HeritagePub Date : 2023-09-14DOI: 10.3390/heritage6090331
Luís Dias, Ricardo Nunes, Mafalda Costa, Ana Teresa Caldeira, José Mirão, Pedro Barrulas
{"title":"Unveiling the Effectiveness of Innovative Commercial Coatings Used for the Preservation of Natural Stone—A Contribution","authors":"Luís Dias, Ricardo Nunes, Mafalda Costa, Ana Teresa Caldeira, José Mirão, Pedro Barrulas","doi":"10.3390/heritage6090331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6090331","url":null,"abstract":"The preservation of natural stone heritage is still a major challenge for the scientific community. This topic assumes a greater importance since it impacts economic and socio-cultural values. Recent research has indicated that water action and microorganism activity are among the major contributors to the deterioration of this material. Despite the emergence of new protective solutions in the market, some constraints still need to be overcome. This study aims to contribute to unveiling the effectiveness of innovative commercial coatings on the preservation of natural stone frequently used in built heritage. Four different commercial coatings are assessed regarding their compatibility with the substrata and effectiveness against UV radiation, water action, and microbial development under accelerated ageing. The protective solutions are tested on five different Portuguese lithotypes, including carbonate and silicate-based stones. Colour change is measured to assess compatibility, while profilometric change of the stones’ surface and antimicrobial potential are evaluated to determine their effectiveness. Our research demonstrates that the solution that exhibits the greatest compatibility and effectiveness potential is composed of modified silanes and siloxanes derivatives.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134913685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HeritagePub Date : 2023-09-09DOI: 10.3390/heritage6090330
Johannes Hugenschmidt, Sophie Wolf, Christophe Gosselin
{"title":"Non-Destructive Testing of Dalle de Verre Windows by Fernand Léger and Alexandre Cingria in Switzerland","authors":"Johannes Hugenschmidt, Sophie Wolf, Christophe Gosselin","doi":"10.3390/heritage6090330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6090330","url":null,"abstract":"Dalle de verre windows consist of thick slabs of coloured glass set in a matrix of reinforced concrete. The invention of this special art form is closely linked to the developments in modern architecture in the first half of the 20th century that are characterized by using new technologies such as steel-frame construction, reinforced concrete and the increasing use of glass. Many of these windows are showing damage, some of it severe. Until now, the causes of damage have hardly been investigated and there is still no practical and suitable approach to the analysis of the state of conservation of dalle de verre glazings. One of the main objectives of an interdisciplinary project (2019–2021) was therefore to evaluate the potential of non-destructive techniques for the characterisation of and identification of damage of dalle the verre windows in their structural, physical and climatic context. Various non-destructive methods (Ground-Penetrating Radar, Electric resistivity, Half-cell potential, Ultrasonics, Induction, Magnet and Thermography) have been tested on two prominent dalle de verre examples: the windows created by Fernand Léger for the church of Saint-Germain d’Auxerre in Courfaivre (Swiss Jura mountains) and the large tripartite by Alexandre Cingria once decorating the choir window church of the Franciscan monastery at Fribourg, Switzerland. The results of the analyses presented in this paper provide valuable information on the advantages and limitations as well as the costs of the methods used.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136192965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HeritagePub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.3390/heritage6090329
Emmie Beauvoit, Anne Bouquillon, Odile Majérus, Daniel Caurant, Julien Cuny, Ariane Thomas
{"title":"Comparative Study of Architectural Bricks from Khorsabad and Susa Sites: Characterization of Black Glazes","authors":"Emmie Beauvoit, Anne Bouquillon, Odile Majérus, Daniel Caurant, Julien Cuny, Ariane Thomas","doi":"10.3390/heritage6090329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6090329","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the well-preserved glazes of 13 colored bricks representative of the decoration of the palaces of Sargon II (Khorsabad, 8th century BC) and of Darius I (Susa, 6th century BC) were examined. The purpose of this research is to gather information about the ancient brick manufacturing processes by examining the colored glazes and, in particular, black glazes using a combination of methods that included optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, synchrotron µ-XRD, and µ-Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed different coloring techniques for producing black glazes in the Neo-Assyrian and Persian Achaemenid periods. Regarding the black glazes of Susa, it is particularly interesting to note that their chemical composition varies according to the function of the glazes on the bricks: manganese oxide (for colored fields of glaze) and iron-rich compounds (for raised lines separating glazed areas). In comparison, the black glazes from Khorsabad are characterized by the presence of spherical copper sulfide and galena nanoparticles (ranging from less than 100 nm to about 1 µm) for both the glazed areas and the separating lines. This coloring technique to obtain black glazes is very rarely described in the literature, as well as the mechanism of formation of these spherical nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136362686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HeritagePub Date : 2023-08-07DOI: 10.3390/heritage6080302
