Frontiers in Immunology最新文献

{"title":"First report from the Czech national registry of inborn errors of immunity (2012-2025).","authors":"Zita Chovancova, Eva Hlavackova, Roman Hakl, Tomas Milota, Pavlina Kralickova, Ivana Malkusova, Beata Hutyrova, Michaela Safarova, Jana Vydlakova, Dalibor Jilek, Jiri Novak, Helena Schneiderova, Petra Kralova, Alena Zimulova, Vitezslav Novak, Jaromir Bystron, Dita Zaveska, Vendula Latalova, Frantisek Kopriva, Milan Kasl, Vladimir Kracik, Renata Formankova, Petr Sedlacek, Karolina Vytiskova, Michal Svoboda, Hana Novakova, Jiri Litzman","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1653685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1653685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Congenital immune system defects represent an ever-growing group of diseases characterized by increased susceptibility to infections and association with autoimmune, autoinflammatory, allergic and malignant complications. Here, we provide the first comprehensive report on inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) in Czechia based on the analysis of patient data from the Czech national registry (CzNR) of IEIs.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The online platform of CzNR of IEIs was established in 2012, compiling data about epidemiology, type of diagnosis, clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as the treatment of patients diagnosed with IEIs since 1981.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total of 1,443 registered patients includes 697 males (48.3%) and 746 females (51.7%). The median age at diagnosis was 21.0 (0-86) years. The most represented group of patients was those with antibody deficiencies (788 patients; 54.6%). This was followed by complement deficiencies (242; 16.8%), combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic features (250; 17.3%), combined immunodeficiencies (55; 3.8%), congenital defects of phagocyte number, function, or both (31; 2.1%), autoinflammatory disorders (28; 1.9%), immune dysregulation diseases (24; 1.7%), intrinsic and innate immunity defects (21; 1.5%), primary immunodeficiency phenocopies (3; 0.2%), and bone marrow failure disorders (1; 0.1%). Common variable immunodeficiency (504; 34.9%), hereditary angioedema (222; 15.4%), and DiGeorge syndrome (182; 12.6%) were the most frequent diagnoses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this article, we report the epidemiology of IEIs in the Czech Republic for the first time based on the CzNR of IEIs data. The prevalence of IEIs is approximately 13.2 patients per 100000 inhabitants of the Czech Republic.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1653685"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical heterogeneity and prognostic determinants in rheumatoid vasculitis: a systematic analysis of organ-specific manifestations, therapeutic outcomes, and biomarker correlations.","authors":"Dongyi Wang, Le Lu, Junyi Shen, Yuping Zhang, Muzi Li, Wei Shang","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1628504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1628504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rheumatoid vasculitis (RV), a severe extra-articular complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with current evidence limited to fragmented case reports and a lack of consensus on diagnostic/therapeutic protocols. This study systematically evaluated the clinical heterogeneity, prognostic determinants, and management challenges of RV through the comprehensive analysis of case reports.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review of 112 RV cases from PubMed, Scopus, and Embase in the past 10 years. After dual-reviewer screening and exclusion of confounded cases (concurrent autoimmune diseases, drug-induced vasculitis, infection-associated cases), data spanning demographics, organ involvement patterns, treatments, and outcomes were extracted. Subsequent statistical analyses and data visualization were conducted using R software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mortality group exhibited significantly higher rates of concurrent infections (<i>P</i> = 0.03) and elevated anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody titers (<i>P</i> = 0.04) compared to the survival group. Only less than half of the medical records had histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis, which was particularly notable in cardiac (14.3%, 1/7), pulmonary (33.3%, 2/6),and cerebral (25.0%, 9/36) involvement. During the induction of disease remission, glucocorticoids remained the primary therapy. Both conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and biologic DMARDs (<i>P</i> < 0.001) demonstrated favorable prognostic associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlighted RV's heterogeneous organ involvement and underscored the prognostic value of anti-CCP and infection screening. The limited histopathological confirmation rates emphasized the need for multimodal diagnostics. Our findings also provided robust evidence supporting the therapeutic efficacy of biologic DMARDs in RV management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1628504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative single-cell immune responses in peripheral blood and lymph node of immunized SARS-CoV-2 challenged infant rhesus macaques.","authors":"Sasha Anronikov, Cameron Meikle, Emma C Milligan, Han Chen, Nilanjan Mukherjee, Zach Bjornson, Brice Gaudillière, Sizun Jiang, Sallie R Permar, Koen K A Van Rompay, Garry P Nolan, Kristina De Paris, David R McIlwain","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1599408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1599408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A better understanding of post-exposure immune responses in vaccinated individuals, particularly infants, is needed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a rhesus macaque model, we compared recipients of mRNA- or protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines administered in infancy with unvaccinated controls 7 days post-SARS-CoV-2 virus challenge. Mass cytometry profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and dissociated mediastinal lymph node cells at 7 days post-challenge revealed tissue-specific differences between groups, representing a snapshot of immune activity at this point.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vaccinated animals showed lower frequencies of activated CD8+ T cells in blood and lower levels of monocyte and B cell subsets in lymph nodes, aligning with lower viral loads and milder pathology. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells-commonly depleted in circulation during severe human COVID-19-were preserved in the blood of vaccinated groups. <i>Ex vivo</i> stimulation demonstrated heightened inflammatory cell signaling from unvaccinated rhesus macaques, correlating with worse clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings enhance our understanding of a critical nonhuman primate model and underscore the utility of single-cell, tissue-level analyses in evaluating next-generation pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1599408"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating deep learning features from mammography with SHAP values for a machine learning model predicting over 5-year recurrence of breast ductal carcinoma <i>In Situ</i> post-lumpectomy.","authors":"Yupeng Sha, Quan Yuan, Yi Du, Shuqi Yang, Ming Niu, Xiaoshuan Liang, Shanshan Sun, Tong Li, Shu Gong, Jiguang Han","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1681072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1681072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In women with ductal carcinoma <i>in situ</i> (DCIS) undergoing breast-conserving surgery, still part will progress to invasive breast cancer (IBC) in the future. Mammograms offer rich tumor data for patient stratification, but current prediction methods focus on clinicopathological factors, overlooking imaging insights.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 140 DCIS patients from Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital (2011-2020, followed up to 2025). Preoperative digital mammograms and clinicopathological data were collected, with mammographic features extracted using pyradiomics and supervised by a senior radiologist. Feature selection employed 10-fold cross-validated LASSO regression. The dataset was split into training (n=100) and validation (n=40) sets (10:4 ratio). Sixteen machine learning algorithms combining mammographic deep learning features and clinicopathological variables were developed and compared for predicting DCIS recurrence. Model performance was assessed using ROC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and SHAP values for interpretation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) algorithm had the best predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.918 (95% CI 0.873-0.963) in the test set. SHAP values indicated that the mammographic signature (MS) was the most significant predictor, followed by Ki-67 index and histological grade. Patients not receiving radiotherapy had higher recurrence rates than those who did. Decision curve analysis validated the model's clinical utility across various risk thresholds.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study developed an interpretable GBM model incorporating mammographic and clinical data to predict DCIS recurrence (AUC = 0.918). Key predictors were mammographic signature, Ki-67, and tumor grade, offering clinicians a practical tool for personalized postoperative management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1681072"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals sepsis-related neurovascular dysfunction in the human hippocampus.","authors":"Liu Liu, Pengfei Li, Brent A Wilkerson, Yan Wu, Meng Liu, Wei Jiang, Eric D Hamlett, Steven L Carroll, Hongkuan Fan","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1648278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1648278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sepsis is increasingly recognized as a major precipitant of long-term cognitive impairment, yet the cellular mechanisms underlying hippocampal vulnerability remain elusive.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of human hippocampal tissues from sepsis and control patients to profile neurovascular cell populations and their transcriptional changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified profound neurovascular alterations involving 21 distinct cell populations. Astrocytes and microglia exhibited marked polarization: Astrocyte 2 showed simultaneous upregulation of neurotoxic A1 and neuroprotective A2 gene signatures in sepsis, whereas Astrocyte 1 displayed reduced A1 activity and a relatively quiescent profile. Microglia 2 demonstrated a prominent M1-like inflammatory signature, including elevated HLA-DRA, IL1B, and TNF, while Microglia 1 downregulated both M1 and M2 markers, suggesting a hypo-responsive state. Intercellular communication analysis revealed intensified astrocyte-microglia interactions in the septic hippocampus. Endothelial and mural cells exhibited transcriptional signatures of blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, and compromised vascular homeostasis. Key molecular pathways associated with antigen presentation, cytokine signaling, and vascular permeability were selectively activated across neurovascular compartments.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings uncover a coordinated glial and vascular response to systemic inflammation, driven in part by dysfunctional astrocyte-microglia crosstalk and pro-inflammatory polarization. Such changes may underlie blood-brain barrier breakdown and contribute to sustained neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in sepsis survivors. Targeting glial-vascular signaling axes and modulating astrocyte or microglial polarization states may offer promising avenues for therapeutic intervention in post-sepsis neurological sequelae.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1648278"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified recombinant collagen-peptide/gallic acid grafted chitosan composites with antibacterial and antioxidant property for wound dressing: a preliminary study.","authors":"Yu Chen, Wenjie Wen, Jie Wang, Shiting Huang, Qianqian Ren, Jiayao Cai, Songlin Zhou, Rui Li, Dandan Ren, Liaotian Peng, Chao Deng, Jue Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1675212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1675212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic wounds pose a persistent clinical challenge, primarily due to prolonged bacterial infections. The development of natural antibacterial dressings offers a promising strategy for their effective management. In this study, recombinant human collagen methacrylamide (RHCMA) and gallic acid-grafted chitosan (CSGA) were synthesized and subsequently crosslinked via UV irradiation to form a composite hydrogel (RHCMA-CSGA). The composition and structure of the hydrogel were systematically characterized. Its cytocompatibility and antibacterial properties were also evaluated. The results demonstrated that the hydrogel exhibited excellent biocompatibility and strong antibacterial activity. These findings suggest that the RHCMA-CSGA hydrogel holds