Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Potential and Insight: Sealing Potential of Low-Permeability Basalt Interlayer in Mudstone Caprock for CO2 Storage in Sandstone Aquifer","authors":"Ruirui Zhao,&nbsp;Zhi Zhong,&nbsp;Rong Lü,&nbsp;Tingting Shi,&nbsp;Jianmei Cheng","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When CO₂ is sequestered in deep aquifers of sedimentary basins, mudstone or shale is usually used as a caprock. When the caprock contains low-permeability basalt interlayers, its sealing potential could be improved. This study utilized geological data from the Jianghan Basin in central China to establish a generalized two-dimensional reactive transport model to investigate the sealing potential of basalt as an interlayer in the mudstone caprock. The reactions of CO₂ with the minerals in the basalt interlayer are critical to its sealing performance. On the one hand, CO₂ mineralization sequesters a portion of the CO₂ that enters the caprock, thereby reducing the amount of free CO₂ there. On the other hand—and more importantly—mineral precipitation reduces the porosity of the basalt interlayer by up to 48%, triggering a self-sealing effect impeding upward CO₂ migration in the caprock. Fresh or weakly altered basalt interlayers containing olivine and pyroxene have a strong sealing capability. When the basalt is completely altered (excluding olivine and pyroxene), its sealing performance is significantly compromised. A basalt interlayer with a permeability in the range of 10⁻¹⁶–10⁻¹⁷ m² can effectively impede the upward migration of CO₂. Even when the basalt interlayer is very thin (only 1 m), a mudstone caprock containing it exhibits superior sealing performance relative to one without a basalt interlayer. Furthermore, the closer the basalt interlayer is to the base of the mudstone caprock, the greater its sealing performance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 5","pages":"770-785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wettability and Interfacial Tension in Carbonate Rocks for CO2 Storage: A Critical Review of Trapping Mechanisms and Governing Factors","authors":"Ramyar Suramairy,&nbsp;Azad Anugerah Ali Rasol,&nbsp;M. N. A. M. Norddin","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CO₂ geostorage is a promising strategy toward reducing CO₂ emissions in the atmosphere by storing it in deep geological formations. Safe CO₂ storage is primarily contingent upon efficient structural and capillary trapping mechanisms. These trapping mechanisms are strongly governed by rock wettability and interfacial properties, which can significantly be altered by reservoir geochemistry and in situ conditions. Carbonate reservoirs are geochemically reactive systems, and their wettability behavior can be influenced by organic acids, pressure, temperature, salinity conditions, and mineralogical composition, potentially compromising CO₂ trapping efficiency. Despite extensive experimental studies, a systematic quantitative comparison of the relative and interacting impacts of these governing factors on CO₂ trapping in carbonate reservoirs remains limited. This work presents a mechanistic critical review of wettability alteration and interfacial tension behavior in carbonate rocks under CO₂ storage conditions, synthesizing experimental evidence to elucidate the underlying physicochemical mechanisms. To complement this analysis, a data-driven statistical and machine learning–based evaluation of compiled data is employed to assess and rank the relative influence of key controlling parameters. Emerging nanoparticle-based approaches for mitigating unfavorable wettability are also systematically reviewed. Dominant governing factors and their coupled effects under representative storage conditions are identified. Overall, this review provides an integrated mechanistic and data-supported framework for understanding CO₂ trapping efficiency in carbonate reservoirs and highlights research priorities for improving the reliability of long-term geological CO₂ storage.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 5","pages":"807-834"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Multi-Stage CO2 Liquefaction and Recirculation Processes Using Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"Himanshu Singh,&nbsp;Win-Jet Luo,&nbsp;Prateek Negi,&nbsp;Ming-Chu Hsieh,&nbsp;Bivas Panigrahi,&nbsp;Chun-Nan Chen","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents an integrated framework for optimizing energy-efficient CO₂ liquefaction in carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems, combining thermodynamic modelling in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) with artificial intelligence (AI). The simulated liquefaction pathway includes five-stage compression, intercooling, a counter-flow heat exchanger and a Joule–Thomson valve. A key performance driver is the inclusion of a CO₂ gas recovery loop, which recycles unliquefied vapour. This configuration reduces specific power consumption by 18%–22% and increases liquid production by 23%–26% compared to baseline operations, with only marginal increases in energy input. Further parameter optimization of compressor pressure ratios and cooling capacities resulted in producing 30.83 kg/s of liquid CO₂ at 20.13 MW. This represents an additional 12%–15% reduction in specific energy consumption (SEC) and a 28.96% improvement in overall process effectiveness. To facilitate rapid performance assessment, a deep artificial neural network (ANN) was developed using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The model, featuring a 64-32 neuron hidden layer architecture, achieved exceptional predictive accuracy (<i>R</i>² = 0.992968) with mean absolute errors below 0.99. This integrated EES and AI approach provides a robust, high-speed tool for the design and optimization of large-scale CCS infrastructure.