Geoscientific Model Development最新文献

{"title":"The Southern Ocean Freshwater Input from Antarctica (SOFIA) Initiative: scientific objectives and experimental design","authors":"Neil C. Swart, Torge Martin, Rebecca Beadling, Jia‐Jia Chen, Christopher Danek, Matthew H. England, R. Farneti, S. Griffies, T. Hattermann, Judith Hauck, F. Haumann, A. Jüling, Qian Li, John Marshall, Morven Muilwijk, Andrew G. Pauling, A. Purich, Inga J. Smith, Max Thomas","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. As the climate warms, the grounded ice sheet and floating ice shelves surrounding Antarctica are melting and releasing additional freshwater into the Southern Ocean. Nonetheless, almost all existing coupled climate models have fixed ice sheets and lack the physics required to represent the dominant sources of Antarctic melt. These missing ice dynamics represent a key uncertainty that is typically unaccounted for in current global climate change projections. Previous modelling studies that have imposed additional Antarctic meltwater have demonstrated regional impacts on Southern Ocean stratification, circulation, and sea ice, as well as remote changes in atmospheric circulation, tropical precipitation, and global temperature. However, these previous studies have used widely varying rates of freshwater forcing, have been conducted using different climate models and configurations, and have reached differing conclusions on the magnitude of meltwater–climate feedbacks. The Southern Ocean Freshwater Input from Antarctica (SOFIA) initiative brings together a team of scientists to quantify the climate system response to Antarctic meltwater input along with key aspects of the uncertainty. In this paper, we summarize the state of knowledge on meltwater discharge from the Antarctic ice sheet and ice shelves to the Southern Ocean and explain the scientific objectives of our initiative. We propose a series of coupled and ocean–sea ice model experiments, including idealized meltwater experiments, historical experiments with observationally consistent meltwater input, and future scenarios driven by meltwater inputs derived from stand-alone ice sheet models. Through coordinating a multi-model ensemble of simulations using a common experimental design, open data archiving, and facilitating scientific collaboration, SOFIA aims to move the community toward better constraining our understanding of the climate system response to Antarctic melt.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"105 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Getting the leaves right matters for estimating temperature extremes","authors":"G. Duveiller, M. Pickering, J. Muñoz‐Sabater, L. Caporaso, S. Boussetta, G. Balsamo, A. Cescatti","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7357-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7357-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Atmospheric reanalyses combine observations and models through data assimilation techniques to provide spatio-temporally continuous fields of key surface variables. They can do so for extended historical periods whilst ensuring a coherent representation of the main Earth system cycles. ERA5 and its enhanced land surface component, ERA5-Land, are widely used in Earth system science and form the flagship products of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European Commission. Such land surface modelling frameworks generally rely on a state variable called leaf area index (LAI), representing the number of leaves in a grid cell at a given time, to quantify the fluxes of carbon, water and energy between the vegetation and the atmosphere. However, the LAI within the modelling framework behind ERA5 and ERA5-Land is prescribed as a climatological seasonal cycle, neglecting any interannual variability and the potential consequences that this uncoupling between vegetation and atmosphere may have on the surface energy balance and the climate. To evaluate the impact of this mismatch in LAI, we analyse the corresponding effect it has on land surface temperature (LST) by comparing what is simulated to satellite observations. We characterise a hysteretic behaviour between LST biases and LAI biases that evolves differently along the year depending on the background climate. We further analyse the repercussions for the reconstructed climate during more extreme conditions in terms of LAI deviations, with a specific focus on the 2003, 2010 and 2018 heat waves in Europe for which LST mismatches are exacerbated. We anticipate that our results will assist users of ERA5 and ERA5-Land data in understanding where and when the larger discrepancies can be expected, but also guide developers towards improving the modelling framework. Finally, this study could provide a blueprint for a wider benchmarking framework for land surface model evaluation that exploits the capacity of LST to integrate the effects of both radiative and non-radiative processes affecting the surface energy.