Gesunde Pflanzen最新文献

{"title":"Genome-wide Analysis of Developmental Stage-specific Transcriptome in Spodoptera litura for the Identification of Effective Control Method","authors":"Fei-Feng Wang, Peng Qin, Meng-Ke Zhang, Ze-En Xiong, Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi, Sajid Fiaz, Saleh Alfarraj, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Farrukh Azeem, Jian-Yu Meng, Wen Sang","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01026-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01026-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Spodoptera litura </i>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest across a wide range of cropping industries. Due to increasing chemical resistance being displayed by this pest, the majority of conventional pesticides are now ineffective in controlling its populations. Therefore, it is essential that new target sites are identified to aid in the development of novel and efficient pest management strategies. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of transcription regulation in <i>S. litura </i>at various developmental stages, we created 33 libraries that comprised three replicates of nine development stages and two genders. The results of differentially expressed transcripts showed a wide difference within <i>S. litura</i> during its developmental process, and some genes were specifically expressed in certain developmental stages. To understand the function of gene expression at different developmental stages, all DEGs were mapped in the GO and KEGG databases. The results showed that the DEGs produced in the comparison between male pupae (MP) and sixth-instar larvae (L6) had the most abundant GO enrichment, followed by comparison of female pupae vs L6 and first-instar larvae (L1) vs eggs (E); L1 vs E had the most abundant enrichment with up-regulation in KEGG database, followed by the fifth instar larvae vs forth-instar larvae (L4); L4 vs third-instar larvae (L3) had the least abundant enrichment in the 10 comparative groups, followed by L3 vs second-instar larvae. This study analyzed the genetic variation within <i>S. litura</i> during its developmental process, to potentially identify an appropriate life stage at which control methods could be deployed to disrupt its development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Insight into the Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Diseases in Pepper (Capsicum spp.)","authors":"Satyaprakash Barik, Susheel Kumar Sharma, Ponnam Naresh, Ajay Kumar Karna, Sangeetha Ganesan, Licon Kumar Acharya, Gobinda Chandra Acharya","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01023-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01023-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pepper (<i>Capsicum </i>spp.) is widely cultivated throughout the globe due to its diversified use in food (vegetable, spice, paprika, oleoresin) as well as non-food (industrial, pharmaceutical) sectors. Despite its economic value, pepper cultivation faces significant challenges due to bacterial diseases such as bacterial wilt, bacterial spot, bacterial canker, and bacterial soft rot globally. Existing chemical, and biological control strategies have numerous limitations such as the emergence of new resistant strains, negative environmental impact, and lack of user-friendly formulations. Hence, host plant resistance offers a sustainable solution restricting the use of harmful chemicals. Although significant progress has been achieved in the identification and utilization of bacterial wilt and bacterial spot-resistant genotypes, newly emerging threats in pepper like bacterial canker and bacterial soft rot require immediate attention. This article focuses on genetic resources, inheritance patterns, and molecular markers associated with resistance to bacterial diseases in pepper to develop resistant pepper varieties, hybrids, or rootstocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicosulfuron Weed Control in Maize as Influenced by Adjuvants: Original vs. Generic Herbicide","authors":"Milan Brankov, Milena Simić, Spencer L. Samuelson, Dušan Nikolić, Zoran Čamdžija, Violeta Mandić, Vesna Dragičević","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01014-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01014-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the absence of new herbicides on the market, adding adjuvants into the tank with herbicides is a strategy for increasing efficacy. In our research, we tested whether there are differences in weed control as influenced by the original nicosulfuron formulation and a generic counterpart. In this study, we tested the addition of two commonly used adjuvants: ammonium-sulfate (AMS) and non-ionic surfactant (NIS). In a three-year experiment, based on a percentage of biomass reduction and canopy cover, these results showed no differences in any treatments when comparing the original versus generic nicosulfuron. However, adding an NIS increased efficacy, while adding AMS decreased herbicide activity. The average percentage reduction of biomass in this study was about 80%, implying that using solely nicosulfuron as aceto-lactate synthase inhibiting herbicide is not a good solution in weed control in maize