Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies最新文献

{"title":"Analog-to-digital conversion architectures for intelligent optical sensor arrays","authors":"G. Torelli, L. Gonzo, M. Gottardi, Franco Maloberti, A. Sartori, A. Simoni","doi":"10.1117/12.262529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262529","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comparative analysis of different analog-to-digital conversion architectures optimized for operation in close coupling with optical sensor arrays in the presence of stringent design constraints such as signal and noise levels, conversion rates and physical size of the array. Architectures based on a single converter per array and on multiple converters per array are considered. Measurement results on dedicated converters integrated in experimental chips together with optical arrays have proved the validity of the architectures presented, with different trade-off points in term of power consumption, conversion rate and spatial uniformity.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124039178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analog VLSI motion projects at Caltech","authors":"J. Kramer, G. Indiveri, C. Koch","doi":"10.1117/12.262542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262542","url":null,"abstract":"We present different compact analog VLSI motion sensors that compute the 1-D velocity of optical stimuli over a large range and are suitable for integration in focal plane arrays. They have been extensively tested and optimized for robust performance under varying light conditions. Since their output signals are only weakly dependent on contrast, they directly extract optical flow data from an image. Focal plane arrays of such sensors are particularly interesting for application in single-chip systems that perform navigation tasks for moving robots or vehicles, where light weight, low power consumption, and real-time processing are crucial. Several monolithic motion-processing systems based on such velocity sensors have been built and tested. We describe here three chips, designed for the determination of the focus of expansion, the estimation of the time to contact, and the detection of motion discontinuities respectively. The first two systems have been specifically designed for vehicle navigation tasks. The choice of this application domain allows us to make a priori assumptions about the optical flow field that simplifies the structure of the systems and improves their overall performance. The motion-discontinuity-detection system can be more generally used to segment images based on the velocities of its different domains with respect to the camera. It is particularly useful for background-foreground segregation in the case of ego-motion of an autonomous system in a static environment. Tests results of the three systems are presented and their performance is evaluated.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"282 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124210619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MARC project: colorimetric acquisition and printing of paintings with 20,000X20,000 pixels with an electronic camera","authors":"R. Lenz, U. Lenz","doi":"10.1117/12.262537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262537","url":null,"abstract":"The MARC project (methodology of art reproduction in color), funded by the EC and involving eight European partners, had the aim to improve the quality of reproduction in art catalogues and books. Those who are familiar with the nature of the problem will be pleased to hear this, because the color of reproductions often bears little resemblance to that of the original paintings. For the general public, as well as for the scholar, this has been an annoying, but nevertheless unavoidable characteristic of conventional photographic and printing techniques. With the advent of digital technology, came about the promise of revolutionary innovations which we regarded as a great challenge. Besides the numerous improvements and simplifications offered by digital techniques, we hope to be able to make use of the MARC digital image acquisition technology in order to replace the repeated photographing of paintings, thereby significantly reducing the burden placed upon them. Besides this, the digital image will be useful for many other purposes. As no camera was available with the resolution equivalent to a 24 cm by 18 cm Ektachrome film, the format usually used for high quality reproduction of paintings, one of the tasks of the project was to develop an electronic camera with 20,000 by 20,000 pixels and a color depth of 3 by 12 bits. In lack of charge coupled device (CCD) sensors which come even close to such a high resolution, a novel imaging technology combining micro- and macro-scanning with a CCD area sensor was developed. To avoid revolving color filters, this sensor is equipped with a color mosaic mask with filter characteristics closely matched to a linear combination of the XYZ spectral response curves defined by CIE 1931. The features of this camera are covered in great detail. The second step was to characterize the colorimetric response of the printing press. As the final result, a book 'Flamish Baroque Painting, Masterpieces of the Alte Pinakothek Munchen', with over 50 paintings and digitally magnified details, was printed and will be shown at the conference.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131977516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focal plane compression sensors","authors":"K. Aizawa, Y. Egi, T. Hamamoto, A. Motoki, M. Hatori, H. Maruyama, J. Yamazaki","doi":"10.1117/12.262520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262520","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel integration of compression and sensing in order to enhance performance of the image sensor. By integrating compression function on the sensor plane, the image signal that has to be readout from the sensor is significantly reduced. Thus, the integration can consequently increase the pixel rate of the sensor. The compression scheme we make use of is conditional replenishment that detects and encodes moving areas. In this paper, we discuss design and implementation of two architectures for on sensor compression. One is pixel parallel approach and the other is column parallel approach. We describe and compare both approaches.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132890969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test structures for characterization and comparative analysis of CMOS image sensors","authors":"David X. D. Yang, Hao Min, B. Fowler, A. El Gamal, M. Beiley, K. Cham","doi":"10.1117/12.262523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262523","url":null,"abstract":"A set of test structures designed to characterize and compare the performance of CMOS passive and active pixel image sensors is presented. The test structures are deigned so that they can be rapidly ported from one process to another. They are also designed so that individual photodetectors and pixel circuits as well as entire image sensor arrays can be characterized and compared based on: quantum efficiency, spectral response, fixed pattern noise, sensitivity, blooming, input referred read noise, reduction of quantum efficiency caused by silicide/salicide, lag, digital switching noise sensitivity, impact ionization noise sensitivity, dynamic range, and temperature dependency of all measured parameters. Four test chips that include a variety of these structures have been built in two different 0.35 micrometer CMOS processes. The test chips include nineteen types of individual photodetectors and thirty eight types of 64 by 64 pixel arrays. The test methodology and preliminary test results from these chips are presented.