Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research最新文献

{"title":"Preliminary Characterisation of New Reference Materials (CaW-0, CaW-1 and CaW-3) for Microanalysis of Rare Earth Elements in Scheelite by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry","authors":"Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Shiyong You,&nbsp;Fuwen Tan,&nbsp;Jianfeng Shao,&nbsp;Jianzong Zhou,&nbsp;Tengfei Zheng,&nbsp;Wenxian Yi,&nbsp;Ping Xia,&nbsp;Lanlan Jin,&nbsp;Haitao Li,&nbsp;Ruixiang Wang,&nbsp;Herui Wen,&nbsp;Yuqiu Ke,&nbsp;Yijian Sun","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12523","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ggr.12523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, we prepared three CaWO₄ single crystals (CaW-0, CaW-1 and CaW-3) doped with rare earth elements (REEs) at nominal mass fractions of 50, 250 and 5000 μg g^-1 using the Czochralski method. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were employed to evaluate the within- and between-unit homogeneity of major elements and REEs, respectively. The within-unit variation (<i>s</i>_r) of 0.40–0.84% and between-unit <i>s</i>_r of 0.14–1.48% for major elements were obtained. Within- and between-unit <i>s</i>_r of 0.53–5.56% were also found for REEs by LA-ICP-MS spot analyses. A comparison of the <i>s</i>_r of repeat analyses was compared with the analytical uncertainty (<i>u</i>), i.e., the mean square weighted deviation (MSWD), which is close to or slightly higher than 1, indicating that no obvious chemical heterogeneity was found in these crystals. Reference values for these elements were obtained through various analytical methods across four different laboratories and applications of the reference materials to calibrating REE mass fractions in a natural scheelite were performed. No significant difference of the results was found as <i>t</i> values are less than 2.75 at the 99% confidence interval. The excellent linearity (<i>R</i>² &gt; 0.98) between the REE mass fractions and both LA-ICP-MS signal intensity and wafer absorbance was found, but the crater height and the absolute mass transported into ICP-MS decreased when REE mass fractions as well as the colour of crystals increased. These results suggest that the reference materials have the potential to calibrate REE mass fractions in natural scheelite.</p>","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 4","pages":"773-792"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85303738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zircon Megacrysts from the Kawisigamuwa Carbonatite, Sri Lanka – A Potential Reference Material for In Situ U-Pb and Hf Isotope Measurement","authors":"Daniela Gallhofer,&nbsp;Etienne Skrzypek,&nbsp;Christoph Hauzenberger,&nbsp;Walter Kurz,&nbsp;Andreas Möller,&nbsp;Joseph Andrew,&nbsp;Luis A. Parra-Avila,&nbsp;Laure Martin,&nbsp;Anthony Kemp,&nbsp;G.W.A.R. Fernando,&nbsp;Dengfeng He","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12522","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ggr.12522","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We characterise zircon megacrysts from the Kawisigamuwa carbonatite as a new potential reference material for laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry U-Pb and Hf isotope measurement. We studied ten 0.5–4 cm long, brown megacrysts that consist of oscillatory zoned (OZ) and nearly featureless cathodoluminescence-bright recrystallised (RX) zircon domains. The zircons have low to moderate radiation damage (total α-dose &lt; 0.5 x 10¹⁸ events g^-1), tested by the measured FWHM of the ν₃ (SiO₄) Raman band &lt; 5 cm^-1. An ID-TIMS weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 532.39 ± 0.66 Ma (2<i>s</i> uncertainty) was determined for OZ zircon domains of three grains. While hafnium content varies within and between crystals (6630–9960 μg g^-1) the <i>in situ</i> mean ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios of ten crystals overlap within uncertainty. We recommend a mean ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratio of 0.282003 ± 0.000020 (2<i>s</i>) as preliminary working value for OZ domains. Two OZ megacrysts yield indistinguishable δ¹⁸O_VSMOW of 12.1 ± 0.4‰ and 12.2 ± 0.4‰ (2<i>s</i>). Elevated Th/U (&gt; 1.5), Zr/Hf (59–75) and low hafnium contents in OZ domains are similar to those of zircons from carbonatites of mantle origin, while high δ¹⁸O and low εHf_i (-15.8 to -17.1) indicate a crustal contribution. The zircons probably grew from crustal-derived carbonate melts under high grade metamorphic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 4","pages":"749-771"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ggr.12522","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135353405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Alkali Precipitation Method for Tungsten Separation and High-Precision