Frontiers in Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Renal injury phenotypes with ICI-VEGFR-TKI combinations in renal cell carcinoma: active-comparator analyses in FAERS and JADER.","authors":"Tiejun Li, Liuyue Yang, Xiangbiao He, Kaixiang Wang, Guihua Cao","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1971413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1971413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Renal adverse-event reports during immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy may combine immune-interstitial, proteinuric, and nonspecific acute kidney injury (AKI) features. We compared their reporting patterns with those of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in renal cell carcinoma (RCC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed FAERS/AERS (2004Q1-2026Q2) and the JADER 202607 release (through 2026Q1), applying latest-version handling, strict indication-drug linkage, author-defined Tier-A reporting labels, regimen-specific common support, and year-stratified Mantel-Haenszel reporting odds ratios (MH-RORs). JADER supplied cross-database directional corroboration. Secondary classification of the rule-derived labels used non-anchor features, with and without regimen indicators, and included temporal evaluation in 2024-2025. Additional analyses assessed sparse cells, terminal periods, standard renal queries, and model ablations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 84,369 strict-RCC FAERS reports, 2,307 met Tier-A definitions: 219 immune-interstitial, 1,076 VEGF-axis, 932 nonspecific AKI, and 80 mixed. For pembrolizumab plus axitinib, pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib, and nivolumab plus cabozantinib, VEGF-axis MH-RORs were 5.31 (95% CI 2.43-11.59), 19.48 (9.03-42.01), and 4.59 (2.07-10.19). Proteinuria dominated this signal. Exclusive Tier-A AKI estimates were 1.05, 0.93, and 0.78, with intervals crossing one; this finding was definition-dependent, as a separate narrow acute-renal-failure query yielded 1.56 (1.20-2.02) for pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib. Excluding 2026 retained the primary VEGF-axis direction. JADER estimates were 6.28, 19.27, and 6.16. In a secondary consistency analysis, adding regimen increased temporal macro-AUPRC from 0.606 to 0.638, but immune-interstitial class average precision remained 0.253.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The reproducible finding is a proteinuria-dominant VEGF-axis reporting pattern, not a validated renal mechanism or comparative incidence estimate. Differential surveillance, sparse comparator events, phenotype misclassification, and shared reporting ecology constrain interpretation. The classifier describes internal label consistency and has no established diagnostic use.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1971413"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13713503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149296754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FTO-mediated demethylation of PRKCB mRNA activates NF-κB to trigger alveolar fibrin deposition in ARDS.","authors":"Xianjun Chen, Ying Liu, Song Mu, Tingting Chen, Jia Yuan, Chuan Xiao, Qi Dong, Qing Li, Ying Wang, Qimin Chen, Shuwen Li, Wei Li, Feng Shen","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1960313","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1960313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by alveolar fibrin deposition, driven by dysregulated hypercoagulation and impaired fibrinolysis. Although alveolar epithelial type II (AEC II) cells contribute to this imbalance by overexpressing Tissue Factor (TF) and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the upstream regulatory mechanisms, particularly at the epitranscriptomic level, remain unclear. The potential role of the N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) RNA demethylase FTO in ARDS pathogenesis is unexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we employed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat ARDS models and LPS-stimulated AEC II cells as primary experimental systems to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Multi-omics profiling, combining methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), was performed. Gain and loss-of-function studies were conducted using lentiviral vectors both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Mechanistic investigations involved MeRIP-qPCR, mRNA stability assays, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), Western blot, immunofluorescence, and pharmacological modulation of the NF-κB pathway.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lungs from ARDS rats showed decreased global levels and increased FTO expression. Knockdown of FTO alleviated lung injury, reduced pulmonary edema, and suppressed the expression of TF and PAI-1, concomitant with inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Integrated multi-omics analysis identified Protein Kinase C Beta (PRKCB), a serine/threonine kinase known to regulate inflammatory signaling, as a key target of FTO. Mechanistically, FTO-mediated demethylation of PRKCB mRNA reduced its recognition by reader proteins that typically promote mRNA decay, thereby prolonging its half-life and enhancing protein translation. Elevated PRKCB promoted IKKβ phosphorylation and subsequent NF-κB activation. Rescue experiments confirmed that FTO regulates alveolar hypercoagulation and fibrinolytic inhibition in ARDS via PRKCB-dependent activation of the NF-κB pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study identifies the FTO-PRKCB-NF-κB axis as a novel epitranscriptomic pathway driving alveolar fibrin deposition in ARDS. These findings reveal FTO as a potential therapeutic target for mitigating alveolar hypercoagulation and fibrinolysis inhibition in ARDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1960313"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13684130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149238046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clearance of extracellular DNA prevents senescence-associated antitumor immunity.","authors":"Yong Wang, Lijia Yuan, Mingzhu Zhu, Mengyao Li, Qingru Lin, Yuqian Zhang, Mengwei Li, Xueyan Liu, Shun Li","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1965273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1965273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tumor tissues are characterized by high tumor cell turnover, driven by oncogenic proliferation and counteracted by tumor-suppressive mechanisms such as apoptosis and senescence. Dying cancer cells go through apoptosis and release apoptotic particles containing fragmented DNA-which are chromatin- or nucleosome-bound-into the tumor microenvironment. Given the immunogenicity of extracellular DNA, its efficient clearance is crucial for cancer cells to evade immune