Geoderma最新文献

{"title":"Factors controlling peat soil thickness and carbon storage in temperate peatlands based on UAV high-resolution remote sensing","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peatlands store a large amount of carbon. However, peatlands are complex ecosystems, and acquiring reliable estimates of how much carbon is stored underneath the Earth’s surface is inherently challenging, even at small scales. Here, we aim to establish links between the above- and below-ground factors that control soil carbon status, identify the key environmental variables associated with carbon storage, as well as to explore the potential for using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing for spatial mapping of peatlands. We combine UAVs equipped with Red-Green-Blue (RGB), multispectral, thermal infrared, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology and traditional field surveys to provide a comprehensive, 3-dimensional mapping of a peatland hillslope-floodplain landscape in the Belgian Hautes Fagnes. Our results indicate that both peat thickness and soil organic carbon (SOC) stock (top 1 m) are spatially heterogeneous and that the contributions from the surface topography to peat thickness and SOC stock varied from micro- to macro-scales. Peat thickness was more strongly controlled by macro-topography (<em>R</em>² = 0.46) than SOC stock, which was more influenced by micro-topography (<em>R</em>² = 0.21). Current vegetation had little predictive power for explaining their spatial variability. Additionally, the UAV data provided accurate estimates of both peat thickness and SOC stock, with RMSE and <em>R</em>² values of 0.16 m and 0.85 for the peat thickness, and 59.25 t/ha and 0.85 for the SOC stock. However, similar performance can already be achieved by using only topographical data from the LiDAR sensor (for peat thickness) and a combination of peat thickness and topography (for SOC stock) as predictor variables. Our study bridges the gap between surface observations and the hidden carbon reservoir below. This not only allows us to improve our ability to assess the spatial distribution of SOC stocks, but also contributes to our understanding of the environmental factors associated with SOC storage in these highly heterogeneous landscapes, providing insights for environmental science and climate projections.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706124002386/pdfft?md5=c611a53c2029ff975f1920095d166275&pid=1-s2.0-S0016706124002386-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142043657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grass (Poa annua L.) cover for eight years as an effective strategy for recovering soil moisture","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Deep soil desiccation has become a major obstacle to restoring vegetation in the Loess Plateau region of China. The restoration of deep soil water plays an important role in ecosystem health. In the present study, we compared the effects on moisture variations in deep dry soil of grass cover and clean tillage treatments based on in-situ soil column monitoring for eight years. The results showed that the dry soil layers could temporarily disappear and reappear again with rainfall under clean tillage. However, grass cover effectively increased the deep soil moisture. Grass primarily consumed soil moisture from the shallow layer (0–2 m), and the total amount of water consumed during the whole growth period was less than the annual rainfall in dry years. The average soil desiccation index decreased by 24.20 % and the deep soil water moisture (2–10 m) recovered from 7.5 % to 12.8 % after eight years, with an annual average recovery of 0.66 %. Thus, it would take half a year to recover to the stable field capacity and 14 years to reach the field capacity. Recovery of the soil moisture also depended on the rainfall supply. We found that precipitation had an obvious lagged effect of approximately two years on the supply of deep soil moisture. Our findings contribute to understanding how to alleviate dry soil layer, with potentially helpful implications for the ecological health in arid and semiarid regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706124002398/pdfft?md5=bb900e6ac1888d665ed2cf053cf5ea42&pid=1-s2.0-S0016706124002398-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower and slower: Quantifying phosphorus leaching from struvite relative to monoammonium phosphate by 33P radioisotopic labeling","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Struvite (NH₄MgPO₄·6H₂O) is a slow-release phosphorus (P) fertilizer hypothesized to reduce nutrient leaching losses relative to highly water-soluble counterparts such as monoammonium phosphate (MAP). We assessed the leaching fate of P from struvite relative to MAP using soil column experiments for two soils representative of the United States Maize Belt, an Arguidoll and a Fragiudalf. Inorganic P and N in leachate (49.8 pore volumes (v_p)) were directly quantified for synthesized ³³P-labeled struvite and ³³P-labeled MAP directly and indirectly by omission method (i.e., by difference with a P-unfertilized treatment). By 8.3 v_p, less