Frontiers in Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Direct impact of psoriasis on gingival crevicular fluid levels of VEGF-A in periodontitis patients: a mediation analysis.","authors":"Constanza Jiménez, Javier Fernández, Camila Rodríguez, Juan Felipe Mancilla, Elizabeth Pellegrini, Marcela Hernández, Fernando Valenzuela, Alejandra Fernández","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1477587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1477587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Emerging evidence suggests that psoriasis and periodontitis are linked via systemic inflammation. However, the role of angiogenesis as an additional connecting mechanism between these diseases remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This case control study explored the effect of psoriasis on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in patients with different stages of periodontitis. Thirty-one patients with psoriasis (P) and thirty healthy controls (C) underwent physical and intraoral evaluations, with diagnoses confirmed by dermatologists and periodontists. GCF VEGF-A was measured using a multiplex-bead immunoassay. Statistical analyses included Fisher exact tests, Student's T-tests, linear regression models, and mediation analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Psoriasis patients had significantly lower GCF VEGF-A levels compared to controls (<i>p</i>=0.008). Psoriasis was negatively associated with GCF VEGF-A (<i>p</i>=0.006), while severe periodontitis was positively associated with GCF VEGF-A levels, regardless of tobacco use (<i>p</i>=0.027). Further analyses revealed that severe periodontitis significantly increased GCF VEGF-A levels only in the C group (<i>p</i>=0.038), but not in psoriasis patients (<i>p</i>>0.610). Mediation analyses confirmed a significant direct and total effect of psoriasis on GCF VEGF-A (<i>p</i>>0.002), with no significant indirect effect through periodontitis (<i>p</i>=0.699).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Psoriasis and severe periodontitis are associated with GCF levels of VEGF-A in opposite and independent ways. In subjects with psoriasis, the impact of the dermatosis is direct with no mediation from periodontitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11540697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IgG1 versus IgG3: influence of antibody-specificity and allotypic variance on virus neutralization efficacy.","authors":"Somanath Kallolimath, Lin Sun, Roman Palt, Esther Föderl-Höbenreich, Antonia Hermle, Leonie Voss, Marina Kleim, Falk Nimmerjahn, Johannes S Gach, Lauren Hitchcock, Qiang Chen, Stanislav Melnik, Florian Eminger, Anja Lux, Herta Steinkellner","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1490515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1490515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the unique advantages of IgG3 over other IgG subclasses, such as mediating enhanced effector functions and increased flexibility in antigen binding due to a long hinge region, the therapeutic potential of IgG3 remains largely unexplored. This may be attributed to difficulties in recombinant expression and the reduced plasma half-life of most IgG3 allotypes. Here, we report plant expression of two SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that exhibit high (P5C3) and low (H4) antigen binding. P5C3 and H4-IgG1 mAbs were subclass-switched to IgG3 formats, designed for efficient production and increased PK values, carrying three allotypic variations, referred to as -WT, -H, and -KVH. A total of eight mAbs were produced in glycoengineered plants that synthesize fucose-free complex N-glycans with great homogeneity. Antigen, IgG-FcγR immune complex and complement binding studies demonstrated similar activities of all mAbs. In accordance, P5C3 Abs showed minor alterations in SARS-CoV-2 neutralization (NT) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI). Clear functional differences were observed between H4 variants with superior ADCVI and NT potencies of H4 IgG3 H. Our comparative study demonstrates the production of an IgG3 variant carrying an Fc domain with equivalent or enhanced functions compared to IgG3-WT, but with the stability and PK values ​​of IgG1. Our data also demonstrate that both allotypic variability and antibody specificity are important for fine-tuning of activities, an important information for the development of future therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11540624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142603704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumor-related IGF2BP1-derived molecular subtypes to predict prognosis and immune microenvironment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","authors":"Qin Ding, Mingzhu Liu, Yuhui Pan, Ziyi Wu, Jing Wang, Yi Li, Xiaoyong Liu, Jinghua Lai, Dan Hu, Sufang Qiu","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1469435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1469435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent studies have underscored the biological significance of RNA modifications in tumorigenicity and progression. However, the potential roles of RNA modifications in immune regulation and the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected 199 untreated HNSC samples and clinicopathological data from Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital. MeRIP-seq and RNA-seq were performed to generate methylation and gene expression profiles, respectively. Consensus molecular subtyping was employed to identify prognosis-related genes and RNA modification patterns in HNSC. Experiments confirmed the potential oncogenic behavior influenced by key genes. Molecular subtypes were identified through consensus clustering and validated using external cohort validation sets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the RNA modification-related genes, IGF2BP1 emerged as the most prognostic. HNSC patients were categorized into high and low IGF2BP1 expression groups. High-expressing patients exhibited poorer survival and reduced chemosensitivity, coupled with increased tumor mutational burden, low PD-L1 expression, and limited immune cell infiltration, indicative of aggressive disease. Analysis revealed two distinct RNA modification patterns associated with IGF2BP1 expression: biosynthetically intense type (BIT) and oncogenically active type (OAT), each characterized by distinct clinical features, outcomes, and biological pathways. In an independent immunotherapy cohort, BIT patients displayed enhanced immune responses and sustained clinical benefits.