defense. However, the consequences of failed clearance of these DNA fragments on cancer cells remain poorly defined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To uncover the outcome of impaired extracellular DNA clearance in tumors, we disrupted this machinery in MMTV-PyMT spontaneous breast tumor mice by deleting both <i>Dnase1l3</i> and <i>Ighm</i> (the immunoglobulin heavy chain), thereby eliminating the DNase and its compensatory autoantibodies, and monitored tumor progression and performed histopathological, molecular, and transcriptomic profiling on harvested tumors. To determine whether cGAS or TLR9 mediates this phenotype, we intercrossed these double-deficient mice with <i>Sting1^-/-</i> or <i>Tlr9^-/-</i> mice and assessed antitumor immunity when extracellular DNA clearance was abrogated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Combined deficiency of Dnase1l3 and anti-DNA autoantibody led to profound suppression of tumor growth in the MMTV-PyMT model. This antitumor effect was associated with senescence induction in cancer cells triggered by accumulation of uncleared extracellular chromatin DNA. Mechanistically, the senescence-associated antitumor immune response was driven by the cancer cell-intrinsic TLR9, but not cGAS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings establish that combined deficiency of Dnase1l3 and anti-DNA autoantibodies disrupts extracellular DNA clearance and elicits a TLR9-dependent senescence-associated antitumor immune response. This pathway may represent a tissue-level immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1965273"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13714587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149296661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mature dendritic cells suppress tenocyte and fibroblast function via type I interferon signaling.","authors":"Veronica Pinnarò, Sonia V Rodriguez Monje, Sarojinidevi Künig, Nico Lamot, Adelheid Elbe-Bürger, Maria Camilla Ciardulli, Giovanna Della Porta, Johannes Stöckl","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1933065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1933065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in modulating immune responses and tissue homeostasis. While immature DCs have been shown to enhance cell proliferation, the function of mature DCs (mDCs) in connective tissue biology remains less well understood. Here, we report that mDCs exert a potent inhibitory effect on tenocytes (TCs) and fibroblasts (FBs), suppressing both cell proliferation and type I collagen production. Using <i>in vitro</i> co-culture and supernatant transfer experiments, we demonstrate that this suppression is primarily mediated by soluble factors. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ω), produced by mDCs upon LPS-induced maturation, are key mediators of these effects. Neutralization of the type I IFN signaling pathway restored both proliferation and collagen synthesis in TCs and FBs, confirming the central role of IFN signaling. Our findings suggest that mDCs may contribute to impaired tissue regeneration in inflammatory tendon pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1933065"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13713368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149296662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in immunotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies.","authors":"Bo Liu, Lei Wang, Yuehan Ma, Weijie Xu, Xinting Chen, Zhaocheng Chi, Baocheng Xing","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1969637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1969637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal malignancies remain leading causes of cancer mortality, yet their sensitivity to immunotherapy differs sharply across anatomical sites, histologies, molecular subtypes, and disease stages. Immune checkpoint blockade has established durable clinical benefit in microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer, advanced gastric and esophageal cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma, and biliary tract cancer, while pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer remain largely refractory. Recent phase III trials have moved immunotherapy into perioperative treatment. Concurrently, claudin 18.2-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells, T-cell receptor-engineered cells, bispecific antibodies, personalized vaccines, and oncolytic viruses are converting previously speculative strategies into clinically testable platforms. This review integrates contemporary trial evidence with mechanisms of immune escape, biomarker development, and combination toxicity. The resulting framework prioritizes evidence maturity across diverse gastrointestinal tumor types worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1969637"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13714598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149296673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localized lymphoid hyperplasia with prominent IgG4-positive plasma cells in the inferior turbinate mimicking IgG4-related disease.","authors":"Doo Hee Han, Ji In Jung, Ju Yeon Kim, Jiwon Koh, Jun Won Park, Eun Bong Lee, Jin Kyun Park","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1898657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1898657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Localized lymphoid masses of the inferior turbinate with prominent IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration are occasionally encountered in clinical practice, yet their nature and relationship to IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) remain uncertain. This study aimed to characterize the clinical, histopathological, and therapeutic features of these lesions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed patients presenting with localized submucosal masses of the inferior turbinate identified on nasal endoscopy at Seoul National University Hospital between January 2020 and May 2023. Biopsies were performed in cases with mucosal disruption, including crusting or bleeding. Classification of IgG4-RD was based on the 2019 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria. The 2011 Comprehensive diagnosis criteria were applied to the patients with available biopsies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 14,103 patients undergoing nasal endoscopy, 41 (0.3%) demonstrated localized inferior turbinate submucosal lesions. Eighteen patients underwent biopsy, all of which revealed dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with variable IgG4-positive plasma cell counts. An IgG4+/IgG+ plasma cell ratio exceeding 40% was observed in 10 cases (55.6%). However, characteristic histopathological features of IgG4-RD, including storiform fibrosis and obliterative phlebitis, were absent. Only two patients