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":" 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Representation of atmosphere-induced heterogeneity in land–atmosphere interactions in E3SM–MMFv2","authors":"Jungmin M. Lee, W. Hannah, D. Bader","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7275-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7275-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Multi-scale Modeling Framework (MMF), where parameterizations of convection and turbulence are replaced by a 2-D cloud-resolving model (CRM), there are multiple options to represent land–atmosphere interactions. Here, we propose three different coupling strategies, namely the (1) coupling of a single land surface model to the global grid (MMF), (2) coupling a single land copy directly to the embedded CRM (SFLX2CRM), and (3) coupling a single copy of land model to each column of the CRM grid (MAML). In the MAML (Multi-Atmosphere Multi-Land) framework, a land model is coupled to CRM at the CRM-grid scale by coupling an individual copy of a land model to each CRM grid. Therefore, we can represent intra-CRM heterogeneity in the land–atmosphere interaction processes. There are 5-year global simulations run using these three coupling strategies, and we find some regional differences but overall small changes with respect to whether a land model is coupled to CRM or a global atmosphere. In MAML, the spatial heterogeneity within CRM induces stronger turbulence, which leads to the changes in soil moisture, surface heat fluxes, and precipitation. However, the differences in the MAML from the other two cases are rather weak, suggesting that the impact of using MAML does not justify the increase in cost.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138963592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calibration of absorbing boundary layers for geoacoustic wave modeling in pseudo-spectral time-domain methods","authors":"C. Spa, O. Rojas, J. de la Puente","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7237-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7237-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper develops a calibration methodology of the artificial absorbing techniques typically used by Fourier pseudo-spectral time-domain (PSTD) methods for geoacoustic wave simulations. Specifically, we consider the damped wave equation (DWE) that results from adding a dissipation term to the original wave equation, the sponge boundary layer (SBL) that applies an exponentially decaying factor directly to the wavefields, and finally, a classical split formulation of the perfectly matched layer (PML). These three techniques belong to the same family of absorbing boundary layers (ABLs), where outgoing waves and edge reflections are progressively damped across a grid zone of NABL consecutive layers. The ABLs used are compatible with a pure Fourier formulation of PSTD. We first characterize the three ABLs with respect to multiple sets of NABL and their respective absorption parameters for homogeneous media. Next, we validate our findings in heterogeneous media of increasing complexity, starting with a layered medium and finishing with the SEG/EAGE 3D salt model. Finally, we algorithmically compare the three PSTD–ABL methods in terms of memory demands and computational cost. An interesting result is that PML, despite outperforming the absorption of the other two ABLs for a given NABL value, requires approximately double the computational time. The parameter configurations reported in this paper can be readily used for PSTD simulations in other test cases, and the ABL calibration methodology can be applied to other wave propagation schemes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"22 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138997769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global grid model for the estimation of zenith tropospheric delay considering the variations at different altitudes","authors":"Liangke Huang, Shengwei Lan, Ge Zhu, Fade Chen, Junyu Li, Lilong Liu","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7223-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7223-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The accuracy of tropospheric delay correction heavily depends on the quality of the tropospheric model, and the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) is an important factor affecting the tropospheric delay. Therefore, it is essential to establish a precise ZTD empirical model. The existing ZTD models are constrained by a single fitting function, lack consideration for daily cycle variations, and rely solely on data with one resolution for modeling. To address these limitations, we proposed a global piecewise ZTD empirical grid (GGZTD-P) model. This model considers the daily cycle variation and latitude factor of ZTD, using the sliding window algorithm based on fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis data (ERA5). The ZTD data from 545 radiosonde stations and the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) atmospheric reanalysis data are used to validate the accuracy of the GGZTD-P model. The results indicate that the GGZTD-P model outperforms the global pressure and temperature 3 (GPT3) model, exhibiting 26 % and 53 % lower bias and rms, respectively, when using radiosonde stations as reference values. Furthermore, when evaluated using MERRA-2 atmospheric reanalysis data, the GGZTD-P model consistently exhibits superior performance across various latitude regions. It is expected that the application of this new model will provide improved services for high-precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning and GNSS meteorology.