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 5","pages":"727-745"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Screening Methods for Assessing Legacy Wells Within CO2 Storage Licences: Application to Offshore Norway","authors":"Benjamin Emmel,&nbsp;Ole-Andre Roli,&nbsp;Maxence Vergne,&nbsp;Guilhem Hauguel,&nbsp;Bastien Dupuy","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Legacy wells represent a critical consideration for offshore CO₂ storage projects, as they may provide potential pathways for fluid or gas migration if poorly constructed, undocumented or inadequately abandoned. Systematically assessing large numbers of legacy wells remains challenging due to heterogeneous data availability and the diversity of existing evaluation approaches. This study presents an open-source, QGIS-based framework that integrates well construction data, geological context and multiple established screening methodologies to enable transparent and reproducible legacy-well screening at the licence scale. The framework is applied to two offshore CO₂ storage licence areas on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, covering legacy wells drilled across several decades and reflecting a range of construction and abandonment practices. The results show that different screening methods produce systematically different classifications when applied to the same wells, highlighting the method-dependent nature of legacy-well screening. Screening outcomes vary substantially within and between licence areas and cannot be explained by individual well attributes such as drilling year or well depth alone, underscoring the need for multi-criteria screening approaches rather than reliance on single proxies. A small subset of wells with previously reported seabed gas occurrences was analysed for contextual comparison. These wells display heterogeneous screening outcomes, and the limited availability of quantified methane flux data precludes any general inference regarding relationships between screening results and leakage behaviour. The presented framework does not replace detailed well integrity analysis or risk assessment. Instead, it provides a practical, transparent and spatially enabled approach for early-stage screening and prioritisation of legacy wells at the licence level, supporting site evaluation and regulatory review in offshore CO₂ storage projects.</p>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 5","pages":"746-757"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ghg.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deterministic Cost Estimation Approaches for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage: A Review","authors":"Majid Mohajeri,&nbsp;Saman Azadbakht","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is regarded as a connection between traditional, high-emission sectors and future green energy. This study encompasses literature from 2003 to early 2026 to review methodologies and formulae used for cost estimating in the various segments of carbon capture, transport, utilization, and storage. The focus of this study is the deterministic economic assessment metrics (net present value [NPV], internal rate of return [IRR], minimum attractive rate of return [MARR], cost–benefit analysis [CBA], break-even analysis, sensitivity analysis, payback period, and techno-economic assessment) in the CCUS system to assess the viability of projects. This review discusses how different assumptions and scenarios can change the results and make comparisons between CCUS projects difficult. This review indicates that deterministic models are useful for early screening of projects, but their results may be misleading when the project scale, regional conditions, infrastructure availability, and market assumptions are not clearly defined. Although technical innovation and shared infrastructure can reduce the costs, most available research still emphasizes the critical role of carbon taxes and incentives in improving CCUS project feasibility. On the other hand, the results identify that high capital costs, policy uncertainty, the absence of standardized economic evaluation frameworks, and a lack of clear data all hinder the CCUS project development. It is suggested that deterministic approaches and standard key performance indicators (KPIs) with clear input data can help improve the economic evaluation of CCUS projects. However, uncertainty in input parameters could still reduce accuracy, and the need for other estimation tools could arise. 2026 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 5","pages":"835-859"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ghg.