Isotopic Measurement in Geological Samples","authors":"Zheng Qin,&nbsp;Cuiping Wang,&nbsp;Wenjun Zhou,&nbsp;Huanxin Liu,&nbsp;Ruohan Gao,&nbsp;Jie Li,&nbsp;Jingao Liu","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12521","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ggr.12521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tungsten (W) isotopes are useful tools in geological and cosmochemical research, but the chemical separation of W is cumbersome for high-precision measurement. Here, a novel alkali (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) precipitation method for separation and purification of W in geological samples is described, which simplifies the chemical procedure. The amphoteric character of W is exploited to separate it from most matrix elements in alkaline conditions. Subsequently, TEVA resin was applied to further purify W for measurements using a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. Importantly, the introduction of a certain amount of Na in the W analyte can increase the signal intensity by approximately 1.6 times, which may be caused by Coulomb fission. Such Na-triggered signal enhancement reduces the test portion mass required for analysis. Our results show that the Alfa Aesar W standard solution and geological reference materials JB-3, BCR-2 and BHVO-2 yield ¹⁸²W/¹⁸⁴W ratios consistent with previously reported values within uncertainty. Repeated measurement of the Alfa Aesar W standard solution shows that the intermediate precision of ¹⁸²W/¹⁸⁴W was better than 5 ppm (2<i>s</i>), which is sufficient to identify subtle ¹⁸²W isotope variations in terrestrial and extra-terrestrial samples. Above all, the alkali precipitation method in this study optimises the experimental process and mass spectrometric analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 4","pages":"811-819"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72414119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatially Resolved Characterisation of Low Mass Fraction Uranium Glass Working Reference Materials","authors":"David Willingham,&nbsp;Josh Wimpenny,&nbsp;Evan Groopman,&nbsp;Todd Williamson,&nbsp;Travis Tenner,&nbsp;Benjamin Naes,&nbsp;Mindy Zimmer,&nbsp;Heather Cunningham,&nbsp;Kim Knight","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12519","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ggr.12519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present the results of a study to generate reference glasses that reflect an environment analogous to historic nuclear fallout samples of interest for post-detonation nuclear forensics. The glasses were generated by melting and then quenching SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and CaCO₃ powders. Two suites of glasses with three distinct U isotopic ratios were successfully made with enrichments in the ²³⁵U isotope (~ natural [0.72%], ~ 53% and 94%), but the bulk elemental data showed heterogeneity (~ 10% RSD) with U mass fractions ranging from 331.47 to 373.63 μg g^-1. Spatially resolved U isotopic measurements were performed using three mass spectrometry techniques (secondary ion mass spectrometry-single stage accelerator mass spectrometry [SIMS-SSAMS], large geometry [LG] - SIMS, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [LA-ICP-MS]) across five National Laboratories. The results showed good agreement with the bulk U isotopic data for the low, medium, and high U mass fractions. We conclude that despite elemental heterogeneity, these samples can serve as useful working reference materials for spatially resolved nuclear fallout analyses, as well as for other related spatially resolved analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 4","pages":"893-906"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90686998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic Witherite for Standardisation of Clumped Isotope (Δ47) Measurements","authors":"Kai Kong,&nbsp;Yangrui Guo,&nbsp;Wenfeng Deng,&nbsp;Gangjian Wei","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12520","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ggr.12520","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbonate clumped isotope, quantified by Δ₄₇ value, has wide application potential in Earth science. A recently proposed carbonate standardisation scheme based on community-available reference materials (i.e., ETH-1–4) has proven to improve interlaboratory comparability in Δ₄₇ measurement. However, the shortage of these reference materials may be problematic in future; therefore, developing traceable and supplementary in-house reference materials may become necessary, especially when supplies run out. Here, we describe a method of producing synthetic witherite carbonates with variable bulk isotopic compositions and clumped isotope ordering states, for which Δ₄₇ values were determined together with ETH carbonate reference materials. Results indicate that the witherite carbonates allow effective corrections for instrumental linearity and scale variations, improving long-term reproducibility. Additionally, by normalising witherite Δ₄₇ values to agreed ETH carbonate values on the Intercarb-Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium Scale, the witherite reference materials can be used to determine Δ₄₇ values without using equilibrated gases and reduce the consumption of ETH carbonates.