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138971017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The statistical emulators of GGCMI phase 2: responses of year-to-year variation of crop yield to CO2, temperature, water, and nitrogen perturbations","authors":"Weihang Liu, Tao Ye, Christoph Müller, Jonas Jägermeyr, J. Franke, Haynes Stephens, Shuo Chen","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7203-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7203-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Understanding the impact of climate change on year-to-year variation of crop yield is critical to global food stability and security. While crop model emulators are believed to be lightweight tools to replace the models, few emulators have been developed to capture such interannual variation of crop yield in response to climate variability. In this study, we developed a statistical emulator with a machine learning algorithm to reproduce the response of year-to-year variation of four crop yields to CO2 (C), temperature (T), water (W), and nitrogen (N) perturbations defined in the Global Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison Project (GGCMI) phase 2. The emulators were able to explain more than 52 % of the variance of simulated yield and performed well in capturing the year-to-year variation of global average and gridded crop yield over current croplands in the baseline. With the changes in CO2–temperature–water–nitrogen (CTWN) perturbations, the emulators could reproduce the year-to-year variation of crop yield well over most current cropland. The variation of R and the mean absolute error was small under the single CTWN perturbations and dual-factor perturbations. These emulators thus provide statistical response surfaces of yield, including both its mean and interannual variability, to climate factors. They could facilitate spatiotemporal downscaling of crop model simulation, projecting the changes in crop yield variability in the future and serving as a lightweight tool for multi-model ensemble simulation. The emulators enhanced the flexibility of crop yield estimates and expanded the application of large-ensemble simulations of crop yield under climate change.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"2 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process-oriented models of autumn leaf phenology: ways to sound calibration and implications of uncertain projections","authors":"M. Meier, C. Bigler","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7171-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7171-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Autumn leaf phenology marks the end of the growing season, during which trees assimilate atmospheric CO2. The length of the growing season is affected by climate change because autumn phenology responds to climatic conditions. Thus, the timing of autumn phenology is often modeled to assess possible climate change effects on future CO2-mitigating capacities and species compositions of forests. Projected trends have been mainly discussed with regards to model performance and climate change scenarios. However, there has been no systematic and thorough evaluation of how performance and projections are affected by the calibration approach. Here, we analyzed >2.3 million performances and 39 million projections across 21 process-oriented models of autumn leaf phenology, 5 optimization algorithms, ≥7 sampling procedures, and 26 climate model chains from two representative concentration pathways. Calibration and validation were based on >45 000 observations for beech, oak, and larch from 500 central European sites each. Phenology models had the largest influence on model performance. The best-performing models were (1) driven by daily temperature, day length, and partly by seasonal temperature or spring leaf phenology; (2) calibrated with the generalized simulated annealing algorithm; and (3) based on systematically balanced or stratified samples. Autumn phenology was projected to shift between −13 and +20 d by 2080–2099 compared to 1980–1999. Climate scenarios and sites explained more than 80 % of the variance in these shifts and thus had an influence 8 to 22 times greater than the phenology models. Warmer climate scenarios and better-performing models predominantly projected larger backward shifts than cooler scenarios and poorer models. Our results justify inferences from comparisons of process-oriented phenology models to phenology-driving processes, and we advocate for species-specific models for such analyses and subsequent projections. For sound calibration, we recommend a combination of cross-validations and independent tests, using randomly selected sites from stratified bins based on mean annual temperature and average autumn phenology, respectively. Poor performance and little influence of phenology models on autumn phenology projections suggest that current models are overlooking relevant drivers. While the uncertain projections indicate an extension of the growing season, further studies are needed to develop models that adequately consider the relevant processes for autumn phenology.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"2 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data assimilation for the Model for Prediction Across Scales – Atmosphere with the Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration (JEDI-MPAS 2.0.0-beta): ensemble of 3D ensemble-variational (En-3DEnVar) assimilations","authors":"J. Guerrette, Zhiquan Liu, C. Snyder, Byoung-Joo Jung, C. Schwartz, J. Ban, Steven Vahl, Yali Wu, I. Banos, Yonggang G. Yu, Soyoung Ha, Yannick Trémolet, T. Auligne, Clementine Gas, B. Ménétrier, A. Shlyaeva, M. Miesch, Stephen R. Herbener, E. Liu, D. Holdaway, B. T. Johnson","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7123-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7123-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. An ensemble of 3D ensemble-variational (En-3DEnVar) data assimilations is demonstrated with the Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration (JEDI) with the Model for Prediction