Heredity最新文献

{"title":"Heritability and developmental plasticity of growth in an oviparous lizard","authors":"Fonti Kar, Shinichi Nakagawa, Daniel W. A. Noble","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00660-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00660-3","url":null,"abstract":"Selective processes act on phenotypic variation although the evolutionary potential of a trait relies on the underlying heritable variation. Developmental plasticity is an important source of phenotypic variation, but it can also promote changes in genetic variation, yet we have a limited understanding of how they are both impacted. Here, we quantified the influence of developmental temperature on growth in delicate skinks (Lampropholis delicata) and partitioned total phenotypic variance using an animal model fitted with a genomic relatedness matrix. We measured mass for 261 individuals (nhot = 125, ncold = 136) over 16 months (nobservations = 3002) and estimated heritability and maternal effects over time. Our results show that lizards reared in cold developmental temperatures had consistently higher mass across development compared to lizards that were reared in hot developmental temperatures. However, developmental temperature did not impact the rate of growth. On average, additive genetic variance, maternal effects and heritability were higher in the hot developmental temperature treatment; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Heritability increased with age, whereas maternal effects decreased upon hatching but increased again at a later age, which could be driven by social competition or intrinsic changes in the expression of variation as an individual’s growth. Our work suggests that the evolutionary potential of growth is complex, age-dependent and not overtly affected by extremes in natural nest temperatures.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"132 2","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-023-00660-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134648848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marsupials have monoallelic MEST expression with a conserved antisense lncRNA but MEST is not imprinted","authors":"Teruhito Ishihara, Shunsuke Suzuki, Trent A. Newman, Jane C. Fenelon, Oliver W. Griffith, Geoff Shaw, Marilyn B. Renfree","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00656-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00656-z","url":null,"abstract":"The imprinted isoform of the Mest gene in mice is involved in key mammalian traits such as placental and fetal growth, maternal care and mammary gland maturation. The imprinted isoform has a distinct differentially methylated region (DMR) at its promoter in eutherian mammals but in marsupials, there are no differentially methylated CpG islands between the parental alleles. Here, we examined similarities and differences in the MEST gene locus across mammals using a marsupial, the tammar wallaby, a monotreme, the platypus, and a eutherian, the mouse, to investigate how imprinting of this gene evolved in mammals. By confirming the presence of the short isoform in all mammalian groups (which is imprinted in eutherians), this study suggests that an alternative promoter for the short isoform evolved at the MEST gene locus in the common ancestor of mammals. In the tammar, the short isoform of MEST shared the putative promoter CpG island with an antisense lncRNA previously identified in humans and an isoform of a neighbouring gene CEP41. The antisense lncRNA was expressed in tammar sperm, as seen in humans. This suggested that the conserved lncRNA might be important in the establishment of MEST imprinting in therian mammals, but it was not imprinted in the tammar. In contrast to previous studies, this study shows that MEST is not imprinted in marsupials. MEST imprinting in eutherians, therefore must have occurred after the marsupial-eutherian split with the acquisition of a key epigenetic imprinting control region, the differentially methylated CpG islands between the parental alleles.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"132 1","pages":"5-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89718084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two sympatric lineages of Australian Cnestus solidus share Ambrosiella symbionts but not Wolbachia","authors":"James R. M. Bickerstaff, Bjarte H. Jordal, Markus Riegler","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00659-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00659-w","url":null,"abstract":"Sympatric lineages of inbreeding species provide an excellent opportunity to investigate species divergence patterns and processes. Many ambrosia beetle lineages (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) reproduce by predominant inbreeding through sib mating in nests excavated in woody plant parts wherein they cultivate symbiotic ambrosia fungi as their sole source of nutrition. The Xyleborini ambrosia beetle species Cnestus solidus and Cnestus pseudosolidus are sympatrically distributed across eastern Australia and have overlapping morphological variation. Using multilocus sequencing analysis of individuals collected from 19 sites spanning their sympatric distribution, we assessed their phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic status and microbial symbionts. We found no genetic differentiation between individuals morphologically identified as C. solidus and C. pseudosolidus confirming previous suggestions that C. pseudosolidus is synonymous to C. solidus. However, within C. solidus we unexpectedly discovered the sympatric coexistence of two morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct lineages with small nuclear yet large mitochondrial divergence. At all sites except one, individuals of both lineages carried the same primary fungal symbiont, a new Ambrosiella species, indicating that fungal symbiont differentiation may not be involved in lineage divergence. One strain of the maternally inherited bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia was found at high prevalence in individuals of the more common lineage but not in the other, suggesting that it may influence host fitness. Our data suggest that the two Australian Cnestus lineages diverged allopatrically, and one lineage then acquired Wolbachia. Predominant inbreeding and Wolbachia infection may have reinforced reproductive barriers between these two lineages after their secondary contact contributing to their current sympatric distribution.