Harmful Algae最新文献

{"title":"Sea lions as a natural model for charting the developmental course following in utero exposure to domoic acid","authors":"Peter F. Cook ,&nbsp;Colleen Reichmuth ,&nbsp;Megan E. Moriarty ,&nbsp;Alissa C. Deming ,&nbsp;Vanessa Fravel Hoard ,&nbsp;Cara Field ,&nbsp;Frances Gulland","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2026.103066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2026.103066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Domoic acid-producing algal blooms are increasing in size, frequency, and duration along the eastern Pacific coastline resulting in regular and repeated exposure of marine mammals to the toxin. Because of their prolonged gestation, large numbers of marine mammals are now encountering this excitotoxin in utero, with potential long-term developmental effects. Evidence of developmental neurotoxic effects is accumulating in California sea lions particularly, which serve as an accessible sentinel species for studying the effects of domoic acid exposure in mammals. In biomedical settings, rodent models have revealed some developmental aspects of early domoic acid exposure, including a tendency for gross neurobehavioral changes to emerge after puberty. However, rodents are altricial and have a truncated developmental course. In contrast, marine mammals are precocial and mature slowly. Further, neurobehavioral responses to domoic acid have notable differences between those in adult rodents exposed in vivariums and in free-ranging wildlife. Primate models address some of these gaps, but are limited by practical constraints. There is a clear need to establish an ecologically valid model of brain development and clinical progression of developmental domoic acid exposure in long-lived and precocial mammals. Here we present California sea lions born in wildlife rehabilitation facilities to mothers with documented domoic acid toxicosis as a promising and accessible disease model, and we provide a framework for future research. Hundreds of adult sea lions in rehabilitation centers have already taken part in veterinary assessments and experimental assays of brain and behavior, demonstrating the plausibility of careful and scalable science with these animals. We discuss preliminary work with a juvenile sea lion enrolled in a longitudinal study with repeated clinical, behavioral, and neurobiological assessment, and advocate for cohort-based studies of maternally exposed sea lions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 103066"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HAB species of the Bohai Sea detected through metabarcoding in three large-scale seasonal expeditions","authors":"Shuya Liu ,&nbsp;Xiangxiang Ding ,&nbsp;Hailong Huang ,&nbsp;Wentao Wang ,&nbsp;Nansheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2026.103071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2026.103071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Bohai Sea (BS) is a semi-enclosed ocean region famous for fisheries and marine aquacultures. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the forms of red tides and brown tides have become increasingly frequent in BS, resulting in the death of marine animals and economic losses. Many HAB species have been identified in BS. However, the identification of HAB species in BS is still incomplete because earlier studies applied primarily morphology-based methods, while more recent studies often focused on small sampling regions. Here, we identified HAB species in the BS through metabarcoding analysis of water samples collected in three large-scale cruises of three different seasons in BS. This study identified 72 HAB species, including 20 reported for the first time in BS, demonstrating the strength of metabarcoding analysis. Specifically, 50, 67, and 65 HAB species were detected in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Many of these HAB species exhibited distinct seasonal preferences, even among congeneric taxa, demonstrating differential adaptation and the necessity of multi-seasonal sampling. Correlation analysis confirmed that temperature was the major factor mediating seasonal differences, alone explaining over 50% of the phytoplankton community variations. These findings demonstrated that BS harbors high HAB biodiversity, with many HAB species showing strong seasonal adaptation, substantially advancing our understanding of both HAB diversity and seasonal succession in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 103071"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter components determine Microcystis aeruginosa-bacteria interaction network and community assembly","authors":"Zongjie Xie,&nbsp;Huimin Li,&nbsp;Jia Feng,&nbsp;Shulian Xie,&nbsp;Yang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2026.103074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2026.103074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater ecosystems face mounting threats from microplastic pollution, and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by these particles represents an emerging ecological risk factor. In this study, a 28-day co-culture experiment was conducted to investigate the comparative effects of photo-aged (UVA-340) MPs-DOM derived from biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) versus conventional polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics on the bacterial community associated with the harmful