great potential as a therapeutic dressing for chronic wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1675212"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic regulation of Th9 cell differentiation: insights for IL-9-driven diseases.","authors":"Swetha Peesari, Jeremy P McAleer","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1672072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1672072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Th9 cells are a CD4 T cell subset that produces interleukin-9 (IL-9), a pleiotropic cytokine implicated in allergies, autoimmunity and cancer. Defining the cellular effects of IL-9 and factors regulating its expression are essential for fully understanding its roles in immunity and disease. IL-9 acts on a variety of immune and non-immune cells through a heterodimeric receptor composed of IL-9Rα and the common gamma chain. In CD4 T cells, IL-9 promotes mTOR activation, aerobic glycolysis, proliferation and reinforces its own expression. Additional cellular effects include mast cell activation, B cell antibody production and anti-tumor immunity. These biological activities are complemented by recent studies that expand our understanding of Th9 differentiation beyond canonical cytokine and transcription factor pathways. Notably, glycolytic reprogramming and fatty acid metabolism have emerged as key regulators of IL-9 production, mediated through the activities of mTOR, PPAR-γ and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). mTOR-driven aerobic glycolysis is essential for Th9 cell differentiation, supporting survival, proliferation, and IL9 expression through HIF-1α activation. In contrast, ACC1 suppresses IL-9 through fatty acid synthesis, which enhances RARα-mediated transcriptional repression. PPAR-γ appears to have dual functions: it promotes IL-9 production by increasing glucose uptake and activating mTOR, but reduces IL-9 in response to synthetic agonists that may increase fatty acid uptake. Overall, these findings highlight critical roles for metabolic regulators in Th9 responses and suggest that targeting these pathways may offer new therapeutic strategies for IL-9-driven diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1672072"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12476991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opinion on \"Artificial intelligence in sepsis early prediction and diagnosis using unstructured data in healthcare\".","authors":"Aifeng He, Leiming Xu, Shengkai Yang","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1629766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1629766","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1629766"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STING-targeting PROTACs: emerging therapeutic tools for enhanced immunotherapy in inflammatory diseases.","authors":"Wenqing Jiang, Xiaoping Yang, Huiying Liu, Chao Wang, Hongxin Niu, Wanpeng Yu","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1631132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1631132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a central regulator of innate immunity, mediating host defense against pathogens but driving chronic inflammation when dysregulated-underpinning autoimmune diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. Traditional therapies targeting STING (e.g., small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies) face limitations including incomplete pathway suppression, off-target effects, and reliance on continuous dosing. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) offer a transformative approach by enabling selective degradation of STING, achieving sustained suppression of pathological signaling. However, critical gaps remain in understanding their selectivity for pathological vs. homeostatic STING activity, risks of immune suppression, and translational challenges. This review critically evaluates the rationale for STING degradation, with a comparative analysis of recent PROTAC designs (including warhead, E3 ligase, and linker optimization) and their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic trade-offs. We address compensatory innate immune pathways, biomarker development hurdles, and safety risks, highlighting strategies to enhance specificity and clinical utility. STING-targeting PROTACs hold promise for inflammatory diseases, but their success depends on overcoming these challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1631132"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophages: emerging targets for ulcerative colitis.","authors":"Siqing Chen, Zhang Qin, Xiaoyuan Lin, Sainan Zhou, Yin Xu, Ying Zhu","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1623491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1623491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel (IBD) disease characterized by a complex pathogenesis and limited treatment options. Macrophages play a key role in the pathophysiology of UC by regulating inflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. Currently, there is no comprehensive summary of macrophage regulatory pathways in UC, either domestically or internationally.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review aims to systematically elucidate the role of macrophages in UC and their specific regulatory mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic strategies and future research directions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature review was conducted, integrating recent advances from global studies to explore macrophage-related pathways and functional alterations in UC. Special attention was given to studies investigating molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage polarization and function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence indicates that macrophage dysfunction is a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of UC. Major findings demonstrate that metabolic reprogramming serves as a fundamental pathway inducing phenotypic and functional alterations in macrophages. Additional mechanisms mediating these changes include epigenetic modifications, chemokine-driven recruitment, microbial metabolite induction, autophagy, and apoptosis. Multiple drugs targeting macrophages have shown effectiveness in treating UC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Targeting macrophage-related pathways represents an effective therapeutic approach for UC. This review provides a theoretical foundation for developing precision treatments focused on macrophage modulation and highlights important new avenues for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1623491"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}