</p>","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 4","pages":"855-868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75319327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of Conventional 87Sr/86Sr Isotope Ratios in Cement, Limestone and Slate Reference Materials Based on an Interlaboratory Comparison Study","authors":"Anera Kazlagić,&nbsp;Martin Rosner,&nbsp;Anna Cipriani,&nbsp;Daniel A. Frick,&nbsp;Johannes Glodny,&nbsp;Elis J. Hoffmann,&nbsp;John M. Hora,&nbsp;Johanna Irrgeher,&nbsp;Federico Lugli,&nbsp;Tomas Magna,&nbsp;Thomas C. Meisel,&nbsp;Anette Meixner,&nbsp;Antonio Possolo,&nbsp;Axel Pramann,&nbsp;Michael J. Pribil,&nbsp;Thomas Prohaska,&nbsp;Anika Retzmann,&nbsp;Olaf Rienitz,&nbsp;Daniel Rutherford,&nbsp;Gustavo M. Paula-Santos,&nbsp;Michael Tatzel,&nbsp;Sara Widhalm,&nbsp;Matthias Willbold,&nbsp;Tea Zuliani,&nbsp;Jochen Vogl","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12517","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ggr.12517","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An interlaboratory comparison (ILC) was organised to characterise ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios in geological and industrial reference materials by applying the so-called conventional method for determining ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios. Four cements (VDZ 100a, VDZ 200a, VDZ 300a, IAG OPC-1), one limestone (IAG CGL ML-3) and one slate (IAG OU-6) reference materials were selected, covering a wide range of naturally occurring Sr isotopic signatures. Thirteen laboratories received aliquots of these six reference materials together with a detailed technical protocol. The consensus values for the six reference materials and their associated measurement uncertainties were obtained by applying a Gaussian, linear mixed effects model fitted to all the measurement results. By combining the consensus values and their uncertainties with an uncertainty contribution for potential heterogeneity, reference values ranging from 0.708134 mol mol^-1 to 0.729778 mol mol^-1 were obtained with relative expanded uncertainties of ≤ 0.007 %. This study represents an ILC on conventional ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios, within which metrological principles were considered and the compatibility of measurement results obtained by MC-ICP-MS and by MC-TIMS is demonstrated. The materials characterised in this study can be used as reference materials for validation and quality control purposes and to estimate measurement uncertainties in conventional ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratio measurement.</p>","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 4","pages":"821-840"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ggr.12517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77402991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single Spot Rb-Sr Isochron Dating of Biotite by LA-MC-ICP-MS/MS","authors":"Alicia M. Cruz-Uribe,&nbsp;Grant Craig,&nbsp;Joshua M. Garber,&nbsp;Bence Paul,&nbsp;Cemil Arkula,&nbsp;Claudia Bouman","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12518","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ggr.12518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Laser ablation tandem mass spectrometry is a burgeoning field for <i>in situ</i> Rb-Sr geochronology. Here, we determined simultaneous isotope ratios of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr in metamorphic biotite from western Maine, using an ESL™ imageGEO™193 excimer laser ablation system coupled to a Thermo Scientific™ Neoma™ MC-ICP-MS/MS. Measurements were made on Faraday cups with Rb⁺ at mass 87; Sr isotopes were reacted with SF₆ gas and measured as SrF⁺ at masses 103–107. Twenty-two laser spots in biotite from a single sample yield a \"traditional\" Rb-Sr isochron date of 289 ± 6 Ma. Time-resolved signals reveal significant zoning in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr within single spot analyses, which were used to construct single spot isochrons. Individual laser spots contain multiple isochronous subpopulations; some spots contain up to three distinct Rb-Sr isochrons that are decoupled from variations in Rb/Sr. Thirty-five isochron dates were determined using this \"sub-spot\" approach, with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr intercepts that systematically vary with Rb-Sr date; two-point