cyanobacterium <em>Microcystis aeruginosa</em> PCC 7806. Excitation-emission matrix with parallel factor analysis revealed that PBAT-DOM was rich in recalcitrant humic-like components and depleted in labile, protein-like components, whereas PE-DOM and PET-DOM were dominated by protein-like fluorescence. These chemical signatures had strong biological consequences: PBAT-DOM dramatically reduced bacterial diversity and promoted late-stage dominance by <em>Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia</em>, coupled with a higher inferred contribution of stochastic processes based on null-model and βNTI analyses. In contrast, PE-DOM and PET-DOM maintained higher community evenness and supported temporally variable succession among multiple co-dominant genera (e.g., transient enrichment of <em>Bdellovibrio, Sphingomonas</em>, and Bacteroidota-related genera such as <em>Chryseobacterium</em>/<em>Flavobacterium</em>). Sparse InversE Covariance Estimation for Ecological Association Inference (SPIEC-EASI)–inferred association networks indicated that PBAT-DOM yielded the most modular network with a comparatively lower fraction of positive conditional associations, whereas PE-DOM and PET-DOM maintained well-connected networks with distinct organization patterns. These findings demonstrate that the chemical signature of microplastic-derived DOM critically influences microbial assembly mechanisms. In particular, persistent humic substances from biodegradable plastics may modulate ecological processes by restructuring bacterial communities and carbon cycling, potentially elevating environmental risks in nutrient-sensitive freshwater ecosystems. In summary, microplastic risk assessments should incorporate DOM-mediated effects to better predict long-term impacts on aquatic ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 103074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive sampling and molecular networking for surveillance of lipophilic marine biotoxins along the south coast of Korea","authors":"Mungi Kim ,&nbsp;Young Kyun Lim ,&nbsp;Youngnam Kim ,&nbsp;Jihyun Cha ,&nbsp;Xiaowan Liu ,&nbsp;Leo Lai Chan ,&nbsp;Kenneth M.Y. Leung ,&nbsp;Seung-Ho Baek ,&nbsp;Seongjin Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2026.103067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2026.103067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMTs) are increasingly reported in coastal ecosystems, posing risks to seafood safety and public health. This study investigated the spatial and seasonal distributions of LMTs along the south coast of Korea in 2022 by integrating phytoplankton and mussel sampling with passive solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) and molecular networking-based high-resolution mass spectrometry. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community, but toxin-producing dinoflagellates such as <em>Dinophysis acuminata</em> and <em>Gonyaulax spinifera</em> appeared during seasonal peaks in spring and summer. Four LMTs, including pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), PTX1, yessotoxin (YTX), and homo-YTX (hYTX), were detected in phytoplankton, whereas mussels accumulated only hYTX, peaking later, consistent with prolonged retention in bivalves. SPATT captured a broader toxin spectrum, including okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), azaspiracid-2 (AZA2), and domoic acid (DA), and often detected toxins earlier than biological samples. The combined application of SPATT and molecular networking further revealed putative PTX-related features based on MS/MS spectral similarity that were not observed in phytoplankton or mussels. Dietary exposure assessment of commercially distributed shellfish based on detected free toxin forms indicated hazard quotients and indices well below regulatory thresholds, suggesting low acute health risk. Repeated detection of LMTs in domestic seafood raises concerns about chronic exposure. Integrating SPATT with molecular networking proved highly effective for early biotoxin surveillance, underscoring the necessity of sustained, multi-matrix monitoring to ensure seafood safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 103067"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the ten-year health impact of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) exposure from sargassum seaweed invasions in the Caribbean: Public health implications","authors":"Dabor Resiere ,&nbsp;Jonathan Florentin ,&nbsp;Rémi Névière","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since 2011, the Caribbean region—including Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana—has experienced increasing invasions of Sargassum seaweed, leading to significant environmental, economic, and public health challenges. This study evaluates the health impacts of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and ammonia (NH₃) emissions from decomposing Sargassum on affected populations. Data were collected from 850 patients admitted to the University Hospital of Martinique between January 2018 and September 2024, all of whom had been exposed to Sargassum emissions for an average of 2–3 months annually. Reported symptoms included neurological (80%), respiratory (80%), and digestive (70%) disorders, as well as central sleep apnea (60%). Pulmonary inflammation was assessed through spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels. Psychological and social impacts were also documented. Findings