than 0.02 % of struvite-P was leached in the Fragiudalf according to both methods of determination, compared to 11.1 % MAP-P determined directly by ³³P tracing and 14.1 % of MAP-P by the omission method. Fertilizer-P leached quantified directly by ³³P labeling was on average 1.2- to 3.7-fold lower than by indirectly by omission for both fertilizers at 2.8–13.9 v_p across both soils, indicating consistent overestimation in P leaching by the commonly used omission method. Leaching of struvite-N was an order of magnitude lower than MAP-N in the Fragiudalf after 8.3 v_p. Struvite entailed 17.4 %–20.4 % lower P leaching and 22.1–46 % lower N leaching compared to MAP across soils under simulated extreme precipitation events, supporting the hypothesized ability of struvite to reduce P as well as N leaching relative to more water-soluble ammonium phosphate fertilizers such as MAP. Additionally, our results point to a methodological need to validate fertilizer P leaching estimated by the commonly used omission method using direct quantification by radioisotopic labeling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706124002192/pdfft?md5=f83e42f51bbea353c9968e3a38a941a7&pid=1-s2.0-S0016706124002192-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142007657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing soil property prediction with encoder-decoder structures integrating traditional deep learning methods in Vis-NIR spectroscopy","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The technology for estimating soil properties using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy has been maturing, with corresponding advances and breakthroughs in deep learning models. In this study, based on the large soil spectral library LUCAS, we explore the potential of encoder-decoder structures to improve convolutional neural network regression predictions. By introducing an encoder-decoder structure into the feature channels of a six-layer CNN model (TRNN model), we significantly enhanced the performance of shallow CNN models and successfully carried out regression predictions for seven soil properties. We employed IntegratedGradients, DeepLift, GradientShap, and DeepLiftShap methods to interpret the output of the TRNN model. Our TRNN model, built on raw spectra, demonstrated high accuracy in predicting multiple soil properties, outperforming residual architectures, LSTMs, various CNN architectures, and other traditional machine learning methods proposed in previous studies. We also investigated the impact of multi-task output structures (TRNN 1-M and TRNN M−M) and single-task output structures (TRNN 1-1) on model performance. For the TRNN model with an encoder-decoder structure, multi-task output structures resulted in a reduction in performance. The TRNN showed outstanding results in regression analysis of the seven soil properties selected in this study (cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content, calcium carbonate content, pH, clay content, silt content, and sand content), with R² values exceeding 0.93 for all seven properties. Different soil characteristics correspond to different wavelengths, with multiple characteristic peaks commonly observed. This research convincingly demonstrates the enormous potential of combining large model architectures with traditional deep learning approaches for predicting soil properties, which could significantly advance precision agriculture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706124002350/pdfft?md5=57bf684f16b081ff2303f3711fc198cd&pid=1-s2.0-S0016706124002350-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142002727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The contribution of near surface geophysics to measure soil related terroir factors in viticulture: A review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wine quality is affected by environmental factors in the location where the vines are cultivated, in particular the soil and the climate. Major soil-related factors influencing vine development, yield, and berry composition (and thus wine quality) include soil water availability, soil temperature, and soil nutrients, particularly nitrogen. These can be impacted by soil depth and soil compaction. Mapping these factors with classical field-based methods is constraining and expensive. Near surface geophysics (NSG) can be useful in increasing the resolution of data acquisition and, possibly, its cost. Among these techniques, many are already commercially available, but some of them, including Magnetic Resonance Sounding, Induced Polarization and Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves, require a high degree of expertise for acquisition and processing. These should be further developed in order to enlarge the application possibilities. This article reviews soil-related parameters relevant to terroir expression in vineyards and how these can be measured with NSG techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001670612400212X/pdfft?md5=2c8d4bfe61ae8a44d5302a9ea1d6f906&pid=1-s2.0-S001670612400212X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142002728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in