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"132 1","pages":"43-53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-023-00659-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72209133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent mechanisms of reduced growth performance in Betula ermanii saplings from high-altitude and low-latitude range edges","authors":"Takaki Aihara, Kyoko Araki, Yunosuke Onuma, Yihan Cai, Aye Myat Myat Paing, Susumu Goto, Yoko Hisamoto, Nobuhiro Tomaru, Kosuke Homma, Masahiro Takagi, Toshiya Yoshida, Atsuhiro Iio, Dai Nagamatsu, Hajime Kobayashi, Mitsuru Hirota, Kentaro Uchiyama, Yoshihiko Tsumura","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00655-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00655-0","url":null,"abstract":"The reduced growth performance of individuals from range edges is a common phenomenon in various taxa, and considered to be an evolutionary factor that limits the species’ range. However, most studies did not distinguish between two mechanisms that can lead to this reduction: genetic load and adaptive selection to harsh conditions. To address this lack of understanding, we investigated the climatic and genetic factors underlying the growth performance of Betula ermanii saplings transplanted from 11 populations including high-altitude edge and low-latitude edge population. We estimated the climatic position of the populations within the overall B. ermanii’s distribution, and the genetic composition and diversity using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, and measured survival, growth rates and individual size of the saplings. The high-altitude edge population (APW) was located below the 95% significance interval for the mean annual temperature range, but did not show any distinctive genetic characteristics. In contrast, the low-latitude edge population (SHK) exhibited a high level of linkage disequilibrium, low genetic diversity, a distinct genetic composition from the other populations, and a high relatedness coefficient. Both APW and SHK saplings displayed lower survival rates, heights and diameters, while SHK saplings also exhibited lower growth rates than the other populations’ saplings. The low heights and diameters of APW saplings was likely the result of adaptive selection to harsh conditions, while the low survival and growth rates of SHK saplings was likely the result of genetic load. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the reduced growth performance of range-edge populations.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"131 5-6","pages":"387-397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10673911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71521282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape genomics reveals adaptive genetic differentiation driven by multiple environmental variables in naked barley on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Tongrui Chen, Jinqing Xu, Lei Wang, Handong Wang, En You, Chao Deng, Haiyan Bian, Yuhu Shen","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00647-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00647-0","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the local adaptation of crops has long been a concern of evolutionary biologists and molecular ecologists. Identifying the adaptive genetic variability in the genome is crucial not only to provide insights into the genetic mechanism of local adaptation but also to explore the adaptation potential of crops. This study aimed to identify the climatic drivers of naked barley landraces and putative adaptive loci driving local adaptation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). To this end, a total of 157 diverse naked barley accessions were genotyped using the genotyping-by-sequencing approach, which yielded 3123 high-quality SNPs for population structure analysis and partial redundancy analysis, and 37,636 SNPs for outlier analysis. The population structure analysis indicated that naked barley landraces could be divided into four groups. We found that the genomic diversity of naked barley landraces could be partly traced back to the geographical and environmental diversity of the landscape. In total, 136 signatures associated with temperature, precipitation, and ultraviolet radiation were identified, of which 13 had pleiotropic effects. We mapped 447 genes, including a known gene HvSs1. Some genes involved in cold stress and regulation of flowering time were detected near eight signatures. Taken together, these results highlight the existence of putative adaptive loci in naked barley on QTP and thus improve our current understanding of the genetic basis of local adaptation.