ACS Chemical Health & Safety最新文献

{"title":"Process Safety Incident Prevention Project: An Initiative to Reduce Incidents across Dow Laboratories","authors":"Tricia L. Wilson, Jeff J. Foisel, J. Nichols, Katie A. Mulligan","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00048.s002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00048.s002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79893965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of 3-Dimensional Printers in Educational Settings: The Need for Awareness of the Effects of Printer Temperature and Filament Type on Contaminant Releases","authors":"Aleksandr B. Stefaniak*,&nbsp;Lauren N. Bowers,&nbsp;Gabe Cottrell,&nbsp;Ergin Erdem,&nbsp;Alycia K. Knepp,&nbsp;Stephen Martin,&nbsp;Jack Pretty,&nbsp;Matthew G. Duling,&nbsp;Elizabeth D. Arnold,&nbsp;Zachary Wilson,&nbsp;Benjamin Krider,&nbsp;Ryan F. LeBouf,&nbsp;M. Abbas Virji,&nbsp;Arif Sirinterlikci","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00041","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Material extrusion-type fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3-D printing is a valuable tool for education. During FFF 3-D printing, thermal degradation of the polymer releases small particles and chemicals, many of which are hazardous to human health. In this study, particle and chemical emissions from 10 different filaments made from virgin (never printed) and recycled polymers were used to print the same object at the polymer manufacturer’s recommended nozzle temperature (“normal”) and at a temperature higher than recommended (“hot”) to simulate the real-world scenarios of a person intentionally or unknowingly printing on a machine with a changed setting. Emissions were evaluated in a college teaching laboratory using standard sampling and analytical methods. From mobility sizer measurements, particle number-based emission rates were 81 times higher; the proportion of ultrafine particles (diameter &lt;100 nm) were 4% higher, and median particle sizes were a factor of 2 smaller for hot-temperature prints compared with normal-temperature prints (all <i>p</i>-values &lt;0.05). There was no difference in emission characteristics between recycled and virgin acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid polymer filaments. Reducing contaminant release from FFF 3-D printers in educational settings can be achieved using the hierarchy of controls: (1) elimination/substitution (e.g., training students on principles of prevention-through-design, limiting the use of higher emitting polymer when possible); (2) engineering controls (e.g., using local exhaust ventilation to directly remove contaminants at the printer or isolating the printer from students); (3) administrative controls such as password protecting printer settings and establishing and enforcing adherence to a standard operating procedure based on a proper risk assessment for the setup and use (e.g., limiting the use of temperatures higher than those specified for the filaments used); and (4) maintenance of printers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"224186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Polystyrene Foam Factory Fire in a Bangkok Satellite City: Incident and Lessons Learned","authors":"Natt Leelawat,&nbsp;Tirayut Vilaivan*","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00071","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A recent chemical-related fire incident at a polystyrene foam factory in a highly populated Bangkok satellite city is highlighted, with the detail of the incident, the immediate damage, and its consequences, as well as the lessons learned being summarized.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"208227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Use of Disinfectants During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Potential Impacts on Health and Safety","authors":"Hannah M. Dewey,&nbsp;Jaron M. Jones,&nbsp;Mike R. Keating,&nbsp;Januka Budhathoki-Uprety*","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00026","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The COVID-19 pandemic has called for the increased use of disinfectants worldwide in public facilities, transportation, hospitals, nursing homes, wastewater treatment facilities, and even common households to mitigate virus burden. Active ingredients in common disinfectants recommended for use against COVID-19 viruses include chemicals such as quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), hydrogen peroxide, bleach (sodium hypochlorite), and alcohols. These disinfecting chemicals differ in their structures, properties, modes of action, environmental behaviors, and effects on human health upon exposure. Humans can be exposed to disinfecting chemicals mainly through dermal absorption, inhalation, and ingestion. The total exposure and relative contribution of each exposure route vary considerably among the disinfectants. QACs have been linked to occupational illnesses such as asthma and an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), whereas excess use of bleach, hydrogen peroxide, or alcohol-based disinfectants can cause respiratory damage and has been linked to an increased risk of developing and controlling asthma. Recent studies showed that the presence of QACs in human blood has been associated with changes in health biomarkers such as an increase in inflammatory cytokines, decreased mitochondrial function, and disruption of cholesterol homeostasis in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, repeated human exposure to disinfectants during the pandemic has raised questions on exposure-related long-term health risks and occupational safety. Furthermore, in lieu of a lack of adequate knowledge and public awareness, these chemicals have been frequently used on porous surfaces, including fabrics/textiles and consumer plastics and even for disinfecting cloth facemasks, on which disinfectant chemical residues may persist for longer duration, causing potential degradation of plastic materials, releasing additives, and shedding microplastics. In addition, the increased use of these disinfectant chemicals and the subsequent discharge into wastewater may cause adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems, accumulation on vegetables, and contamination of the food chain via wastewater irrigation and sludge application. This article provides a well-rounded understanding of the most common disinfectants and reviews modes of action of those disinfectants, their interactions with aquatic and terrestrial environments, the exposure to humans, and potential impacts to human health and safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"202669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precompetitive Collaborations in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Process Safety Groups Work Together to Reduce Hazards, from R&D Laboratories to Manufacturing Facilities","authors":"Ayman D. Allian,&nbsp;Roy C. Flanagan,&nbsp;Ray Mentzer,&nbsp;Jeffrey B. Sperry*,&nbsp;Han Xia,&nbsp;Ralph Zhao","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00049","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Process Safety scientists in the pharmaceutical industry are tasked with keeping the laboratories, manufacturing facilities, people, and environment safe from thermal runaway reactions. This group of highly trained chemists and engineers has forged an alliance stretching across company lines to help ensure the safety of the global pharmaceutical manufacturing sector. In this Commentary, we share our challenges, strategies, and opportunities for working together to ensure the safety of our respective companies and external vendors. We discuss our three platforms for collaborating and sharing ideas to help communicate the importance of pharmaceutical companies cooperating in a precompetitive space for the greater good.