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration and Trapping of Injected CO2: Insights From Numerical Modeling of China's First Offshore Storage in the Enping Saline Aquifer","authors":"Qi Zhang,&nbsp;Changyou Xia,&nbsp;Zhihao Gao,&nbsp;Shijia Ma,&nbsp;Xiaojie Yu,&nbsp;Xi Liang,&nbsp;Lianghan Cong","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Located in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, the Enping 15-1 project marks China's pioneering offshore CO₂ storage endeavor. This study conducts a coupled thermohydrogeochemical simulation to investigate the mechanisms governing CO₂ migration, trapping, and reservoir–caprock interactions within the target saline aquifer of the Yuehai Formation. Simulation results reveal that CO₂ will be confined within the anticline of the target reservoir. Over a 10-year period, about 55% of the injected CO₂ dissolves into formation water, increasing to more than 80% after 500 years, indicating that solubility and structural trapping are the dominant long-term trapping mechanisms. A moderate increase in CO₂ injection rate can enhance the dissolution rate. The pressure buildup near the injection well remains below 0.5 MPa—well within the caprock integrity threshold—while CO₂ dissolution lowers formation pH, driving transient dissolution of carbonates and feldspars, followed by limited secondary mineral precipitation. Overall, net mineral trapping is negligible. These findings highlight that in offshore formations such as Yuehai, which are characterized by high permeability, low salinity, and limited potential for mineral trapping, the long-term security of CO₂ storage primarily depends on structural trapping and solubility trapping. The results provide an empirical and modeling framework to support the monitoring design and risk assessment of future offshore CO₂ storage projects in China and similar continental margin basins.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 5","pages":"786-806"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Pressure Driving Force on Carbon Dioxide Hydrate Formation in the L-Met System Under Constant Pressure","authors":"Yingmei Wang,&nbsp;Rui Ma,&nbsp;Kang Li,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;Hucheng Wang,&nbsp;Ji Chen","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Carbon dioxide (CO₂) hydrate technology is a key approach to achieving carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Traditional studies are often based on isochoric (constant-volume) systems, and due to the effects of driving force decay, they struggle to reveal the intrinsic kinetic characteristics of hydrate growth. In this study, a high-precision mobile-piston constant-pressure apparatus was employed to systematically investigate the effects of pressure driving force (ΔP) on the kinetics and morphological evolution of CO₂ hydrates in an L-methionine (L-Met) system within a temperature range of 1.0–2.5°C and a pressure range of 2.8–3.4 MPa. The results indicate that: (1) The induction time decreases as ΔP increases, dropping by 63.4% at 1.0°C. However, within the range of 1.5–2.0°C, it exhibits a nonlinear behavior characterized by an initial increase followed by a decrease, revealing the stochastic nature of nucleation under low driving forces. (2) Hydrate formation exhibits a unique bimodal (double-peak) phenomenon under constant-pressure conditions. The first peak is suppressed by the loss of local undercooling caused by the exothermic nature of interfacial nucleation, while the second explosive peak is driven by the compensatory effect of the constant-pressure driving force, inducing the vertical expansion of the hydrate into the bulk phase. (3) The water conversion rate generally increases with rising ΔP, reaching a maximum of 89.8%. However, under extreme conditions (1.0°C and 2.0 MPa), the rapid formation of a dense hydrate layer induces significant thermal resistance, restricting heat dissipation and mass transfer, which ultimately results in a decreased conversion rate. This study demonstrates the superiority of the moving-piston method in eliminating mechanical disturbances and revealing true kinetic behavior, providing a theoretical foundation for heat management and pressure control in industrial carbon sequestration processes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 5","pages":"758-769"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Probabilistic and Novel Approaches to Cost Assessment in CCUS Projects","authors":"Majid Mohajeri,&nbsp;Saman Azadbakht","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although the renewable energy sector is making progress, there is still a long way to go before green energy can be fully utilized. In this context, Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technologies can act as a temporary bridge between a high-emission past and a low-emission future. High costs, together with uncertainties and risks related to technology, economics, policy, and regulation, are among the main reasons why global CCUS deployment has not yet reached the targets set by the International Energy Agency. Conventional deterministic methods provide single-point estimates and can offer an initial picture of CCUS projects. However, probabilistic models allow project evaluation while accounting for uncertainty and investment flexibility. In this review, we aim to examine, step by step, how probabilistic economic simulation is carried out in CCUS projects. This review first explains the sources of uncertainty reported in different studies and classifies them into technical, economic, and socio-political categories. Then, we examine how uncertain parameters are modeled using stochastic processes, probability distributions, or scenario-based approaches. Finally, the review explains how economic evaluation methods and probabilistic computational techniques are used to simulate the overall CCUS project. Previous studies have discussed CCUS uncertainties and modeling in a fragmented manner; however, this article provides a comprehensive framework for modeling CCUS economics under uncertainty. In recent studies, each study uses specific assumptions. Therefore, one of the main gaps in the recent literature is the lack of a standard benchmark framework that enables comparison between models.