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"131 5-6","pages":"316-326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10673939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71480951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IBD sharing patterns as intra-breed admixture indicators in small ruminants","authors":"Stéphane Blondeau Da Silva, Joram M. Mwacharo, Menghua Li, Abulgasim Ahbara, Farai Catherine Muchadeyi, Edgar Farai Dzomba, Johannes A. Lenstra, Anne Da Silva","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00658-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00658-x","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated how IBD patterns shared between individuals of the same breed could be informative of its admixture level, with the underlying assumption that the most admixed breeds, i.e. the least genetically isolated, should have a much more fragmented genome. We considered 111 goat breeds (i.e. 2501 individuals) and 156 sheep breeds (i.e. 3304 individuals) from Europe, Africa and Asia, for which beadchip SNP genotypes had been performed. We inferred the breed’s level of admixture from: (i) the proportion of the genome shared by breed’s members (i.e. “genetic integrity level” assessed from ADMIXTURE software analyses), and (ii) the “AV index” (calculated from Reynolds’ genetic distances), used as a proxy for the “genetic distinctiveness”. In both goat and sheep datasets, the statistical analyses (comparison of means, Spearman correlations, LM and GAM models) revealed that the most genetically isolated breeds, also showed IBD profiles made up of more shared IBD segments, which were also longer. These results pave the way for further research that could lead to the development of admixture indicators, based on the characterization of intra-breed shared IBD segments, particularly effective as they would be independent of the knowledge of the whole genetic landscape in which the breeds evolve. Finally, by highlighting the fragmentation experienced by the genomes subjected to crossbreeding carried out over the last few generations, the study reminds us of the need to preserve local breeds and the integrity of their adaptive architectures that have been shaped over the centuries.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"132 1","pages":"30-42"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-023-00658-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71423231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic signals of local adaptation across climatically heterogenous habitats in an invasive tropical fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni)","authors":"Elahe Parvizi, Amy L. Vaughan, Manpreet K. Dhami, Angela McGaughran","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00657-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00657-y","url":null,"abstract":"Local adaptation plays a key role in the successful establishment of pest populations in new environments by enabling them to tolerate novel biotic and abiotic conditions experienced outside their native range. However, the genomic underpinnings of such adaptive responses remain unclear, especially for agriculturally important pests. We investigated population genomic signatures in the tropical/subtropical Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, which has an expanded range encompassing temperate and arid zones in Australia, and tropical zones in the Pacific Islands. Using reduced representation sequencing data from 28 populations, we detected allele frequency shifts associated with the native/invasive status of populations and identified environmental factors that have likely driven population differentiation. We also determined that precipitation, temperature, and geographic variables explain allelic shifts across the distribution range of B. tryoni. We found spatial heterogeneity in signatures of local adaptation across various climatic conditions in invaded areas. Specifically, disjunct invasive populations in the tropical Pacific Islands and arid zones of Australia were characterised by multiple significantly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), some of which were associated with genes with well-understood function in environmental stress (e.g., heat and desiccation) response. However, invasive populations in southeast Australian temperate zones showed higher gene flow with the native range and lacked a strong local adaptive signal. These results suggest that population connectivity with the native range has differentially affected local adaptive patterns in different invasive populations. Overall, our findings provide insights into the evolutionary underpinnings of invasion success of an important horticultural pest in climatically distinct environments.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"132 1","pages":"18-29"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-023-00657-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71412016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The puzzle of plant hybridisation: a high propensity to hybridise but few hybrid zones reported","authors":"Gonzalo Nieto Feliner, David Criado Ruiz, Inés Álvarez, Irene Villa-Machío","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00654-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00654-1","url":null,"abstract":"An interesting conundrum was recently revealed by R. Abbott when he found that the number of hybrid zones reported in the literature for plants is very low, given the propensity of plants to hybridise. In another literature survey on hybrid zones performed over the period 1970–2022, we found that the number of hybrid zones reported for vertebrates was 2.3 times greater than that reported for vascular plants, even though there are about six times more vascular plant species than vertebrates. Looking at the number of papers reporting hybrid zones, there are 4.9 times more on vertebrates than on vascular plants. These figures support the relevance of this conundrum. In this paper we aim to shed light on this question by providing a structured discussion of the causes that may underlie this conundrum. We propose six non-mutually exclusive factors, namely lack or deficit of spatial structure, lack or deficit of genetic structure, effects of hybridisation between non-closely related species, lability of plant hybrid zones over time, botanists’ perception of hybridisation, and deficit of population genetic data. There does not appear to be a single factor that explains our puzzle, which applies to all cases of plants where hybridisation is detected but no hybrid zone is reported. It is argued that some plant features suggest that the puzzle is not, at least entirely, due to insufficient knowledge of the specific cases, a hypothesis that should be addressed with a wider range of empirical data across different taxonomic groups.