Harmful Algae最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to “An early-warning forecast model for red tide (Karenia brevis) blooms on the southwest coast of Florida.” Harmful Algae 139 (2024) 102729","authors":"Miles Medina , Paul Julian II , Nicholas Chin , Stephen E. Davis","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102866","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102866"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring cyanobacteria blooms with complementary measurements – a similar story told using high-throughput imaging, optical sensors, light microscopy, and satellite-based methods","authors":"Kaisa Kraft ,&nbsp;Lumi Haraguchi ,&nbsp;Heidi Hällfors ,&nbsp;Sanna Suikkanen ,&nbsp;Pasi Ylöstalo ,&nbsp;Sami Kielosto ,&nbsp;Annaliina Skyttä ,&nbsp;Lauri Laakso ,&nbsp;Martti Honkanen ,&nbsp;Mati Kahru ,&nbsp;Jukka Seppälä","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several methods to monitor cyanobacteria exist, based partly on characteristics that differentiate cyanobacteria from other phytoplankton, such as pigmentation and morphology. However, it is not certain whether all methods give similar insights into the development and properties of a cyanobacterial bloom. It is important to understand the level of consistency of measurements, especially in the case of novel methods. In situ imaging flow cytometry provides community composition information at high frequency but has been little used for filamentous bloom-forming cyanobacteria. To understand if different methods agree, we compared multi-year biomass data collected with Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB), CytoSense (CS), phycocyanin (PC) and chlorophyll (Chl) <em>a</em> fluorescence, and turbidity sensors, light microscopy, and satellite-based Frequency of Cyanobacteria Accumulations (FCA). Continuous high-throughput data was recorded at Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research Station in the Baltic Sea during summers 2018–2022, along with samples for light microscopy and adjacent satellite observations. The IFCB cyanobacteria biomass pattern most closely resembled those of CS and PC fluorescence. IFCB also described the blooms similarly to FCA, and to some extent to turbidity, but differed from Chl <em>a</em> fluorescence. IFCB and light microscopy agreed on the bloom development and species composition but differed concerning exact biomass. Our study demonstrates that both IFCB and CS are suitable for studying filamentous cyanobacteria and that in situ imaging flow cytometry provides valuable support for cyanobacteria monitoring by yielding detailed high-frequency taxon-specific information. Still, the best overall coverage of rapid biological processes such as bloom development is achieved with the parallel use of multiple observation techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 102865"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morpho-phylogenetic and toxicological characterisation of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries from the Sea of Marmara (Türkiye)","authors":"Rabia Sezgin ,&nbsp;Turgay Durmus ,&nbsp;Muharrem Balci ,&nbsp;Fuat Dursun ,&nbsp;Neslihan Balkis-Ozdelice ,&nbsp;Bernd Krock ,&nbsp;Seyfettin Tas","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries</em> is a diatom known for producing domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin that can cause Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), which poses risks to both marine life and human health. This study reports the first detailed investigation of <em>P. multiseries</em> in the Sea of Marmara, focusing on its morphology, phylogeny, and toxin production. Morphological analysis using light and electron microscopy confirmed key diagnostic features consistent with <em>P. multiseries</em>. Phylogenetic analysis, focusing on ITS and LSU gene sequences, showed a close genetic relationship between the Turkish strain and other strains of <em>P. multiseries</em>. Domoic acid levels, quantified using LC-MS/MS during exponential and stationary growth phases, ranged between 2.46 and 3.24 pg cell⁻¹, with minor amounts of isoDA (A, D and E) also detected. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring <em>P. multiseries</em> in Turkish coastal waters due to its significant potential for DA production. This study provides valuable insights into the morphology, phylogeny, and toxin production of <em>P. multiseries</em>, as well as its potential implications for management of marine resources and public health protection. It offers a comprehensive examination of this potentially toxic diatom species in Turkish coastal waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 102867"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of Karlodinium veneficum using RAA and CRISPR-Cas12a technologies","authors":"Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Yinsheng Wu ,&nbsp;Siqi Pan ,&nbsp;Feifei Pan ,&nbsp;Jianming Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The harmful algal species <em>Karlodinium veneficum</em> (<em>K. veneficum</em>) poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems, economic stability, and human health due to its toxin production