isochrons were calculated for individual integrations (<i>n</i> = 780) based on these variable intercepts. Both methods yield age peaks at 303, 270 and 240 Ma. These data suggest that the Rb-Sr system has the potential to record multiple heating, cooling or fluid-alteration events spanning ~ 100 My within small domains in single biotite crystals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 4","pages":"795-809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ggr.12518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89407651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Douglas Leslie Miles (1944–2022)","authors":"Jenny Cook","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12514","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 3","pages":"475-478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50147985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redetermination of Mass Fractions of Three Halogens (Cl, Br, I) for Seventeen USGS Geochemical Reference Materials","authors":"Mitsuru Ebihara,&nbsp;Naoki Shirai,&nbsp;Shun Sekimoto","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12516","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ggr.12516","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mass fractions of Cl, Br and I were obtained by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) of seventeen USGS geochemical reference materials (RMs), for which we had published halogen contents in GGR (Sekimoto and Ebihara 2017). Except for three RMs, 100 mg to &gt; 300 mg of each powder material was used for a single analysis. After 10 min of neutron irradiation, a rapid radiochemical purification procedure was performed. Chemical yields were determined by the reactivation method. Each RM was analysed multiple times and consistent values were obtained for each element. Of the seventeen RMs, CLB-1, DGPM-1 and QLO-1a were also analysed by INAA. The INAA and RNAA results for CLB-1 and DGPM-1agree within 4%, implying that RNAA values obtained in this study are reliable. Compared with the 2017 data, the Cl and Br values obtained in this study were consistent, but the I values were 1/4 to 1/8 lower for all samples. It is concluded that the quantitative values of Cl and Br published in GGR in 2017 are reliable, while the I values are incorrect. Therefore, it is recommended that the I contents in the USGS RMs determined in this study be substituted in place of previous values.</p>","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 4","pages":"931-944"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83625806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Albite Microanalytical Reference Material from Piz Beverin for Na, Al and Si Determination, and the Potential for New K-Feldspar Reference Materials","authors":"Julien M. Allaz,&nbsp;Marcel Guillong,&nbsp;Lorenzo Tavazzani,&nbsp;Georg Spiekermann,&nbsp;Lydia Zehnder,&nbsp;Emma Bullock,&nbsp;Joel DesOrmeau,&nbsp;Michael J. Jercinovic,&nbsp;Joachim Krause,&nbsp;Felix Marxer,&nbsp;William O. Nachlas,&nbsp;John Spratt","doi":"10.1111/ggr.12515","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ggr.12515","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Determination of alkali elements is important to Earth scientists, yet suitable and reliable microanalytical reference materials are lacking. This paper proposes a new albite reference material and evaluates the potential for future K-feldspar reference materials. The proposed Piz Beverin albite reference material from Switzerland yields a homogeneous composition at the centimetre- to micrometre-scale for Si, Al and Na with &lt; 2000 μg g^-1 total trace elements (mostly heterogeneously distributed Ca, K and Sr). EPMA and LA-ICP-MS measurements confirm a composition of 99.5(2)% albite component, which is supported further by bulk XRF measurements. A round robin evaluation involving nine independent EPMA laboratories confirms its composition and homogeneity for Si, Al and Na. In addition, a set of five distinct clear K-feldspar samples was evaluated as possible reference materials. The first two crystals of adular and orthoclase yield unacceptable inhomogeneities with &gt; 2% relative local variations of Na, K and Ba contents. The three other investigated sets of K-feldspar crystals are yellow sanidine crystals from Itrongay (Madagascar). Despite distinct compositions, EPMA confirms they are each homogeneous at the centimetre to micrometre scale for Si, Al and K and have no apparent inclusions; further investigation to find larger amounts of these materials is therefore justified.</p>","PeriodicalId":12631,"journal":{"name":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","volume":"47 4","pages":"907-929"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ggr.12515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88749792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}