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"196106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive Feedback via Descriptive Comments for Improved Safety Inspection Responsiveness and Compliance","authors":"Melinda Box*,&nbsp;Ciana Paye,&nbsp;Maria Teresa Gallardo-Williams","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00009","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The format of feedback can have a significant impact on the outcome of an evaluation. Checklists, a common tool in health and safety inspections, have limited potential to change practices and habits between utilizations because implicitly they are finite in terms of conveying priority or providing guidance on how to solve cited issues. In addition, they are vulnerable to variability in the thoroughness of application. In contrast, feedback in the form of unstructured descriptive comments has the potential to magnify existing strengths, which sustain an overall good practice between inspections if the comments include positive citations that are specific and detailed. Without inclusion of both positive feedback and unstructured descriptive comments to the standard, structured checklist, inspectors miss the opportunity to reinforce actions already being performed and the opportunity to build on the foundation of existing skill and knowledge. This case study combines principles of management, evaluation tool design, behavioral psychology, and neurological science to explain the impact the authors observed on safety compliance in conjunction with providing positive feedback in unstructured comments as part of annual inspection reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"197203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safe Synthesis of MAX and MXene: Guidelines to Reduce Risk During Synthesis","authors":"Christopher E. Shuck,&nbsp;Kimberly Ventura-Martinez,&nbsp;Adam Goad,&nbsp;Simge Uzun,&nbsp;Mikhail Shekhirev,&nbsp;Yury Gogotsi*","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00051","url":null,"abstract":"<p >MXenes are proven to be promising materials for a wide variety of applications, from electrochemical energy storage to environmental remediation, leading to their increasing popularity in research. With an influx of new researchers focused on MXenes, it is increasingly important to ensure the safe and reliable production of these materials. Herein, we describe the safe synthesis of MXenes, from their precursors (MAX) to the final product (delaminated MXene), focusing on HF-based etching approaches. Using the synthesis of Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> MXene as an example, we discuss safety risks associated with each step of the procedure and demonstrate necessary precautions for the safe, reproducible, and reliable synthesis of MXenes. Finally, we overview the most updated research on MXene safety from a cytotoxicity aspect.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"180836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Quality of Literature Reviews in Chemistry: Tools and Techniques","authors":"Elsa Alvaro,&nbsp;David A. Zwicky*","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00046","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The quality of literature reviews can be highly variable, depending not only on the author’s knowledge of the topic but also their skill in navigating and synthesizing the literature. This paper discusses different types of review articles and provides information on how to improve the quality of literature reviews in chemistry, through better planning, rigorous literature searching, and thoughtful construction. Using these tools and techniques, authors will be able to craft higher quality, methodologically sound reviews that will more accurately reflect the state of the literature and will more clearly communicate that information to the reader.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"244783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Leakage and Diffusion for a Chlorine Storage Tank Based on Simulation","authors":"Wenhe Wang*,&nbsp;Dan Mou,&nbsp;Baojiang Sun,&nbsp;Chengzhi Zhu,&nbsp;Hongfu Mi","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00031","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In order to study the influence of accidental leakage of a chlorine tank and chlorine diffusion, a 3D model of leakage and diffusion of a chlorine tank was established according to the actual scene of a Chlor-alkali workshop in chemical enterprises. Based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the chlorine diffusion in an open space was numerically simulated. The influence of topography, leakage location, and discharge source form on the leakage, and diffusion of chlorine was discussed. The results show that the concentration difference of chlorine leakage diffusion at 100 s between a flat terrain and a complex terrain is about 4590 times, and the existence of obstacles is not conducive to the flow and diffusion of chlorine. Under the same external conditions, the diffusion rate of chlorine leakage at the top and middle of the first 30 s is faster than that at the bottom, and the influence range of chlorine leakage at the top of the tank is larger. The concentration difference between continuous leakage and instantaneous leakage at 100 s is 4 × 10⁷ times, and the harm of continuous leakage to the human body is much greater than that of an instantaneous leakage.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"232241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons Learned─Lithium Silicide Hydration Fire","authors":"Brynal A. Benally,&nbsp;Benjamin W. Juba,&nbsp;David Schafer,&nbsp;Adam S. Pimentel,&nbsp;Jessica K. Román-Kustas*","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.1c00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00040","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Alkali metals, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, etc., are highly reactive elements. While researchers generally handle these metals with caution, less caution is taken when these elements have been “reacted”. Here, a recent incident is examined in which a pair of researchers ignited a lithium silicide alloy sample that was assumed to be fully hydrated to lithium hydroxide and, thereby, no longer water-reactive. However, variations in the original chemical composition of the lithium compounds examined resulted in select mixtures failing to hydrate and react completely to lithium hydroxide in the time frame allowed. This gave rise to residual unreacted, water-sensitive lithium silicide which resulted in a violent exothermic reaction with water and autoignition of the produced hydrogen gas. This Article describes this incident and improvements that can be implemented to prevent similar incidents from occurring.</p>","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"689969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}