and widespread occurrence. Rapid climatic changes and eutrophication have intensified harmful algal blooms (HABs), making the timely detection of <em>K. veneficum</em> critical. To address this need, we developed a rapid and accurate detection method of <em>K. veneficum</em> by combining Recombinase Aided Amplification (RAA) with CRISPR/LbCas12a. This method targets the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of <em>K. veneficum</em> and utilizes the \"collateral activity\" of CRISPR/LbCas12a for visualization. Our method can detect plasmid DNA as low as 5.9 × 10² copies/µL and genomic DNA as low as 3.6 × 10⁻² ng/µL, achieving a detection limit of 10 cells of <em>K. veneficum</em> through a simplified DNA extraction process. The entire detection process, from DNA crude extract to result visualization, can be completed in as fast as 90 min, making it suitable for field applications requiring a rapid response. In addition, our method was validated against a wide range of non-target microalgae species, confirming its specificity to <em>K. veneficum</em> and eliminating the risk of cross-reactivity. Overall, the RAA-CRISPR/LbCas12a system is simple, accurate, and sensitive, showing great potential for field applications in monitoring <em>K. veneficum</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 102864"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domoic acid induces developmental stage-specific effects on microglia in zebrafish","authors":"Alia S. Hidayat ,&nbsp;Jordan A. Pitt ,&nbsp;Helen Fredricks ,&nbsp;Mark E. Hahn ,&nbsp;Neelakanteswar Aluru","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Harmful algal blooms (HABs), driven by warming oceans and increased eutrophication, are negatively affecting aquatic ecosystems as well as human health. Blooms of diatom <em>Pseudo-nitzschia</em> spp. produce a neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), which can be concentrated by filter feeders, including shellfish. Consumption of DA-contaminated seafood causes amnesic shellfish poisoning. DA causes well-established effects on neurons, inducing neurotoxicity by binding to ionotropic glutamate receptors. However, its effects on non-neuronal cells including microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are less well understood. Microglia play critical roles in brain health, and disruptions in microglial activity during development can have long-term impacts on brain function and disease risk. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of developmental DA exposure on microglia using zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>). We characterized effects of DA exposure on microglial abundance and morphology at two developmental stages (2 and 4 days post-fertilization (dpf)). We additionally assessed impacts on cell death, cytokine expression, and startle response behavior. In older larvae (4 dpf), microglial effects occurred only at the highest dose (0.3 ng DA per larvae) and coincided with severe morphological defects. In contrast, 2 dpf exposure to lower doses (0.1 ng DA per embryo) caused transient tremors without gross abnormalities but exposure to either 0.1 or 0.3 ng DA per larvae increased microglial abundance and altered microglial morphology. In contrast, 4 dpf exposure to 0.3 ng DA per larvae reduced microglial numbers. Increases in mRNA levels of <em>il1b, il4</em>, and <em>tgfb</em> were observed after 4 dpf exposure, but no significant cytokine changes were detected at 2 dpf. Overall, the effects of DA are highly developmental stage-specific, with microglial reactivity occurring at doses that do not cause gross morphological changes. These findings suggest that neuroinflammation may arise at lower DA doses, indicating a potential mechanism for subtle toxic effects and emphasizing the need for further research to better understand the consequences of low-dose DA exposure on microglial function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 102862"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kareniaceae in focus: A molecular survey of harmful algal dinoflagellates in the South China Sea","authors":"Yuping Lv ,&nbsp;Yu Zhen ,&nbsp;Jingyi Cen ,&nbsp;Songhui Lu ,&nbsp;Mingmin Li ,&nbsp;Yifan Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Chi ,&nbsp;Jian Yuan ,&nbsp;Jianyan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, species of the family Kareniaceae have been forming algal blooms worldwide, leading to significant fish mortality. The biodiversity of this group of dinoflagellates has been underestimated, primarily due to their highly similar morphologies. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) targeted the large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) of dinoflagellates, 21 Kareniaceae species were identified from the South China Sea (SCS), including nine species newly recorded in Chinese coastal waters. Additionally, species-specific real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) for three <em>Karenia</em> species (<em>Karenia longicanalis, K. papilionacea</em>, and <em>K. selliformis</em>) isolated from the SCS were established. <em>Karenia longicanalis</em> and <em>K. papilionacea</em> were identified as the most prevalent <em>Karenia</em> species in summer in the Zhujiang Estuary via qPCR. Further qPCR analysis during a <em>Karenia</em> spp. bloom in the Beibu Gulf on August 3, 2023, revealed <em>K. selliformis</em> as the most abundant species, followed by <em>K. longicanalis, K. mikimotoi</em>, and <em>K. papilionacea</em>. Both HTS and qPCR methods successfully detected the targeted <em>Karenia</em> species in field samples; however, qPCR assays identified them at more stations than HTS. The integration of qPCR assays with HTS provides a comprehensive and precise assessment of the diversity of Kareniaceae species and harmful dinoflagellates. This multi-method approach enhances our understanding and management of harmful algal blooms, thereby contributing to the improved protection of marine ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102863"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of cyanobacterium Phormidium nigroviride K3 on zebrafish embryos and genomic insights into its toxic potential","authors":"Petar Davidović ,&nbsp;Dajana Blagojević ,&nbsp;Svetlana Fa Nedeljković ,&nbsp;Miloš Tanurdžić ,&nbsp;Kristina Bekvalac ,&nbsp;Ivana Matić ,&nbsp;Mihajla Đan ,&nbsp;Nebojša Andrić ,&nbsp;Jelica Simeunović","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater systems pose significant environmental and public health risks, largely due to their production of toxic secondary metabolites. This study investigated the effects of <em>Phormidium nigroviride</em> K3 extracts on early zebrafish development, focusing on organismal toxicity and gene expression changes. Acute toxicity was assessed by monitoring developmental deformities and evaluating relative changes in the expression of six genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and endocrine processes. Whole-genome sequencing, <em>in silico</em> genome annotation and mining were conducted to identify biosynthetic gene clusters involved in toxin production. Zebrafish embryos exposed to <em>P. nigroviride</em> K3 extracts developed spinal deformities, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema and reduced eye size, with spinal deformities being the most prevalent malformation (EC50 of 215.6 µg d.w. mL⁻¹). Significant alterations in the expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism were detected, including a dose-dependent 4.6-fold induction of <em>cyp1a1</em> and a 4.47-fold increase in <em>abcb4</em> expression at the highest extract concentration. Genome analysis of <em>P. nigroviride</em> K3 revealed 15 biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, including a match with the <em>Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii</em> AWT205 cluster, responsible for the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis. The LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the production of cylindrospermopsin in <em>P. nigroviride</em> K3, providing new insights into cyanotoxin biosynthesis in <em>Phormidium</em> species, a genus that has been underexplored in the context of toxin production. These findings expand cyanobacterial genomic databases, enhancing our understanding of cyanobacterial toxic potential. Such knowledge is crucial for predicting and mitigating the risks associated with cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102861"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gambierdiscus polynesiensis from New Caledonia (South West Pacific Ocean): Morpho-molecular characterization, toxin profile and response to light intensity","authors":"Manoëlla Sibat ,&nbsp;Tepoerau Mai ,&nbsp;Nicolas Chomérat ,&nbsp;Gwenael Bilien ,&nbsp;Korian Lhaute ,&nbsp;Philipp Hess ,&nbsp;Véronique Séchet ,&nbsp;Thierry Jauffrais","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Gambierdiscus</em> is known to produce neurotoxins associated with ciguatera poisoning (CP). In New Caledonia (NC), South West Pacific Ocean, there is currently a significant knowledge gap regarding CP and the microalgae linked to this foodborne illness. This study describes a new strain of <em>Gambierdiscus polynesiensis</em>, 19PV93, isolated from the west coast of NC. The strain was isolated and cultured for morpho-molecular characterization to determine its phylogenetic position. Toxic activity was assessed using a cell-based assay with neuroblastoma cells (CBA-N2a), and the toxin profile was characterized using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to evaluate potential risks to human health. Regarding the toxin profile, <em>G. polynesiensis</em> was characterized by the presence of gambierone, 44-methylgambierone (44-MeG), and an atypical ciguatoxin profile consisting solely of ciguatoxin-4A (CTX4A) and -4B (CTX4B). This finding confirms intraspecific variations in toxin profiles between strains from different geographic origins. In culture, <em>G. polynesiensis</em> demonstrated a preference for relatively low irradiances (50 to 100 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to the higher light intensities often encountered in their natural environment. The impact of light on toxin concentrations was found to be inversely related to light intensity, with higher quotas observed at lower light levels. <em>Gambierdiscus</em> employed