and that other methods for weed control should be considered and integrated, in order to increase weed control efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Native Iranian Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)","authors":"Nazila Samadaei, Mehrdad Rahimpour, Shokoofeh Kamali, Javad Karimi, Albrecht M. Koppenhöfer","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01027-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01027-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Mediterranean fruit fly, <i>Ceratitis capitata</i>, is a severe pest of orchards around the world and has recently invaded orchards in northern Iran. The soil-dwelling larvae of this pest are amenable to control by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) but have been studied only in tropical orchards. To assess the biocontrol potential of Iranian strains of two EPN species, <i>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</i> (boj) and <i>Steinernema carpocapsae</i> (z1), for control of <i>C. capitata</i>, we conducted a series of laboratory and a field experiment. the highly virulent nature of <i>S. carpocapsae</i> towards <i>C. capitata</i> larvae was apparent, demonstrating near 80% efficacy at a concentration of 25 infective juveniles (IJs) per cm² in loam soil, surpassing the 40% control exerted by <i>H. bacteriophora</i>. When tested at temperatures of 19, 25, and 30 °C, <i>Steinernema carpocapsae</i> caused the highest mortality at 25 °C (85%) and the lowest at 30 °C (58%), whereas control by <i>H. bacteriophora</i> was not affected by temperature (44–50%). Both EPN strains caused higher mortality in loam and clay loam soils than in sandy loam. <i>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</i> produced significantly more IJ progeny from infected larvae than <i>S. carpocapsae.</i> Both <i>S. carpocapsae</i> and <i>H. bacteriophora</i> caused only moderate mortality of <i>C. capitata</i> pupae with 38 and 27%, respectively, at a rate of 50 IJs/cm². Under field conditions, both species caused significant mortality when sprayed at a concentration of 25 IJs/cm² on soil and tangerine fruits infested with <i>C. capitata</i> larvae, with 45 and 69% mortality for <i>H. bacteriophora </i>and <i>S. carpocapsae</i>, respectively. Our findings suggest that <i>S. carpocapsae</i> (z1) could be implemented as a biological agent in a <i>C. capitata</i> management program in temperate climate orchards.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of Cigar Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Varieties to Low Potassium Stress and Dissecting Biochemical Determinants of Low Potassium Tolerance Mechanism","authors":"Xinying Chen, Pingping Wang, Suiling Ai, Naheeda Begum, Dezhi Kong, Hojat Asadollahpour Nanaei, Munib Ahmad, Shaista Jabeen, Lixin Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01024-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01024-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Potassium content is an important standard for measuring tobacco quality. However, research on the mechanism of low potassium tolerance in cigar tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> L.), which differs from regular tobacco, did not draw researchers’ attention. This study evaluated the tolerance to low potassium of 23 cigar varieties by investigating 20 phenotypic and physiological indicators. Utilizing principal component analysis, membership function analysis, and cluster analysis, the research comprehensively identifies the tolerance of cigar tobacco varieties to low potassium. The results indicate that the tolerance to low potassium of cigar tobacco is complex and varies among different traits and varieties. The current study identified six crucial indicators for measuring tolerance to low potassium in cigar tobacco leaves, including plant height, maximum leaf area, leaf surface area, total root absorption area, and active root absorption area. Based on the comprehensive evaluation value D of the low potassium tolerance coefficient for these six indicators, the study classified the 23 cigar varieties into four categories: one low potassium-sensitive variety, five low potassium-low tolerance varieties, eleven low potassium-relative tolerant varieties, and six low potassium-tolerant varieties. These research outcomes significantly contribute to the elucidation of tolerance to low potassium in cigar tobacco, facilitating the evaluation, screening, and cultivation of cigar tobacco varieties resilient to low potassium conditions. Additionally, this study lays the foundation for exploring scientific issues such as how plants can effectively utilize potassium, the mechanism of potassium ions in plants, the improvement and development of cigar quality, the enhancement of potassium utilization efficiency, and conservation of limited potassium resources to ensure long-term potassium availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Alfalfa Mutants in Response to Drought Stress Applied After First Cutting","authors":"Selcuk Cetin, Iskender Tiryaki, Ugur Sari, Okan Acar","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01028-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01028-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study