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"131 5-6","pages":"307-315"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10673867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54228909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat and climate influence hybridization among three genetically distinct Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) morphotypes in an avian hybrid zone complex","authors":"B. A. Graham, I. Szabo, C. Cicero, D. Strickland, J. Woods, H. Coneybeare, K. M. Dohms, T. M. Burg","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00652-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00652-3","url":null,"abstract":"Examining the frequency and distribution of hybrids across contact zones provide insights into the factors mediating hybridization. In this study, we examined the effect of habitat and climate on hybridization patterns for three phenotypically, genetically, and ecologically distinct groups of the Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) in a secondary contact zone in western North America. Additionally, we tested whether the frequency of hybridization involving the three groups (referred to as Boreal, Pacific and Rocky Mountain morphotypes) is similar across the hybrid zones or whether some pairs have hybridized more frequently than others. We reanalyzed microsatellite, mtDNA and plumage data, and new microsatellite and plumage data for 526 individuals to identify putative genetic and phenotypic hybrids. The genetically and phenotypically distinct groups are associated with different habitats and occupy distinct climate niches across the contact zone. Most putative genetic hybrids (86%) had Rocky Mountain ancestry. Hybrids were observed most commonly in intermediate climate niches and in habitats where Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) overlaps broadly with boreal and subalpine tree species. Our finding that hybrids occupy intermediate climate niches relative to parental morphotypes matches patterns for other plant and animal species found in this region. This study demonstrates how habitat and climate influence hybridization patterns in areas of secondary contact and adds to the growing body of research on tri-species hybrid zones.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"131 5-6","pages":"361-373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41182465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population genomic diversity and structure in the golden bandicoot: a history of isolation, extirpation, and conservation","authors":"Kate Rick, Margaret Byrne, Skye Cameron, Steve J. B. Cooper, Judy Dunlop, Brydie Hill, Cheryl Lohr, Nicola J. Mitchell, Craig Moritz, Kenny J. Travouillon, Brenton von Takach, Kym Ottewell","doi":"10.1038/s41437-023-00653-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41437-023-00653-2","url":null,"abstract":"Using genetic information to develop and implement conservation programs is vital for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. Evaluation of the genetic variability within and among remnant populations can inform management of both natural and translocated populations to maximise species’ adaptive potential, mitigate negative impacts of inbreeding, and subsequently minimise risk of extinction. Here we use reduced representation sequencing to undertake a genetic assessment of the golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus), a threatened marsupial endemic to Australia. The currently recognised taxon consists of three subspecies distributed among multiple natural and translocated populations. After confirming the genetic distinctiveness of I. auratus from two closely related taxa, I. fusciventer and I. macrourus, we identified four genetic clusters within I. auratus. These clusters exhibited substantial genetic differentiation (pairwise FST values ranging from 0.18 to 0.65, pairwise DXY ranging from 0.1 to 0.168), reflecting long-term isolation of some populations on offshore islands and the influence of genetic drift. Mainland natural populations in the Kimberley region had the highest genetic diversity and the largest contribution to overall allelic and gene diversity compared to both natural and translocated island populations. A population translocated to Guluwuru Island in the Northern Territory had the lowest genetic diversity. Our data suggest that island populations can appear genetically unique due to genetic drift and this needs to be taken into account when considering genetic diversity in conservation efforts to maintain overall genetic diversity of the species. We effectively demonstrate how genomic information can guide practical conservation planning, especially when declining species are represented by multiple isolated populations.","PeriodicalId":12991,"journal":{"name":"Heredity","volume":"131 5-6","pages":"374-386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10673901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41178682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}