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123375880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motion-adaptive image sensor for enhancement and wide dynamic range","authors":"T. Hamamoto, K. Aizawa, M. Hatori","doi":"10.1117/12.262518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262518","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a motion adaptive sensor for image enhancement and wide dynamic range, which has computational elements based on a column-parallel architecture. The proposed sensor not only operates at high frequency but also detects motion and saturation of the stored charge on photo diode independently pixel by pixel. The motion adaptive sensor is able to control the suitable storage time in each pixel which results in no motion-blur and no saturation so that it is expected to have high temporal resolution in the moving area, high SNR in the static area and also an effect resulting in wide dynamic range. In this paper, we discuss the principle, design of motion adaptive sensor and some results of simulations.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"89 47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129808812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposal of a mobile camera system for moving object detection","authors":"Y. Berviller, E. Tisserand, Claude Bataille, H. Guermoud, Serge Weber","doi":"10.1117/12.262522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262522","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a system for detecting moving elements from a moving camera using a simplified background constraint technique. The hardware implementation of the method is done in an intelligent camera form. In order to keep the design small and able to operate at video frame rate the algorithm is for a large part implemented in FPGAs. The camera moves in a locally planar environment and is tilted enough to exclude the horizon line from the image. In this paper we assume the camera moves only in translation and the objects to detect are moving in the same direction as the camera does (and obviously at higher speed). If the instantaneous speed of the camera is known and is constant between two successively processed images, it is easy to predict (for a big part) the next image to process by using the reverse perspective transform. In order to transform such a prediction in a simple translation of the image and in order to obtain a uniform spatial resolution in the observed scene, we resample the lines and apply to each resampled line a specific horizontal scale factor. With each transformed image we 'compute' a predicted image. The predicted and true images are subtracted and objects moving in the scene correspond to a noticeable difference area. The direction and speed of the displacement are estimated with one-dimensional correlation functions between vertical windows in subtracted images. A study of the limitations and experimental results obtained by simulation with real images are presented.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131298520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-current large-bandwidth photosensor on standard CMOS processes","authors":"A. Dupret, E. Belhaire, J. Rodier","doi":"10.1117/12.262540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262540","url":null,"abstract":"On standard CMOS processes, basically two photosensors may be designed: photodiodes or vertical bipolar phototransistors. A trade-off must be found between the area of the sensor, its sensitivity and its bandwidth. In most designs, the high sensitivity of the sensor is a key point and led to choosing a phototransistor based solution. However this choice is made at the expense of the bandwidth of the sensor. For small currents, an analysis shows that it is mainly proportional to the base-emitter capacitance Cbe and to the collector current. Hence, in the case of a floating base bipolar and for a given current, the only way of reducing Cbe is to decrease the emitter area. On the other hand, the sensitivity is to be preserved. We have proposed and tested an original sensor based on the splitting of phototransistors. The basic idea is to use minimum size emitter bipolar transistors and to increase their collector-base junction perimeter. Thanks to this design, for a given sensor area, the bandwidth has been improved by a factor of 3 and the sensitivity has been preserved. This solution has been successfully used on an operational retina performing stochastic computations at video rates. In particular, thanks to our design, we have been able to successfully implement a 150 by 50 micrometer2 optoelectronic random generator providing up to 100,000 random variables per second.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123622865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent experimental results from a CMOS active pixel image sensor with photodiode and photogate pixels","authors":"Johannes Solhusvik, C. Cavadore, F. X. Audoux, N. Verdier, J. Farré, O. Saint-Pé, R. Davancens, J. David","doi":"10.1117/12.262533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262533","url":null,"abstract":"An APS test circuit including three 32 by 32 arrays with photodiode and photogate pixels has been developed using a 1.2 micrometer double-layer polysilicon double-layer metal CMOS process. The first experimental results have been published in the Aerosense conference in Orlando (April 1996). In this paper we present the latest experimental results including radiation hardness, quantum efficiency and spot scan pixel sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"2950 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129241994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Sensitivity TDI CCD sensor","authors":"Sarit Chen, R. Ginosar","doi":"10.1117/12.262541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.262541","url":null,"abstract":"The pixel-level adaptive sensitivity technology enables image sensors to acquire wide dynamic range scenes without loss of detail, by adjusting the sensitivity of each individual pixel according to the intensity of light incident upon it. An adaptive sensitivity TDI (time delay and integrate) CCD sensor test circuit has been designed and fabricated. The sensor comprises 18 TDI integration stages, with a horizontal resolution of 32 pixels. The level of charge integrated in each pixel is monitored as the pixel charge packet progresses across the TDI array. If the charge accumulates to above a certain threshold level, the pixel is discharged. Such 'conditional reset' mechanisms are inserted after the thirteenth stage and again after the seventeenth stage. Thus, each individual pixel may be integrated over either 1, 5, or all 18 stages. Since in TDI scanning, as in all linear imaging situations, there is no concept of 'frames' and each pixel is imaged only once, the intensity sensing and the decision on how long to integrate must be performed 'on the fly.' But, while in regular linear sensors the perpendicular fill factor is unlimited and complex control circuits may be placed next to the detectors, the two dimensional nature of TDI sensors presents much more demanding architectural and circuit challenges.","PeriodicalId":127521,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129753421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}