Across Scales – Atmosphere (MPAS-A) (i.e., JEDI-MPAS). Basic software building blocks are reused from previously presented deterministic 3DEnVar functionality and combined with a formal experimental workflow manager in MPAS-Workflow. En-3DEnVar is used to produce an 80-member ensemble of analyses, which are cycled with ensemble forecasts in a 1-month experiment. The ensemble forecasts approximate a purely flow-dependent background error covariance (BEC) at each analysis time. The En-3DEnVar BECs and prior ensemble-mean forecast errors are compared to those produced by a similar experiment that uses the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF). The experiment using En-3DEnVar produces a similar ensemble spread to and slightly smaller errors than the EAKF. The ensemble forecasts initialized from En-3DEnVar and EAKF analyses are used as BECs in deterministic cycling 3DEnVar experiments, which are compared to a control experiment that uses 20-member MPAS-A forecasts initialized from Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) initial conditions. The experimental ensembles achieve mostly equivalent or better performance than the off-the-shelf ensemble system in this deterministic cycling setting, although there are many obvious differences in configuration between GEFS and the two MPAS ensemble systems. An additional experiment that uses hybrid 3DEnVar, which combines the En-3DEnVar ensemble BEC with a climatological BEC, increases tropospheric forecast quality compared to the corresponding pure 3DEnVar experiment. The JEDI-MPAS En-3DEnVar is technically working and useful for future research studies. Tuning of observation errors and spread is needed to improve performance, and several algorithmic advancements are needed to improve computational efficiency for larger-scale applications.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"72 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138586857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel Eulerian model based on central moments to simulate age and reactivity continua interacting with mixing processes","authors":"J. Rooze, Heewon Jung, Hagen Radtke","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7107-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7107-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In geoscientific models, simulating the properties associated with particles in a continuum can serve many scientific purposes, and this has commonly been addressed using Lagrangian models. As an alternative approach, we present an Eulerian method here: diffusion–advection–reaction type partial differential equations are derived for centralized moments, which can describe the distribution of properties associated with chemicals in reaction–transport models. When the property is age, the equations for centralized moments (unlike non-central moments) do not require terms to account for aging, making this method suitable for modeling age tracers. The properties described by the distributions may also represent kinetic variables affecting reaction rates. In practical applications, continuous distributions of ages and reactivities are resolved to simulate organic matter mineralization in surficial sediments, where macrofaunal and physical mixing processes typically dominate transport. In test simulations, mixing emerged as the predominant factor shaping reactivity and age distributions. Furthermore, the applications showcase the method's aptitude for modeling continua in mixed environments while also highlighting practical considerations and challenges.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A finite-element framework to explore the numerical solution of the coupled problem of heat conduction, water vapor diffusion, and settlement in dry snow (IvoriFEM v0.1.0)","authors":"J. Brondex, Kévin Fourteau, M. Dumont, P. Hagenmuller, N. Calonne, F. Tuzet, H. Löwe","doi":"10.5194/gmd-16-7075-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7075-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The poor treatment (or complete omission) of water vapor transport has been identified as a major limitation suffered by currently available snowpack models. As vapor and heat fluxes are closely intertwined, their mathematical representation amounts to a system of nonlinear and tightly coupled partial differential equations that are particularly challenging to solve numerically. The choice of the numerical scheme and the representation of couplings between processes are crucial to ensure an accurate and robust solution that guarantees mass and energy conservation while also allowing time steps in the order of 15 min. To explore the numerical treatments fulfilling these requirements, we have developed a highly modular finite-element program. The code is written in Python. Every step of the numerical formulation and solution is coded internally, except for the inversion of the linearized system of equations. We illustrate the capabilities of our approach to tackle the coupled problem of heat conduction, vapor diffusion, and settlement within a dry snowpack by running our model on several test cases proposed in recently published literature. We underline specific improvements regarding energy and mass conservation as well as time step requirements. In particular, we show that a fully coupled and fully implicit time-stepping approach enables accurate and stable solutions with little restriction on the time step.\u0000","PeriodicalId":12799,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Model Development","volume":"64 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}