was to determine the agro-morphological, physiological, and transcriptional characteristics of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized M₃ alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.) mutants grown for 24 days under water deficit conditions following the first cutting at the blooming bud stage. Drought stress generally reduced all agro-morphological parameters measured. Cutting stress significantly reduced total chlorophyll contents of all genotypes, with the exception of mutant X20. Significant changes occurred in the levels of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and crude protein levels. Drought stress considerably elevated GR levels in irrigated control (C1) and unirrigated control (C2) plants. In contrast to the other genotypes studied, mutant X20’s crude protein level increased significantly after the first cutting under 24 days of water deficit conditions, compared to the level found before cutting. The expression profiles of <i>Medicago truncatula Response to Desiccation 2</i> (<i>MtRD2</i>) and <i>Medicago sativa</i> proline dehydrogenase (<i>MsProDH</i>) genes differed based on the plant genotype and duration of drought stress. Drought stress increased <i>MsProDH</i> gene expression in X20, X50, and C2 plants by 4.57, 14.8, and 20.65 times, respectively. The findings of the expression study indicated that the <i>MtRD2</i> gene may play a key role in stress reduction rather than drought stress <i>per se</i>. The results of this study revealed that cutting and drought are two independent stress variables that should be evaluated separately when evaluating genotype response to both irrigated and unirrigated growing environments in alfalfa.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Suitable Osmolytes for Enhancing Cotton Plant Adaptation to Drought Scenarios and Improving Water Use Efficiency","authors":"Vedat Beyyavas, Sabri Akin, Cevher İlhan Cevheri, Emrah Ramazanoglu, Suat Cun","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01022-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01022-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study aimed to investigate the impact of Glycine Betaine (GB), Salicylic Acid (SA), and Ascorbic Acid (AsA) on the yield and quality of cotton plants during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons at Harran University’s experimental fields in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. The research employed a split-plot design with three replications. Main plots were assigned for chemical applications (GB, SA, and AsA), while subplots were designated for different irrigation levels (IW₁: Kp;1.00, IW₂: Kp;0.75, and IW₃: Kp;0.50). The study revealed that crop evapotranspiration varied between 400 to 728 mm in 2021 and 489 to 841 mm in 2022. The application of GB, SA, and AsA increased irrigation water productivity, especially under drought stress (DS) conditions, indicating the potential to enhance water productivity in cotton plants. DS resulted in significant reductions in various parameters such as plant height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, SPAD values, boll number, boll weight, cotton yield, ginning outturn, and 100-seed weight. However, the application of GB, SA, and AsA led to statistically significant (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05) increases in these parameters under DS. Contrary to this, the application of GB, SA, and AsA did not have a statistically significant effect on ginning outturn and 100-seed weight under DS. GB, SA, and AsA applications demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing drought tolerance in cotton. These applications can help reduce yield losses in cotton production under drought conditions. Importantly, by conserving water and preventing yield losses, they offer valuable support to the textile industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Sugarcane Health Through Evaluating the Tolerance of Brazilian Green Cane Across Multiple Locations","authors":"Rosilaine Araldi de Castro, Sérgio Gustavo Quassi de Castro, Lauren Maine Santos Menandro, Saulo Augusto Quassi de Castro, Marcos Antônio Kuva, João Luis Nunes Carvalho","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01030-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01030-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The health and selectivity of green cane to herbicides applied in the field can be attributed to various factors, including the harvest season, soil texture, sugarcane straw on the soil surface, the selection of the correct herbicide molecule, and the appropriate timing of application. Our study aims to evaluate sugarcane development across multiple experimental sites in relation to herbicide management. We consider different amounts of sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha⁻¹) in conjunction with the beginning, middle, and end of the harvest season, across varied edaphoclimatic conditions. Five experimental sites were chosen for evaluation over two years. The primary treatments involved straw amounts placed on the soil surface: 0, 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha⁻¹. Secondary treatments included herbicide application and no herbicide