indicate a toxicological syndrome associated with chronic Sargassum exposure, resembling acute H₂S inhalation at low concentrations. This study underscores the urgent need for multidisciplinary research to mitigate these health impacts, calling for immediate attention from governments, international stakeholders, and environmental experts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 103027"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and physiological adaptations of Dolichospermum flos-aquae to turbulence","authors":"Yulin Wang,&nbsp;Wenting Zhong,&nbsp;Ruiwen Chen,&nbsp;Qin Tang,&nbsp;Gongzheng Li,&nbsp;Zhou Yang,&nbsp;Yuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterocystous cyanobacteria are increasingly forming surface blooms in freshwater ecosystems, with massive proliferation events influenced by multiple environmental factors—among which turbulence has emerged as a pivotal driver. This study investigated the effects of different turbulence intensities (ranging from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻² m² s⁻³, within the natural environmental range) on the morphology and physiology of the bloom-forming diazotroph <em>Dolichospermum flos-aquae</em>. Results showed that high-intensity turbulence promoted population growth, dissolved nitrogen uptake, and photosynthetic performance of <em>D. flos-aquae</em>. Under high turbulence conditions, filament length exhibited greater uniformity alongside an increase in average length. Furthermore, heterocyst production was markedly enhanced, with no alteration in the spatial localization of heterocysts along filaments. These phenotypic responses were associated with upregulated carbon and nitrogen metabolisms—particularly nitrogen assimilation and carbon fixation—supported by the increased expression of key functional genes. Collectively, these findings reveal the morphological and physiological adaptive strategies of heterocystous cyanobacteria to turbulent environments, thereby advancing our understanding of diazotrophic cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in hydrologically dynamic freshwater ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 103046"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of Phaeocystis globosa genotypes in a P. globosa bloom in the Beibu Gulf, China revealed differential contributions to bloom development","authors":"Yifei Wang ,&nbsp;Jinxiu Wang ,&nbsp;Rencheng Yu ,&nbsp;Nansheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies suggest that the cosmopolitan harmful algal bloom (HAB) species <em>Phaeocystis globosa</em> has high genetic diversity, with two major genotypes (sASV_1 and sASV_2) characterized through comparative analysis of <em>P. globosa</em> strains. However, how they differ from each other phenotypically, and how they contribute differentially to bloom development remain unclear. In this study, phenotypic analysis of strains belonging to these two <em>P. globosa</em> genotypes revealed that the average cell size of sASV_2 strains was significantly larger than that of sASV_1 strains. Furthermore, sASV_1 strains contained two characteristic pigments 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (But-fuco) and 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (Hex-fuco), while sASV_2 strains contained only But-fuco. Metabarcoding analysis of environmental samples collected during a <em>P. globosa</em> bloom in the Beibu Gulf in 2019 revealed that these genotypes showed different spatiotemporal distribution patterns, suggesting their differential contribution to the <em>P. globosa</em> bloom. And correlation analysis of environmental factors indicated that the responses of <em>P. globosa</em> genotypes to environmental factors showed significant differences. This study confirmed the existence of two <em>P. globosa</em> genotypes with substantial differences in cell sizes and pigment compositions for the first time, and showed that different genotypes may contribute differently during <em>P. globosa</em> bloom development. Results from this study set up a platform for exploring molecular mechanisms underlying genotype-specific <em>P. globosa</em> bloom development, and for monitoring causative strains leading to <em>P. globosa</em> bloom development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 103032"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pixel-scale satellite forecasting of cyanobacteria in Florida lakes","authors":"Maxwell R.W. Beal ,&nbsp;Blake Schaeffer","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid proliferation of potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria (cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms, cHABs) is a significant challenge for water resource managers. The U.S. Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research Control Act calls for robust approaches to forecasting cHABs in lakes and reservoirs. A previous national study developed a lake scale Bayesian spatiotemporal model to forecast weekly chlorophyll-a exceedance probability in 2192 satellite resolved lakes using Sentinel-3 Ocean Land Colour Instrument data. Building on this foundation, this study developed a machine learning based, spatially explicit forecasting model at the 300-m pixel scale for Sentinel-3 resolvable lakes, conditioned on environmental variables from 2017 – 2024. Three machine learning models were constructed for Sentinel-3 resolvable lakes across Florida to generate ensemble forecasts of chlorophyll-a concentration and World Health Organization Alert Level categories with multi-week leads. The pixel scale metric significantly increased the number of resolvable bloom events, recording 4682 (33%) more exceedance events than the lake scale metric. The best performing model (random forest) achieved 88.2% accuracy at Alert Level 1 and 92.2% accuracy at Alert Level 2. Overall R² was 0.56 and mean absolute error was 5.4 <span><math><mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow><msup><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> The best performing model had notable skill at 1–2 week leads but diminished at a 4-week horizon. Probabilistic forecast performance shows that the model predicted observed chlorophyll concentrations and WHO Alert Levels with skill. Direct comparison showed similar skill between the lake and pixel scale forecast.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 103041"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing seasonal persistence of low levels of Pseudo-nitzschia australis in the Gulf of Maine with environmental DNA","authors":"Sydney M. Greenlee ,&nbsp;Robin S. Sleith ,&nbsp;Damian C. Brady ,&nbsp;Peter D. Countway","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potent neurotoxin domoic acid is produced by some species of diatoms in the genus <em>Pseudo-nitzschia</em>, which can lead to amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) events in marine food webs. Of the toxin-producing <em>Pseudo-nitzschia, P. australis</em> has caused the most toxic and widespread events, making it a species of concern. Toxic and non-toxic <em>Pseudo-nitzschia</em> species cannot be distinguished easily by light microscopy, necessitating molecular testing. We designed a real-time quantitative PCR assay for rapid and accurate detection of <em>P. australis</em> in environmental DNA (eDNA) samples, targeting the intergenic region between <em>rbcS</em> and <em>psaI</em> in the chloroplast genome, providing species-level specificity and high sensitivity. Experimental determination of <em>rbcS</em> gene copies per cell revealed a limit of detection equivalent to 1 <em>P. australis</em> cell per liter of seawater, facilitating the early detection of this toxic species. This novel qPCR assay was applied to eDNA samples collected from Maine coastal waters between 2021 - 2024 to characterize the nearshore dynamics of <em>P. australis</em> within a regional hub for shellfish aquaculture. Though relatively rare, <em>P. australis</em> peaked in abundance in mid-October when conditions became favorable for this species following convective overturning. The eDNA assay was able to detect a low <em>P. australis</em> signal at a time when ‘large’ <em>Pseudo-nitzschia</em> spp. cell counts approached 8000 cells <span>l</span>^-1 (by microscopy) while qPCR-based estimates of <em>P. australis</em> remained below 10 cells <span>l</span>^-1. We demonstrate an eDNA approach for the early detection of HABs, calibration of qPCR assays to cell counts, and provide a new tool for coastal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 103039"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From laboratory to field: Temperature rise triggers increased release and toxicity of microcystins in Microcystis aeruginosa","authors":"Shihao Wang ,&nbsp;Yurong Gu ,&nbsp;Weilu Li ,&nbsp;Qingju Xue ,&nbsp;Xinfeng Cheng ,&nbsp;Chen Cheng ,&nbsp;Liqiang Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.103042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature rise increases the risk of microcystins (MCs) in aquatic ecosystems by affecting toxin-producing cyanobacteria, but strain-specific responses remain unclear. This study investigated the growth, MCs production and release, isomer composition, and <em>mcyB</em> and <em>mcyH</em> genes expression of two <em>Microcystis aeruginosa</em> strains (FACHB-1322 and FACHB-1203) during 20-day cultivation at temperatures of 15 °C, 20 °C, and 28 °C, with the ecological relevance of laboratory findings corroborated through field data conducted in Lake Taihu. The results revealed that by the endpoint of cultivation, <em>M. aeruginosa</em> FACHB-1322 exhibited a compensatory growth strategy at high-temperature (28 °C), while <em>M. aeruginosa</em> FACHB-1203 demonstrated eurythermal adaptation. Total MCs content and <em>mcyB</em> and <em>mcyH</em> expression decreased with rising temperature in <em>M. aeruginosa</em> FACHB-1322 but increased in <em>M. aeruginosa</em> FACHB-1203. Notably, both strains showed elevated extracellular MCs content and MCs release ratio with rising temperature. Regarding isomer profiles, <em>M. aeruginosa</em> FACHB-1322 primarily produced and released MC-LR, whereas <em>M. aeruginosa</em> FACHB-1203 predominantly produced MC-RR but exhibited temperature-enhanced MC-LR release. Critically, high-temperature specifically induced the production and release of the highly toxic MC-YR in both strains. Field data further confirmed that temperature rise promotes MCs release and increases the proportion of extracellular MC-LR. Thus, temperature rise amplifies the ecological risk of MCs through dual mechanisms: favoring the growth with high MCs release capacity strain and driving a compositional shift of MC isomers from less toxic isomers toward highly toxic isomers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 103042"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}