Geofluids最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal Changes and Hydrogeochemical Factors Influencing Groundwater Quality in Nannilam, Thiruvarur District of Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"Ezhilarasan Radhakrishnan,&nbsp;Prabhakaran Ramasamy,&nbsp;Vasanthamohan Vellaisamy,&nbsp;Devaraj Natesan,&nbsp;Venkatramanan Senapathi,&nbsp;Sivakumar Karthikeyan","doi":"10.1155/gfl/9936907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/9936907","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purity of groundwater in Nannilam Taluk, which is situated in the Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu, India, is the primary focus of this investigation. In order to evaluate the physicochemical properties and efficacy of the groundwater for irrigation purposes, a total of 100 samples were collected from open wells, bore wells, and hand pumps during two distinct seasons (premonsoon and postmonsoon) in 2022. The samples were subjected to analyses for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and main ions, including <span></span><math></math>, and <span></span><math></math>. The data were analyzed using a variety of geochemical indices, including the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and permeability index (PI). Furthermore, spatial and statistical analyses were implemented, particularly principal component analysis (PCA) and a correlation matrix. It indicates that 16% of premonsoon samples and 12% of postmonsoon samples were classified as brackish. The premonsoon period is characterized by seasonal fluctuations that suggest an increase in salinity. This phenomenon may be linked to human activities, degradation processes, and ion exchange. The groundwater generally meets the irrigation criteria; however, elevated sodium and salinity levels in certain regions may pose challenges. The study underscores the necessity of monitoring and management to guarantee the long-term sustainability of groundwater in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/9936907","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148098094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of Directional Energy Transfer and Synergistic Control of Dynamic Burden-Blasting Effects in Underwater Hole-by-Hole Blasting in Complex Aquatic Environments","authors":"Hou Yaning,&nbsp;Zhou Junru,&nbsp;Song Kaiwen,&nbsp;Luo Yi,&nbsp;Sun Jinshan","doi":"10.1155/gfl/6785417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/6785417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study addresses the challenge of simultaneously controlling rock fragmentation and vibration during underwater rock blasting in complex environments. The Wuzhou Siliang River underwater blasting project was adopted as a case study. This research integrated field tests with LS-DYNA numerical simulations based on the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) theory. Specifically, this study investigates the control mechanism by which hole-by-hole initiation (HBHI) regulates the directional transfer of explosive energy. Employing the control variable method, four distinct initiation schemes were designed, with the variables being initiation sequence (conventional sequence vs. fishbone sequence) and delay time (long delay: 2.5 ms for in-hole delay and 5 ms for interhole delay; short delay: 1 ms for in-hole delay and 2.5 ms for interhole delay). Meanwhile, other key blasting parameters, such as blast hole layout and charge structure, were kept consistent across all schemes to ensure the validity of comparative analysis. In the numerical model, the Holmquist–Johnson–Cook (HJC) constitutive model was employed to characterize the rock mass, whereas the Jones–Wilkins–Lee (JWL) equation of state was used for the explosive. Results demonstrate that, in comparison with conventional initiation schemes, the scheme integrating “short delay + fishbone initiation network + decked charging” achieves a 25% reduction in vibration peak and a 30% increase in the qualified fragment ratio (with fragment size ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 m), exhibiting a significant improvement in blasting performance. Additionally, this study indicates that the combination of “short delay + fishbone initiation network + decked charging” can enhance energy transfer efficiency. These findings provide technical support for optimizing parameters in related engineering projects.