soil ammonium-to-nitrate ratio and nutritional symbionts enhance Phyllostachys edulis suppression of heterogeneous competitors in shade","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Positive interspecific interactions in resource capture and soil property modification benefit the establishment of mixed plantations, contingent on environmental conditions. However, primary species frequently reject companion tree species frequently arises in forest management practices. To understand this contradiction, we investigated the effects of five planting patterns involving two local companion tree species (<em>Phoebe chekiangensis</em> and <em>Torreya grandis</em>) and <em>Phyllostachys edulis</em> on the soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content, enzyme activities, net N mineralization rates, microbial composition, fungal functional groups, and the AMO gene abundance under both shade and full light conditions using a pot experiment. Under the full light condition, altered soil properties were predominantly influenced by interspecific interaction compared to intraspecific interactions, leading to an overall enhancement in nutrient availability and enzymatic activities. Under the shade condition, mixing with <em>P. edulis</em> similarly facilitated increased NH₄⁺-N content, ammonification rate, and urease activity. However, <em>P. edulis</em> significantly decreased ammonia monooxygenase and its encoding gene, as evidence by the unbalanced ratio of net ammonification to net nitrification (2.2-fold) under the shade condition, resulting in high NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^–-N ratios. Additionally, the shade condition induced soil microbial communities in the mixture to resemble those of monocultured dominant species (<em>P. edulis</em>). Our findings also indicated that specific plant-fungal associations in companion species were disrupted when intercropped with <em>P. edulis</em>. Therefore, this study highlights how the performance of companion species, linked to soil NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^–-N ratios and plant-fungal associations, leads to their suppression by <em>P. edulis</em> under shade conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706124002374/pdfft?md5=9a9f7c3502a26fdfa4fcf2c28a3b6590&pid=1-s2.0-S0016706124002374-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142002492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Links between soil pore structure, water flow and solute transport in the topsoil of an arable field: Does soil organic carbon matter?","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An improved understanding of preferential solute transport in soil macropores would enable more reliable predictions of the fate of agrochemicals and the protection of water quality in agricultural landscapes. The objective of this study was to investigate how soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil texture shape soil pore structure and thereby determine the susceptibility to preferential transport under steady-state near-saturated flow conditions. To do so, we took intact topsoil samples from an arable field that has large variations in SOC content (1.1–2.7%) and clay content (8–42%). Soil pore structure was quantified by X-ray tomography and soil water retention measurements. Non-reactive solute transport experiments under steady-state near-saturated conditions were carried out at irrigation rates of 2 and 5 mm h⁻¹ to quantify the degree of preferential transport. Near-saturated hydraulic conductivities at pressure heads of −1.3 and −6 cm were also measured using a tension disc infiltrometer. The results showed that larger abundances of small macropores (240–720 µm diameter) and mesopores (5–100 µm diameter) resulted in weaker preferential transport, due to larger hydraulic conductivities in the soil matrix that prevented the activation of water flow and solute transport in large macropores. In particular, the degree of preferential transport was most strongly and negatively correlated with the mesoporosity in the 30–100 µm diameter class. In contrast, the degree of preferential transport was not correlated with connectivity measures (e.g. the percolating fraction and critical pore diameter for the macropore network), probably because i.) the pore space of almost all samples was highly connected, being dominated by one percolating cluster, and ii.) only a part of this percolating macroporosity was active under the near-saturated conditions of the experiment. We also found that the degree of preferential transport was strongly and negatively correlated with clay content, whilst the effects of SOC were not significant. Nevertheless, macroporosity in the 240–720 µm diameter class and mesoporosity were positively correlated with SOC content in our soils and in some previous studies. Therefore, SOC sequestration in arable soils may potentially reduce the risk of preferential transport under near-saturated flow conditions through better developed networks of small macropores and