Dirk H. R. Spennemann
{"title":"Exhibiting the Heritage of COVID-19—A Conversation with ChatGPT","authors":"Dirk H. R. Spennemann","doi":"10.3390/heritage6080302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6080302","url":null,"abstract":"The documentation and management of the cultural heritage of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the heritage of the digital age are emerging discourses in cultural heritage management. The enthusiastic uptake of a generative artificial intelligence application (ChatGPT) by the general public and academics alike has provided an opportunity to explore (i) whether, and to what extent, generative AI can conceptualize an emergent, not well-described field of cultural heritage (the heritage of COVID-19), (ii), whether it can design an exhibition on the topic, and (iii) whether it can identify sites associated with the pandemic that may become significant heritage. Drawing on an extended ‘conversation’ with ChatGPT, this paper shows that generative AI is capable of not only developing a concept for an exhibition of the heritage of COVID-19 but also that it can provide a defensible array of exhibition topics as well as a relevant selection of exhibition objects. ChatGPT is also capable of making suggestions on the selection of cultural heritage sites associated with the pandemic, but these lack specificity. The discrepancy between ChatGPT’s responses to the exhibition concept and its responses regarding potential heritage sites suggests differential selection and access to the data that were used to train the model, with a seemingly heavy reliance on Wikipedia. The ‘conversation’ has shown that ChatGPT can serve as a brainstorming tool, but that a curator’s considered interpretation of the responses is still essential.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135840914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HeritagePub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.3390/heritage6060250
Vittorio Lauro, Marco Giovannangelo, Mariella De Riggi, Nicola Lanzaro, Vittorio Murtas
{"title":"R.A.O. Project Recovery: Methods and Approaches for the Recovery of a Photographic Archive for the Creation of a Photogrammetric Survey of a Site Unreachable over Time","authors":"Vittorio Lauro, Marco Giovannangelo, Mariella De Riggi, Nicola Lanzaro, Vittorio Murtas","doi":"10.3390/heritage6060250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060250","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this research is to make photogrammetric surveys of the walls of Cortona from 2012 accessible using new methodologies for recovering photographic material. This will allow a team of archaeologists to carry out a virtual reconnaissance of the surveyed stretch of wall as well as provide the basis for future investigations into any potential changes that may have occurred in the wall since 2012. Photogrammetry is a widely used technique in archaeology that can help researchers accurately measure, reconstruct, and analyze different architectural components of the wall. By using state-of-the-art photogrammetric techniques, including advanced computer vision algorithms, our team aims to produce high-quality 3D models and accurate measurements of different parts of the wall. The results of this research project will enable archaeologists to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the layout of the fortifications and the role of the Cortonese walls in the historical context of the area. Additionally, the research project will provide a detailed documentation of the wall that will be useful for both archaeological researchers and cultural heritage organizations. Finally, the research project will also provide the basis for future investigations into potential changes that may have occurred in the wall since 2012, which will be important for monitoring conservation and restoration efforts and providing an up-to-date record of the wall’s state of preservation.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135449508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HeritagePub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.3390/heritage6060248
Areti Kasiola, Theodore Metaxas
{"title":"Studying COVID-19 Impacts on Culture: The Case of Public Museums in Greece","authors":"Areti Kasiola, Theodore Metaxas","doi":"10.3390/heritage6060248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060248","url":null,"abstract":"During the last three years, COVID-19 has had a huge impact on both tourism and culture globally. The function of every kind of cultural activity was inhibited due to curfews in all public spaces, including museums, galleries, monuments, and archeological sites, which were forced to interrupt their operation due to the restrictions that were implemented for the protection of public health. In many cases, also in Greece, museums or archeological sites employed the use of digital systems and social media, always carefully abiding by all the security measures. This study aims to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on public museums in Greece and to pursue possible opportunities in order to improve the museums’ extroversion through the application of new strategies based on ‘New Technologies’. This is achieved through a qualitative methodology with the use of 17 semi-structured interviews to executives of Greek public museums, in order to examine the situation through various aspects, which will reinforce the sustainability of Greece’s cultural domain and its acceptance on the cultural sector. The analysis of data revealed both positive and negative results in this form of investigation.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135559123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HeritagePub Date : 2023-05-20DOI: 10.3390/heritage6050234