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/6785417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148088488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on Implications of Carbonaceous Mudstone From the Yuka Area for Gas Exploration in the Saishenteng Sag via Hydrocarbon Generation Simulation Experiments","authors":"Rui Zhang,&nbsp;Kaifeng Chen","doi":"10.1155/gfl/2014480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/2014480","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Through hydrocarbon generation kinetic simulation experiments on Middle Jurassic source rocks using a gold-tube autoclave confined system in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin, the hydrocarbon-generation kinetic parameters of the source rocks were obtained, and the hydrocarbon-generation history was simulated. The experimental results indicate that the activation energy for methane generation exhibits two peaks, at 57 and 66 kcal/mol, respectively, and the frequency factor A is 1 × 10¹²/s. The activation energy of C_1–5 generation has only one peak, which is 59 kcal/mol, and the frequency factor A is 1.1 × 10¹⁵/s. We simulated the gas generation history of the Middle Jurassic source rocks in the Saishiteng Sag using Kinetics software. The results indicate that the Middle Jurassic source rocks in the center of the sag are primarily gas-prone. They entered the oil generation window (<i>R</i>₀ ≈0.6%) during the N1 period and the gas generation window (<i>R</i>₀≈0.8%) in the middle of the N₂¹ period. The peak of hydrocarbon generation occurred during the N₂³ period. Currently, they are still generating significant amounts of gas, with a cumulative methane yield of 103.23 mL/g TOC. The simulation of the hydrocarbon-generation history reveals that the Middle Jurassic source rocks in this area generate a large amount of gas, indicating that the latent anticlinal structures in the overlying Cenozoic strata are the main exploration targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/2014480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148088483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the Speed-Induced Key Block Motion and Support Resistance in Longwall Mining With a Multilayer Hard Roof: Insights From the Xiaojihan Coal Mine","authors":"Hui Gao,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Duan,&nbsp;Xufeng Wang,&nbsp;Yuanman Xie,&nbsp;Enqiang Liu,&nbsp;Xuyang Chen,&nbsp;Chenlong Qian","doi":"10.1155/gfl/9391896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/9391896","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To theoretically explain and quantify the effect of advancing speed (ADS) on ground pressure (GP) behavior, the 13,218 working face of the Xiaojihan Coal Mine (XCM) was taken as the engineering case. Field measurements and theoretical analysis were combined to examine how changes in ADS influence the roof structure and the support resistance. Considering the motion characteristics of key blocks, a calculation model for support resistance under multilayer thick hard roofs was established, incorporating the ADS factor. The results show that the overlying roof behaves as a composite system composed of a short cantilever beam and a voussoir beam structure, where the periodic fracture of the voussoir beam is the dominant cause of periodic weighting. When the ADS is accelerated from 5 to 15 m/day, the periodic weighting interval (PWI) grows by 29.1%, while the subsidence, rotation angle, and subsidence duration of key block C decrease by 39.1%, 53.5%, and 57.0%, respectively. The horizontal thrust between blocks increases by 31.6%, and the support resistance decreases by 7.9%. Comparison with field data (11,467–13,852 kN) shows the model predictions (11,549–13,757 kN) agree within 5%, verifying its reliability and applicability. The findings provide theoretical guidance for the optimization of advancing parameters and offer practical reference for GP control and safe, high-intensity mining under multilayer hard roof conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/9391896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148085590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PSO-SVM Machine Learning for Blasting Vibration Velocity Prediction in Open Pit Mines","authors":"Xuehai Chi,&nbsp;Yaoli Yue,&nbsp;Zhupeng Jin,&nbsp;Pengfei Zhang,&nbsp;Xue Sun","doi":"10.1155/gfl/6542111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/6542111","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The peak particle velocity (PPV) of blasting vibration is a primary indicator to evaluate the explosion effect in an open pit mine. In the blasting scenario of an open pit mine, existing methods for predicting the peak velocity of blasting vibration are difficult to achieve ideal outcomes, leading to inappropriate designs of blasting parameters and detonation networks. As a result, the peak velocity of blasting vibration cannot be accurately forecasted. Aiming at improving the prediction accuracy of blasting vibration peak velocity, based on the monitoring data of blasting vibrations at Yuanbaoshan open-pit mine with different coal storage conditions, distance from the explosive center, maximum charge per delay, elevation difference, and longitudinal wave speed are chosen as the input parameters. The key parameters <i>C</i> and <i>g</i> of the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm are optimized through the global optimization of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm (the values of <i>C</i> and <i>g</i> are specified in the text), so that the prediction performance of SVM is at the optimal state, and then the PSO-SVM model for predicting the peak velocity of blasting vibration is constructed. By analyzing the relationship among the input parameters and the blasting vibration peak velocity, it is concluded that the longitudinal wave speed, which represents the site conditions, is also a significant factor influencing the propagation of