application. Parameters measured were phytotoxicity percentage and sugarcane yield. Our findings indicate that higher amounts of sugarcane straw (10 or 15 Mg ha⁻¹) on the soil surface, especially in sandy soils and areas harvested early in the season, result in a higher incidence of phytointoxication compared to scenarios involving clayey soils or other harvest periods. However, phytointoxication injuries did not reduce sugarcane yield, demonstrating selectivity and health for sugarcane in the green cane under our evaluated conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV-C Irradiation Can Reduce Growth of Phoma lingam in Vitro and in Planta on Oilseed Rape Brassica napus","authors":"Aileen Hahlbohm, Christine Struck, Eike Stefan Dobers, Becke Strehlow","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01021-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01021-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The short-wave and highly energetic ultraviolet‑C (UV-C) radiation has a disinfectant effect on various microorganisms. It is also known that UV‑C radiation can have an effect on stimulating plant defense. In this study, we used the phytopathogen <i>Phoma lingam</i> as a model organism to examine UV‑C at a wavelength of 254 nm application as an alternative to control this pathogen in <i>Brassica napus</i>. The aim of the study was to determine direct effects on the pathogen and indirect effects of stimulating the plant defense. Mycelia of <i>P. lingam</i> were grown <i>in vitro</i> and treated with different doses of UV‑C (0.015–1.57 kJ/m²). Mycelia diameters were then measured 1, 2, and 7 days after UV‑C treatment. In the <i>in planta</i> tests, cotyledons were injured by a needle and inoculated with 10^<i>6</i> spore suspension of <i>P. lingam</i>. To determine the direct effects the oilseed rape seedlings were treated with different UV‑C doses (0.2–1.5 kJ/m²) 1, 3, or 7 days after inoculation with <i>P. lingam</i>. To investigate the indirect effects the UV‑C treatments (0.2–1.5 kJ/m²) were applied 1, 3, or 7 days before inoculation with <i>P. lingam</i>. The <i>in vitro </i>experiments showed a significant reduction in mycelia growth on agar plates one and two days after UV‑C treatment. However, the fungal growth recovered; after 7 days no significant differences were detectable. The <i>in planta</i> results showed an effect on disease severity affected by the application time of UV‑C treatment and the applied UV‑C dose. UV‑C application 1 day before inoculation significantly increased the disease severity. Whereas, UV‑C treatment 7 days before inoculation with a UV‑C dose of 0.8 kJ/m² reduced the disease severity by 44%. If the UV‑C application was done after inoculation, the disease severity could be reduced by approximately 68% at a dose of 0.8 kJ/m² 1 day after inoculation. The results of the study show, that UV‑C treatment can stimulate plant defense and damage the pathogen directly.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating Blue Bull Menace: Assessing Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture","authors":"Kiran Rani, B. K. Babbar","doi":"10.1007/s10343-024-01016-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01016-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Blue bull (<i>Boselaphus tragocamelus</i>), the largest antelope is causing significant crop losses in Punjab, India and farmers are continuously struggling to get rid of this menace. During present study, various mitigation tactics like physical barriers (such as barbed wire fencing, chain-linked fencing, electric fencing, and nylon net), mechanical and visual deterrent (such as bioacoustic and LED bulb, reflective ribbon) and repellents (such as phenyl, neelbo, and repellent based formulation i.e., RBF) were evaluated in different crops against the blue bull. Among physical barriers, chain-linked fencing, electric fencing, and nylon net, each at a height of ≥ 7 feet, had given promising results by providing complete protection for ≥ 2 year with a single application cost. Whereas barbed wire fencing and electric fencing at a height of 4–5 feet were not very effective against these animals, as they easily crossed fencings at lower height. All these physical barriers were not cost effective except in maize crop, which is the most preferred crop by blue bull. Bioacoustic device and reflective ribbon successfully reduced animal visits or percent damage and provided short term relief; however, after some time, animals developed habituation against these methods. Among chemical repellents, RBF significantly reduced the percent crop damage, was cost effective and remained operative for 21–69 days, while phenyl and neelbo exhibited effectiveness for only 7–14 days. Thus, this study suggests that while comprehensive damage prevention by physical barriers might be difficult or unaffordable for farmers, the use of repellent based formulation at vulnerable stages of crops can prevent damage for longer durations. Implementing a diverse set of management devices at the appropriate times can form an economically viable strategy to maintain blue bull damage within acceptable limits.</p>","PeriodicalId":12580,"journal":{"name":"Gesunde Pflanzen","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}