</p>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 5","pages":"860-880"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ghg.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost Analysis Insights for Offshore CCS Hubs: A Case Study of the Santos Basin, Brazil","authors":"Norah A. Ordoñez,&nbsp;Mariana Ciotta,&nbsp;Hirdan Katarina de Medeiros Costa,&nbsp;Livia Koch Sposito,&nbsp;Daniel Alkmin","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The reuse of decommissioned offshore platforms for geological carbon storage offers a cost-effective and technically feasible strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in emerging economies. This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic assessment of offshore carbon capture and storage (CCS) hubs in Brazil, with a focus on the Merluza Field in the Santos Basin. A detailed cost model was developed to quantify capital expenditure (CAPEX), operational expenditure (OPEX), and the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) for scenarios involving infrastructure reutilization. Results indicate that site characterization dominates the cost structure, accounting for up to 76% of CAPEX in reuse scenarios, despite an overall 6% reduction in total capital investment when compared with new offshore construction. Annual OPEX is estimated at $7.79 million, and over a 40-year project lifespan, the net present value of operational costs reaches $104.68 million. The LCOS ranges from $12.72 to $35.54 per ton of CO₂ for a 1.39 Mtpa case, making the Brazilian scenario economically competitive when compared to international benchmarks such as Sleipner and Quest. Moreover, potential revenues from carbon credits and avoided emission penalties could substantially offset total project costs. These findings highlight the financial viability of offshore CCS in Brazil and reinforce its potential integration into national decarbonization strategies under the Paris Agreement. 2026 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 4","pages":"701-711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ghg.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Synergistic Enhancement Mechanisms of CO2/CH4 Single-Phase and Alternating Flooding Based on Molecular Dynamics","authors":"Chuan Ma,&nbsp;Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Xinqian Lu,&nbsp;Ying Xu,&nbsp;Qi Lan,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Liu,&nbsp;Da Ma","doi":"10.1002/ghg.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To mitigate the greenhouse effect, promoting the clean utilization of fossil fuels and advancing carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies have become critical pathways. Among these approaches, CO₂ and CH₄ flooding, as key enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, exhibit dual benefits in both emission reduction and production enhancement. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations are employed to systematically investigate the oil displacement behaviors of CO₂ and CH₄ in porous media reservoirs. Simulations are conducted under two temperature conditions: 300 K (ambient temperature) and 383 K (elevated temperature). The heat and mass transfer characteristics, as well as multiphase interaction mechanisms, are comparatively analyzed under three injection scenarios: CO₂ single flooding, CH₄ single flooding, and alternating CO₂-CH₄ injection. The results indicate that CO₂ single flooding at 383 K achieves the highest molecular displacement fraction; however, it is accompanied by pronounced gas channeling. In contrast, under ambient temperature conditions (300 K), alternating injection exhibits significant synergistic effects. In particular, the alternating flooding strategy initiated with CO₂ injection enhances molecular displacement fractions while effectively suppressing gas channeling compared with single-gas flooding. At elevated temperature, although alternating injection mitigates the risk of gas channeling, the increased gas diffusion coefficient weakens intermolecular interactions, leading to a reduced displacement efficiency relative to single-phase flooding. By establishing a multidimensional analytical framework that integrates temperature distribution, molecular interactions, and reservoir adsorption characteristics, this study elucidates the intrinsic mechanisms governing gas migration under multi-physical field coupling. The findings provide molecular-scale theoretical insights for optimizing gas injection strategies in unconventional oil reservoirs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":"16 4","pages":"563-580"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}