blasting vibration velocity. Comparing the test results of the RS-dept and the improved Sadovsky formula, it is found that the maximum error of blasting vibration prediction by the PSO-SVM model is reduced by 48.19% and 53.6% compared with that by the RS-dept model and the improved Sadovsky formula, respectively. Also, the average error of blasting vibration prediction by the combined PSO-SVM algorithm is 3.37%, which is 29.94% and 17.86% lower than that by the improved Sadovsky formula and the RS-dept model, respectively. Among these, the PSO-SVM quantitative metrics yielded <i>r</i>² = 0.824, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.383, mean absolute error (MAE) = 1.113, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 4.25%. The predicted values of SVM with PSO-optimized hyperparameters (<i>C</i>, <i>g</i>) (<i>R</i>² = 0.767, MAPE = 4.25%) model match best with the measured values, and the predicted results are most reliable. The proposed research method can provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for the blast design of an open pit mine.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/6542111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148080748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precise Characterization of Fluid Logging Responses in Complex Shale Reservoirs: A Case Study From the Hongxing Area, Eastern Sichuan Basin","authors":"Pei Deng,&nbsp;Jun Tang,&nbsp;Yu Chen,&nbsp;Dixian Yu","doi":"10.1155/gfl/1419048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/1419048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Precise characterization of fluid-sensitive logging responses in complex shale reservoirs is very important. It is essential for quantitative formation evaluation and development optimization. Based on a case study of the shale gas reservoir in the second member of the Wujiaping formation (hereinafter referred to as the Wu-2 Member) in the Hongxing area of the Sichuan Basin, this paper proposes an integrated reservoir evaluation system combining parameter model optimization and machine learning. The study addresses the challenges of calculating reservoir parameters and identifying sweet spots exhibiting shale reservoirs characterized by high carbonate content, high total organic carbon (TOC), high gas content, anomalous resistivity, and thin interbedding. The workflow comprises two main stages. First, four key petrophysical models are enhanced to improve the accuracy of fluid and mechanical property predictions. The specific model is as follows: (1) A TOC calculation model based on a combination of ridge regression and the least squares method; (2) A gas saturation evaluation model based on the neutron-density overlay method; (3) A calculation model of adsorbed gas corrected for temperature and Langmuir pressure; (4) A brittleness index calculation model based on the dual correction of carbonate mineral content and TOC. Second, precise reservoir classification and evaluation are achieved through a “Random Forest + Clustering” machine learning algorithm. Research indicates that the quantitative criteria for identifying “sweet spots” in the study area are established as follows: TOC &gt;5%, gas saturation &gt;50%, porosity &gt;4.5%, and brittleness index &gt;50%. Based on this standard, the average thickness of sweet spots is 16.03 m (accounting for 81.78% of the total). This framework provides a valuable reference for the exploration and development of analogous gas reservoirs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/1419048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148079347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Gas Migration Characteristics and Controlling Factors in Nanopores of Deep Coal Seams","authors":"Ji Xiaofeng,&nbsp;Cao Jinyao,&nbsp;Song Dangyu,&nbsp;Jian Kuo,&nbsp;Li Quanzhong","doi":"10.1155/gfl/9280465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/9280465","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nanopores of various scales and morphologies in coal are important spaces for gas storage and migration. To deeply analyse the initial gas migration scale and characteristics in coal matrix micropores, this paper constructs an apparent permeability model describing the gas migration scale based on the gas transport mechanism, and analyses the controlling effects of pore structure, temperature, pressure and gas types on gas migration. The research results indicate that gas migration in coal matrix micropores is mainly through surface diffusion, contributing over 90%, while the contributions of Knudsen diffusion and slip flow are several orders of magnitude lower. As the tortuosity increases, the scale of gas migration in the micropores decreases in a negative exponential form. As the porosity increases, the scale of gas migration in micropores increases linearly. Compared with micropores, the forms, scales and levels of gas migration in mesopores and macropores have undergone significant changes. At pressures below 1 MPa, Knudsen diffusion predominates in mesopores and macropores, with the contribution of migration scales ranging from 97.33% to 99.90%. In the high-pressure stage, the contribution of slip flow in mesopores and macropores to the migration scale ranges from 64.55% to 99.86%; the contribution of surface diffusion to the migration scale ranges from 0.14% to 35.45%, without Knudsen diffusion. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for revealing the migration characteristics of deep coalbed methane at the microscopic nanoscale.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/9280465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Combined Effect of Stress Mutation and Displacement Evolution on Overlying Rock Collapse From Physical Experiment and Numerical Simulation Study","authors":"Gang Wang,&nbsp;Daixin Deng,&nbsp;Jing Liu","doi":"10.1155/gfl/7729757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/7729757","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the complex failure mechanisms of overlying strata deformation induced by longwall mining, with a focus on the 21221 mining face in Qianqiu mine. Combining physical similarity simulation and numerical analysis, the research analyzes the abrupt changes in stress and displacement within the overlying rock mass during mining face advancement. The results show that roof failure occurs periodically, with collapse height and area progressively increasing as the intact bearing zone shifts upward, exerting continuous pressure on the stope. Mining disturbance significantly affects the roof ~40 cm ahead of the working face, where deformation and collapse are governed by gravitational forces and rock lithology. The maximum principal stress concentrates at the goaf edges, and vertical stress mutation accurately indicates impending roof fracture locations. Critically, the failure of hard conglomerate layers triggers a strong regional mutation in the mining-induced stress field. These results provide important insights into the dynamic evolution and instability precursors of overlying strata in deep mining conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/7729757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Hydrate Dissociation Model with Time Fractional Derivative","authors":"Geofluids","doi":"10.1155/gfl/9815168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/9815168","url":null,"abstract":"<p>RETRACTION: X. Fang, H. Lian, W. Luo, M. Liu, C. Chen, and Q. Wang, “Hydrate Dissociation Model with Time Fractional Derivative,” <i>Geofluids</i> 2022, no. 1 (2022): 5598287, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5598287.</p><p>The above article, published online on 12 April 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the Journal Editor-in-Chief, Umberta Tinivella and John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to unattributed overlap between this article and [<span>1</span>].</p><p>Several attempts by the journal to contact the authors have not resulted in a reply.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/9815168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil CO2 Degassing and Temperature at Poás Volcano: Evidence From the 2025 Eruptive Phase","authors":"Noé García-Martínez,&nbsp;Társilo Girona,&nbsp;Kyriaki Drymoni,&nbsp;Sara Emili,&nbsp;Martina Picciallo,&nbsp;Einat Lev,&nbsp;Conor A. Bacon,&nbsp;J. Maarten de Moor,&nbsp;Ángel Fernandez-Cortes,&nbsp;David Benavente","doi":"10.1155/gfl/9516969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/9516969","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) degassing provides valuable insights into volcano–hydrothermal systems, especially during their active phases. Soil CO₂ flux and temperature surveys are particularly useful where direct access to vents is limited, providing information on subsurface magmatic dynamics. This multidisciplinary study presents new heat and soil degassing data from Poás Volcano, which entered an active phase in early 2025 with frequent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions. Between March 9 and 15, 2025, we conducted soil CO₂ flux and temperature surveys along the northeastern part of the crater rim and the crater upper terrace to investigate the spatial extent of soil degassing beyond the main fumarolic fields. Despite limited access, we obtained 251 flux and temperature measurements, using three portable accumulation chambers, complemented by seven samples for carbon isotopic analyses. Soil CO₂ fluxes were generally low in the study area, with a mean value of 1.89 ± 0.05 g m⁻² day⁻¹ at the crater rim, reaching a maximum of 624.31 ± 4.65 g m⁻² day⁻¹ near fumaroles on the upper terrace. Interestingly, we also detected a localized thermal anomaly of approximately 2–5°C above background levels in the crater rim, possibly associated with fumarolic activity on the upper terrace. The soil CO₂ flux along the crater rim exhibits minor contributions from biogenic and magmatic CO₂ (≤3%). At the Poás crater rim, low CO₂ fluxes, near-atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, and δ¹³C–CO₂ isotopic fractionation patterns indicate that gas transport is dominated by diffusion in the very shallow subsurface, as confirmed by Fick’s model, with negligible advection due to the absence of measurable pressure gradients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/9516969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}