Galina V. Pashkova, Mikhail A. Statkus, Maria M. Mukhamedova, Alexander L. Finkelshtein, Irina V. Abdrashitova, Olga Yu. Belozerova, Victor M. Chubarov, Alena A. Amosova, Artem S. Maltsev, Elena I. Demonterova, Dmitriy L. Shergin
{"title":"A Workflow for Uncertainty Assessment in Elemental Analysis of Archaeological Ceramics: A Case Study of Neolithic Coarse Pottery from Eastern Siberia","authors":"Galina V. Pashkova, Mikhail A. Statkus, Maria M. Mukhamedova, Alexander L. Finkelshtein, Irina V. Abdrashitova, Olga Yu. Belozerova, Victor M. Chubarov, Alena A. Amosova, Artem S. Maltsev, Elena I. Demonterova, Dmitriy L. Shergin","doi":"10.3390/heritage6050234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6050234","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the assessment of uncertainties introduced at different stages of the elemental analysis of archaeological ceramics has been described using the example of the Neolithic pottery sherds from Popovsky Lug (eastern Siberia). To evaluate the uncertainty introduced by sampling due to ceramic heterogeneity, three original sherds were cut into small subsamples. Powdered subsamples (250–350 mg) were analyzed using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methods, and the variations between analytical results for independent subsamples were compared with the variations introduced during the analytical process (measurement and sample preparation). It was shown that 250–350 mg of ceramic is sufficient to obtain good reproducibility (2–15%) between separate subsamples for most major and trace elements, even for the heterogeneous Neolithic ceramics included in this study. The differing behavior of concentration variations in some elements was explained by measuring the ceramic cross-sections by scanning electron microscopy and micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, as well as by the theoretic modeling of the sampling error. The described workflow can be useful in finding uncertainties in elemental analysis results, which may affect the interpretation of bulk chemical composition in ceramic provenance studies.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135542269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HeritagePub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.3390/heritage6020094
Gerhard Eggert
{"title":"‘Copper and Bronze in Art’ and the Search for Rare Corrosion Products","authors":"Gerhard Eggert","doi":"10.3390/heritage6020094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020094","url":null,"abstract":"The information taken from David A. Scott’s book “Copper and Bronze in Art” was crucial for this research on copper corrosion products in Stuttgart. The examples discussed are: (1) the nature and variability of ‘Black Spots’ (or ‘Brown Fuzzies’), mainly copper sulfides, resulting from the action of sulfurous gases on copper containing materials at different relative humidities; (2) cupric hydroxide occurring during maritime corrosion or by cleaning, patination, and pigment synthesis (Bremen blue) when alkaline solutions are used; (3) the wondrous phenomenon of curly malachite, which does not imply any human involvement; (4) chalconatronite formed by the contact of metal to alkaline surface films on soda glass, providing sodium and carbonate ions; (5) the formation of copper formates in contact with glass by the action of electrolytes from the glass hydrolysis and the pollutant formaldehyde reacting to the formate; (6) syntheses and crystal structure determination by powder X-ray diffraction (no single crystals needed) of various basic copper acetates (‘verdigris’) with the aim to better differentiate between historic production methods.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134916818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HeritagePub Date : 2023-01-29DOI: 10.3390/heritage6020071
Denis Prokuratov, Andrey Samokhvalov, Dmitry Pankin, Oleg Vereshchagin, Nikolai Kurganov, Anastasia Povolotckaia, Alexander Shimko, Alexandra Mikhailova, Roman Balmashnov, Anastasia Reveguk, Olga Smolyanskaya, Dmitry Redka, Vjaceslavs Bobrovs
{"title":"Investigation towards Laser Cleaning of Corrosion Products from Lead Objects","authors":"Denis Prokuratov, Andrey Samokhvalov, Dmitry Pankin, Oleg Vereshchagin, Nikolai Kurganov, Anastasia Povolotckaia, Alexander Shimko, Alexandra Mikhailova, Roman Balmashnov, Anastasia Reveguk, Olga Smolyanskaya, Dmitry Redka, Vjaceslavs Bobrovs","doi":"10.3390/heritage6020071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020071","url":null,"abstract":"In this work lasers with micro-, nano-, pico- and femtosecond pulse durations were used to clean atmospheric corrosion products from the fragments of a 19th-century lead outdoor sculpture. The state of the surface was studied by optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that for all lasers used there is no self-limiting cleaning effect, and the metal damage threshold is lower than the corrosion removal threshold. Using the XPS method, it has been demonstrated that the effect of turning a metallic lead surface blue after irradiation is associated with an interference effect in the PbO film. Raman spectroscopy indicated no phase changes in the corrosion layer after laser cleaning with 8 ns, 75 ps and 100 fs pulses, which makes these lasers useful for the layer-by-layer cleaning of archaeological objects.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":"59 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135600967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}