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights the crucial link between RNA modification and TME diversity. Evaluating RNA modification in tumors improves our understanding of TME features and supports the development of effective immunotherapy strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11540706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142603897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-training with a rational approach for antibody sequence representation.","authors":"Xiangrui Gao, Changling Cao, Chenfeng He, Lipeng Lai","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1468599","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1468599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antibodies represent a specific class of proteins produced by the adaptive immune system in response to pathogens. Mining the information embedded in antibody amino acid sequences can benefit both antibody property prediction and novel therapeutic development. However, antibodies possess unique features that should be incorporated using specifically designed training methods, leaving room for improvement in pre-training models for antibody sequences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we present a Pre-trained model of Antibody sequences trained with a Rational Approach for antibodies (PARA). PARA employs a strategy conforming to antibody sequence patterns and an advanced natural language processing self-encoding model structure. This approach addresses the limitations of existing protein pre-training models, which primarily utilize language models without fully considering the differences between protein sequences and language sequences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We demonstrate PARA's performance on several tasks by comparing it to various published pre-training models of antibodies. The results show that PARA significantly outperforms existing models on these tasks, suggesting that PARA has an advantage in capturing antibody sequence information.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The antibody latent representation provided by PARA can substantially facilitate studies in relevant areas. We believe that PARA's superior performance in capturing antibody sequence information offers significant potential for both antibody property prediction and the development of novel therapeutics. PARA is available at https://github.com/xtalpi-xic.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11537868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps as immunofibrotic mediators in RA-ILD; pilot evaluation of the nintedanib therapy.","authors":"Aliki I Venetsanopoulou, Maria Ntinopoulou, Eleni Papagianni, Nikolaos Koletsos, Paraskevi V Voulgari, Akrivi Chrysanthopoulou","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1480594","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1480594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is a significant pulmonary complication of RA. This study tried to elucidate the mechanisms enhancing inflammation and causing lung injury in RA-ILD, focusing on the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The study also investigated the potential benefits of nintedanib in advanced disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine RA-ILD patients and nine healthy controls were included in the study. Inflammatory markers in patients' circulation were evaluated with immunoassays. The formation of NETs was examined using a citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3) ELISA and cell immunofluorescence. Inflammatory proteins expressed in neutrophils/NETs were studied with real-time qPCR and NET ELISA. To assess the effect of nintedanib, an intracellular tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antifibrotic properties, in RA-ILD a paired study was conducted in five patients before treatment administration and 16 weeks later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The soluble terminal complement complex sC5b-9 and the levels of CitH3 were significantly elevated in patients with RA-ILD, compared to healthy controls. In addition, neutrophils isolated from RA-ILD patients released NETs enriched with tissue factor and interleukin-17A. Inflammatory NETs had a dynamic role, increasing the fibrotic potential of human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPFs). On the other hand, nintedanib treatment decreased NETs and sC5b-9 levels in RA-ILD patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings propose an interplay between circulating NETs and HPFs, establishing the immunofibrotic aspects of RA-ILD. They also support the effectiveness of nintedanib in reducing key pathological processes of the disease. Further research is needed to fully understand these mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies for RA-ILD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11538023/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating tumor immunogenicity in breast cancer: deciphering the tumor immune response to enhance therapeutic approaches.","authors":"Oumayma Naji, Amina Ghouzlani, Soumaya Rafii, Rizwan Ullah Sadiqi, Abdou-Samad Kone, Zakia Harmak, Khalil Choukri, Sarah Kandoussi, Mehdi Karkouri, Abdallah Badou","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1399754","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1399754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interplay between immune cells and malignant cells represents an essential chapter in the eradication of breast cancer. This widely distributed and diverse form of cancer represents a major threat to women worldwide. The incidence of breast cancer is related to several risk factors, notably genetic predisposition and family antecedents. Despite progress in treatment modalities varying from surgery and chemotherapy to radiotherapy and targeted therapies, persistently high rates of recurrence, metastasis, and treatment resistance underscore the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has gained considerable ground in the treatment of breast cancer, as it takes advantage of the complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment. This dynamic interplay between immune and tumor cells has become a key point of focus in immunological research. This study investigates the role of various cancer markers, such as neoantigens and immune regulatory genes, in the diagnosis and treatment of breast tumors. Moreover, it explores the future potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors as therapeutically effective agents, as well as the challenges that prevent their efficacy, in particular tumor-induced immunosuppression and the difficulty of achieving tumor specificity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11538072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LC-MS/MS analysis reveals plasma protein signatures associated with lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer.","authors":"Chunsong Pang, Fang Xu, Yingwei Lin, WeiPing Han, Nianzhu Zhang, Lifen Zhao","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1465374","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1465374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health concern, ranking as the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Currently, the diagnostic accuracy of Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is currently unsatisfactory. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a reliable tool that can accurately predict lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients diagnosed with CRC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an extensive proteomics investigation aimed at examining lymph node metastasis (LNM) in individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC). In the discovery stage, employing a mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach, we analyzed a cohort of 60 colorectal cancer patients (NM=30, LNM=30), identifying distinct molecular profiles that differentiate patients with and without lymph node metastasis (LNM). Subsequently, we validated the protein classifier associated with lymph node metastasis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We elucidated a combinatorial predictive protein biomarker that can distinguish patients with and without lymph node metastasis by LC-MS/MS. The classifier achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.892 (95% CI, 0.842-0.941), while in the testing cohort, it attained an AUC of 0.929 (95% CI, 0.824-1.000). Furthermore, the four protein markers demonstrated an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.783-0.890) in the validation cohort. Additionally, we categorized patients into three types based on immunophenotyping. Type 1 primarily consisted of patients with negative lymph node metastasis (NM), characterized by immune cells such as NK cells, CD4 T effector memory cells, and memory B cells. Type 2 mainly included patients with positive lymph node metastasis (LNM), characterized by immune cells such as mesangial cells, epithelial cells, and mononuclear cells. In Type 1, a prominent upregulation observed in immune inflammation, as well as in glucose and lipid metabolism. In Type 2, significant upregulation was evident in pathways such as pyrimidine metabolism and cell cycle regulation. The findings of this study suggest that immune mechanisms may exert a pivotal role in the process of lymph node metastasis in CRC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Here, we present plasma protein signatures associated with lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, further validation across multiple centers is necessary to generalize these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11538601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung enteric-type adenocarcinoma with gastric metastasis: a rare case report and literature review.","authors":"Xiaoning Li, Kewei Ma, Xiaobo Ma, Xiangye Zhao, Mengge Fan, Yinghui Xu","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1486214","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1486214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung enteric-type adenocarcinoma (ETAC) is a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), comprising approximately 0.6% of all primary lung adenocarcinomas. It is characterized by a tendency for early metastasis and a prognosis comparable to that of common lung adenocarcinoma. This case report described a patient with lung-ETAC who developed gastric metastasis. The patient underwent treatment with chemotherapy and a PD-1 inhibitor, resulting in disease remission with a progression-free survival (PFS) of 8 months. The follow-up time was 13 months. This case report was aimed to enhance understanding of the biological behavior of this rare tumor and provide insights into potential future treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11537902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary: Evaluation of the causal effects of immune cells on ischemic stroke: a Mendelian randomization study.","authors":"Xingcheng Zhu, Junhao Chen, Junxian Zhao","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1450086","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1450086","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11538044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing PD-L1 with PD-1 antibodies combined with lenvatinib and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.","authors":"Shaohua Li, Jie Mei, Rongce Zhao, Jing Zhou, Qiaoxuan Wang, Lianghe Lu, Jibin Li, Lie Zheng, Wei Wei, Rongping Guo","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1491857","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1491857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A combination of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), lenvatinib, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) yields a high tumor response rate and survival benefit in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). However, the selection criteria for different ICIs remain unclear. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies combined with HAIC and lenvatinib.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 184 patients with uHCC treated with HAIC+lenvatinib+PD-1/PD-L1 antibody from June 2019 to January 2022. We utilized propensity score matching (PSM) to select and match 60 patients treated with HAIC + durvalumab + lenvatinib (HDL) against 60 patients treated with HAIC + PD-1 antibodies + lenvatinib (HPL) to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of these two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After PSM, the baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the HDL and HPL groups. The overall survival (p = 0.293) and progression-free survival (p = 0.146) showed no significant difference. The objective response rate (ORR) was higher in the HDL group compared to the HPL group according to modified RECIST (74.1% vs. 53.6%, p = 0.022) and RECIST 1.1 (60.3% vs. 41.1%, p = 0.040), respectively. The incidence of grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs) was 10.0% and 18.3% (p = 0.191) in the HDL and HPL groups, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PD-L1 antibody appears to be a preferable companion in the combination therapy of HAIC + ICIs + lenvatinib compared to PD-1 antibody, showing higher ORR and relatively lower incidence of severe AEs. Further prospective studies involving a larger patient population are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11537909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}