel–N₂O–diluent mixtures and (ii) to computationally estimate the UFLs of fuel–N₂O–diluent mixtures. <b>Methods</b>: Herein, methane and n-propane and nitrogen (N₂), argon (Ar), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) were used as fuels and diluents, respectively. The LFL, UFL, LN₂OC, and MICs of the fuel–N₂O–diluent mixtures were experimentally determined using a closed cylindrical vessel, and their UFLs were computationally estimated based on the laws of conservation energy and mass and adiabatic flame temperatures. <b>Results</b>: Flammability-limit experiments revealed the following: (i) the LFLs of the CH₄–N₂O–diluent and C₃H₈–N₂O–diluent mixtures were 2.5 and 1.4 vol %, respectively, (ii) the UFLs of the CH₄–N₂O–diluent and C₃H₈–N₂O–diluent mixtures were 40.5 and 24.0 vol %, respectively, (iii) a nearly linear relationship between the UFL and diluent concentration was found, and (iv) the order of MICs in N₂O atmosphere was consistent with the inerting ability of the diluents. Calculations based on overall combustion reactions and the laws of energy and mass conservation using six and five chemicals successfully estimated the UFLs of the CH₄–N₂O–diluent and C₃H₈–N₂O–diluent mixtures with mean absolute percentage errors of ≤2.8% and ≤4.1%, respectively. <b>Conclusions</b>: The semiempirical model suggested herein allows accurate estimation of the UFLs of the tested fuel–N₂O–diluent mixtures. These findings would contribute to reducing accident-induced losses in the chemical industry and laboratories handling N₂O.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"794806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical Shock During Phone Assisted Troubleshooting of Laboratory Equipment","authors":"Emily D. Wright*,&nbsp;Mark A. Rodriguez,&nbsp;Blythe G. Clark,&nbsp;Matthew Fernandez,&nbsp;William Chavez,&nbsp;Vanessa Peters and Mary Beth Mulcahy,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.3c00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.3c00025","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Researchers have the potential to be exposed to a wide variety of hazards inherent to the equipment they use and maintain. When equipment does not function as expected, researchers sometimes reach out to their vendors for assistance. Early diagnostic or troubleshooting interactions between researcher and vendor are often conducted over the telephone and can lead to researchers performing work outside of their area of expertise and exposure to unknown hazards. This type of interaction significantly contributed to an incident where during diagnostic activities a researcher accidentally contacted, and discharged, a capacitor in an X-ray diffraction instrument. While this incident did not produce a serious injury, if the capacitor discharge path had occurred hand-to-hand across the heart, a serious injury may have been possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1079947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons Learned: Benzene Distillation Vapor Explosion and Fire","authors":"Amanda B. Chung*,&nbsp;Cy H. Fujimoto and William J. Evans*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.3c00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.3c00033","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We present here a narrative of an incident that occurred in a chemistry laboratory while purifying benzene using a distillation apparatus. The incident resulted in an injury to a graduate student and a fire that caused approximately $3.5 million in damage including repair/refurbishment costs. Unfortunately, due to the extent of the fire, a direct cause of the incident could not be determined. The lessons learned from this incident that could have potentially prevented the incident altogether, or at least reduced damage, include performing a risk assessment of both the experiment and the situation at the time, maintaining proper housekeeping of the lab, maintaining an updated and accurate chemical inventory, checking in on long duration experiments, always calling for back-up, ensuring the lab and buildings are up to code, wearing proper personal protective equipment, and always calling 911 in an emergency.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1061152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emissions and Chemical Exposure Potentials from Stereolithography Vat Polymerization 3D Printing and Post-processing Units","authors":"Qian Zhang*,&nbsp;Aika Y. Davis,&nbsp;Marilyn S. Black","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.2c00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.2c00002","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been detected emitting from material extrusion 3D printing, which is widely used in nonindustrial environments. However, vat polymerization 3D printing that is also commonly used has yet to be well-characterized for its emissions. In this study, we measured particle and VOC emission rates from stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing during print and post-processing wash and cure processes individually using a standardized testing method for 3D printer emissions in an exposure chamber. We observed minimal particle emissions and identified 30 to over 100 individual VOCs emitted from each operating phase, some of which accumulated after the printing ended. The total VOC emissions from SLA processes were higher than typical levels from material extrusion 3D printing, and the emission rate could be over 4 mg/h. Major VOCs emitted were associated with the resin and chemicals used in print and post-processing procedures, which included esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, and hydrocarbons. Emissions from post-processing units were lower than those from printing but also included chemicals with health concerns. The emitted mixture of sensitizers, carcinogens, irritants, and flammable chemicals may present a hazard for indoor air quality and human health. The estimated personal exposure to total VOC and some specific VOCs of concern to human health, like formaldehyde and naphthalene, exceeded the recommended indoor levels (e.g., California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment), potentially causing irritation and other health impacts for 3D printer users.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.chas.2c00002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"908629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crush It Safely: Safety Aspects of Mechanochemical Grignard Synthesis","authors":"Tirayut Vilaivan*","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.2c00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.2c00018","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The Grignard reaction has been one of the most versatile workhorses for synthetic organic chemists for more than a century. Typically, the preparation of Grignard reagents and their subsequent reactions require anhydrous solvents and a protective inert atmosphere. A recent report showed that the reactions could be performed under mechanochemical conditions by ball-milling magnesium metal, an organic halide, and a small amount of an ethereal solvent together followed by the addition of an electrophile. Excellent results were reported for a broad range of substrates even when the reaction was performed under the ambient atmosphere, making the process highly appealing to a wide synthetic community. In this commentary, some safety aspects of this mechanochemical Grignard reaction are pointed out so that appropriate risk management plans can be devised to ensure its safe use.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"927656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding International Mechanical Code Section 510: Research Laboratory Application","authors":"Kenneth W. Kretchman*","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00091","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A key engineering control to prevent overexposure to laboratory chemicals is the use of enclosed chemical processes connected to exhaust ventilation. The vast majority of the US states have adopted the International Mechanical Code which provides guidance on the design of mechanical systems, including exhaust ventilation systems. This code contains Chapter 510, which addresses hazardous exhaust systems. This article explains where and how this often misunderstood chapter applies to research laboratory exhaust systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"922140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}