fulfilled the 2019 classification criteria for IgG4-RD, both of whom had extra-nasal involvement. According to the 2011 Comprehensive diagnosis criteria, 2 patients were classified as definite IgG4-RD. Spontaneous improvement during observation occurred in a minority of patients. Surgical treatment resulted in durable symptom control with minimal recurrence, whereas corticosteroid therapy showed variable effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Localized IgG4-rich lymphoid hyperplasia of the inferior turbinate may represent a distinct benign inflammatory lesion, mimicking a sinonasal manifestation of IgG4-RD. Further studies are required to clarify its pathophysiology, optimal management, and long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1898657"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13713793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149296720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Metabolic reprogramming in ulcerative colitis: integrating dietary drivers, pathogenesis, and therapeutic advances.","authors":"Yunze Liu, Yisha Wan, Xinyu Lu, Aili Xu, Xia Ding, Yuan Li","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.2010297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.2010297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1894784.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"2010297"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13715382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149296696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VZV reactivation, immune remodeling, and dementia risk.","authors":"Lijun Zhang, Shuang Wu, Yaru Quan, Wenrong Yao","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1953013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1953013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) is a highly dermatotropic and neurotropic α-herpesvirus that causes varicella (chickenpox) during primary infection, subsequently establishing lifelong latency, and reactivates to cause herpes zoster when host immunity declines or suppressed. Recent large-scale epidemiological studies consistently associate herpes zoster immunization, particularly with the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV), with a significantly reduced risk of incident dementia. These findings have prompted a rigorous re-evaluation of the infectious etiology of progressive neurodegeneration. This review integrates the intersecting molecular mechanisms of VZV latency, localized ganglionic immunosenescence, and systemic inflammaging. We critically evaluate a synergistic VZV-HSV-1 amyloidogenic cascade, while explicitly addressing the biological limitations of extrapolating these transient interactions to human central nervous system (CNS) neuropathology. Furthermore, we propose the hypothesis that AS01B-induced trained immunity may contribute to neuroprotection. Therefore, this review provides insight for understanding the systemic consequences of chronic VZV infection and the impact of adjuvant-mediated immune remodeling in aging populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1953013"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13714580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149296699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encapsulation-integrated microneedle platforms for alopecia treatment: a review of controlled drug delivery, immunomodulation, and hair follicle regeneration.","authors":"Kerlin E Balza Boniche, Maria J Rey-Sanchez, Andres F Roca-Arroyo, Jhonatan A Gutierrez-Rivera, Diego Balda, Logan D Morton, David A Castilla-Casadiego","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1952774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1952774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alopecia is a multifactorial disorder characterized by progressive hair loss, follicular dysfunction, and, in some cases, immune-mediated damage, significantly affecting patient quality of life. Although conventional therapies such as topical minoxidil, corticosteroids, and oral immunomodulators remain widely used, their clinical efficacy is often limited by poor skin penetration, short therapeutic duration, systemic adverse effects, and the need for frequent administration. In recent years, microneedle-based platforms have emerged as promising minimally invasive systems capable of enhancing transdermal delivery directly to the follicular microenvironment. This review explores the emerging design space of microneedle platforms integrated with advanced encapsulation strategies for alopecia treatment, with particular emphasis on their roles in immunomodulation and tissue regeneration. By examining the interplay between material composition, carrier architecture, and release behavior, we discuss how these systems improve localized delivery while enabling sustained and controlled therapeutic exposure within the hair follicle niche. Recent advances in nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, porous materials, and microsphere-integrated microneedles, as well as light-guiding systems, have expanded the capabilities of conventional polymeric microneedles beyond passive drug delivery. These platforms enhance drug stability, regulate release kinetics, improve follicular targeting, and actively modulate key biological processes associated with alopecia pathogenesis and regeneration. Reported therapeutic effects include suppression of inflammatory signaling pathways, regulation of immune-cell infiltration, stimulation of angiogenesis, reduction of oxidative stress, activation of follicular stem-cell populations, and promotion of the telogen-to-anagen transition. Collectively, these advances position encapsulation-integrated microneedle systems as a promising class of next-generation therapeutic platforms capable of combining localized delivery with biological microenvironment modulation. Finally, this review discusses current translational challenges, including manufacturing scalability, formulation stability, long-term safety, and disease-specific platform design, while highlighting future opportunities for personalized and regenerative alopecia therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1952774"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13714651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149296815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Immunology of human fungal pathogens: host-pathogen interactions, immune evasion, and therapeutic strategies.","authors":"Iván Martínez-Duncker, Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista, Héctor M Mora Montes","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.2003290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.2003290","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"17 ","pages":"2003290"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13713388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}