non-photochemical quenching as a photoprotective strategy to safeguard PSII from excessive light, particularly during both short-term and long-term exposure. However, this dissipation strategy alone appears insufficient, as photoinhibition was consistently observed, and the electron transfer rate and yield along the electron transfer chain rapidly declined with increasing light intensity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102859"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microcystin contamination of shellfish along the freshwater-to-marine continuum within US mid-Atlantic and Northeast estuaries","authors":"Marcella Kretz Wallace ,&nbsp;Raphael M. Kudela ,&nbsp;Christopher J. Gobler","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estuaries are dynamic ecosystems that are an important habitat for bivalves. The freshwater bodies that discharge into estuaries can introduce cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins that may accumulate within food webs. Microcystin is a hepatotoxin that causes adverse health effects in humans and can be harmful to terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Microcystin has been detected in marine bivalves and the rate of microcystin accumulation and depuration differs between bivalve species. No study has explored the presence or dynamics of microcystins in bivalves in the Northeast US, where they represent a major fishery. This study quantified levels of microcystins in wild and cultured bivalves as a time series from 2017 to 2021 in three of the largest US East Coast estuaries (Chesapeake Bay, the Hudson River Estuary, and Long Island Sound) that have hosted microcystin-producing cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) within their watersheds. During this study, microcystins were rarely detected in bivalves across Chesapeake Bay but were commonly quantified in multiple bivalve species in the Hudson River estuary and within two harbors of Long Island Sound, Stony Brook Harbor and Conscience Bay. Microcystins were detected in clams (<em>Mercenaria mercenaria</em> and <em>Corbicula fluminea</em>), Eastern oysters (<em>Crassostrea virginica</em>), and mussels (<em>Mytilus edulis</em> and <em>Geukensia demissa</em>). Eastern oysters (<em>C. virginica</em>) had significantly higher levels of microcystin than other bivalve species <em>(p</em> &lt; 0.05) and often contained microcystin even when other bivalves sampled concurrently did not, suggesting oysters may be a vector for hepatotoxic shellfish poisoning in estuaries. Microcystins were detected in oysters even in fall months after water column cyanobacterial biomass and microcystins had decreased to low levels, suggesting toxin depuration slows during colder months. Collectively, this study demonstrates that microcystin accumulation in estuarine bivalves, particularly Eastern oysters (<em>C. virginica</em>), occurs within several of the larger US East Coast estuaries and could represent a public health risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102860"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of temperature and salinity on Margalefidinium polykrikoides group III VA, USA strain growth","authors":"Eduardo Pérez-Vega,&nbsp;Margaret R. Mulholland,&nbsp;Katherine E. Crider,&nbsp;Kimberly E. Powell ,&nbsp;P.Dreux Chappell ,&nbsp;Alexander Bochdansky","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Margalefidinium polykrikoides</em> is a cosmopolitan dinoflagellate that blooms in coastal waters. Despite genomic evidence that it belongs to Group III and so closely related to isolates from Puerto Rico, Malaysia, North America, and Central America, <em>M. polykrikoides</em> blooms in the Chesapeake Bay at warmer temperatures and lower salinities than in coastal ecosystems occupied by its closest relatives. In this study, the effect of temperature and salinity on the growth rate and total cell yield of an <em>M. polykrikoides</em> VA culture isolate were examined and compared with environmental observations made during <em>M. polykrikoides</em> blooms in the Chesapeake Bay. <em>M. polykrikoides</em> group III VA strain grew at 18–32 ̊C and 15–30 salinity. <em>M. polykrikoides</em> group III VA strain grew better at warmer temperatures and lower salinities than other <em>M. polykrikoides</em> strains from related groups, but did not grow at 16 or 34 ̊C or at a salinity of 10. Low salinity and excessively warm temperatures interacted to inhibit <em>M. polykrikoides</em> group III VA strain growth at 32 ̊C and 15 salinity. Temperature and salinity likely interact in estuarine waters to inhibit or promote <em>M. polykrikoides</em> bloom initiation and development. The range of water temperatures observed during <em>M. polykrikoides</em> blooms in the Chesapeake Bay was narrower than what was observed for most of the other dinoflagellate species that bloom there, but the range of salinity was the broadest. <em>M. polykrikoides</em> bloomed at warmer temperatures and higher salinities than most of the other bloom-forming dinoflagellate species in the Bay.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 102837"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}