mesopores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706124002301/pdfft?md5=4d4c72e31d1d940f3358c9b93c9939cf&pid=1-s2.0-S0016706124002301-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141993881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic and empirical methods for field capacity estimation in fine textured soils with a coarse interlayer","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Field capacity (FC) is an important soil hydraulic concept in soil science and irrigation management. It is generally determined from soil water content in a soil layer when soil profile reaches a steady pressure head or negligible drainage flux from an initially saturated soil. However, the proposed criteria are mainly tested for uniform soils and vary with soil textures. To quantify FC in layered soils, a Richards equation-based model was used to describe water flow in fine-textured soils with a coarse interlayer. With calibrated soil hydraulic parameters for loam and sand from infiltration measurements, drainage from saturation was simulated in the loam with a sand interlayer. A relative drainage rate (<em>δ</em>) was defined as a function of water storage and drainage flux to analyze soil water status at FC. Soil water content in the upper loam layer of layered profiles was improved compared with that in the uniform loam, which was negatively correlated with buried depth but positively correlated with thickness of the sand layer for a specified <em>δ</em>. Under different buried depths and thicknesses, soil water content decreased with the decline of <em>δ</em> and decreased rapidly as <em>δ</em> reduced to 1 % d⁻¹. The drainage flux at <em>δ</em> = 1 % d⁻¹ changed within a range of 0.056–0.26 cm d⁻¹, and soil water content reached to 0.278–0.346 cm³ cm⁻³, which accounted for 70–87 % of the saturated water content of loam. Although the FC in the upper fine-textured soil layer varied for different buried depths and thicknesses of coarse interlayer, the proposed dynamic method is reliable and universal to estimate the FC in the above layered soils at <em>δ</em> = 1 % d⁻¹. An empirical equation was also developed to calculate the FC in fine-textured soils with different buried depths and thicknesses of a coarse interlayer based on the critical <em>δ</em> value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706124002295/pdfft?md5=a57a70dbcac699ea454bfe0356316fa1&pid=1-s2.0-S0016706124002295-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141993882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of freeze–thaw cycling on the stability and turnover of black soil aggregates","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During freeze–thaw cycling, aggregates undergo a dynamic change in breakdown–formation (turnover), however, how the turnover occurs between aggregates of various particle sizes is not clear. To clarify the influence of freeze–thaw cycling on the dynamic changes in the particle size of soil aggregates, soil aggregates from the Black Soil Region of Northeast China were selected as the research objects. The study conducted in situ dynamic monitoring experiments, innovatively applying the rare earth oxide (<em>REO</em>) tracer method to natural conditions of freeze–thaw cycles (autumn freeze–thaw period, freezing period, and spring freeze–thaw period), accurately tracking the turnover paths and quantifying the turnover rates between aggregates of various particle sizes. The results revealed that the total value of the formation paths of the 2–5 mm aggregates and 0.25–2 mm aggregates increased during the autumn freeze–thaw period. The number of freeze–thaw cycles and accumulated snowfall were significantly positively correlated with aggregate stability, with an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles and accumulated snowfall resulting in an increase in the proportion of aggregates &gt; 0.25 mm, which improved aggregate stability. In addition, the total value of the breakdown path of macro-aggregates increased during the spring freeze–thaw cycling period. Soil moisture was significantly negatively correlated with aggregate stability, with increased soil moisture resulting in a decrease in the percentage of aggregates &gt; 0.25 mm, which resulted in a decrease in aggregate stability. The study can provide a reference understanding for the effects of freeze–thaw cycles on the structure of black soil and provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of arable land.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706124002337/pdfft?md5=e6d0b6e04e69afe3b2321955683da363&pid=1-s2.0-S0016706124002337-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the influencing factors of the thermal state of permafrost in Northeast China","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In Northeast China, permafrost is controlled by a combination of biotic, climatic, physiographic, and anthropogenic factors. Due to the complexity of these governing or influencing factors, it is challenging to exactly describe the features of the Xing’an permafrost in Northeast China. By integrating remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies, we have quantified these influencing factors of permafrost changes as an important approach to understanding the nature of latitudinal and mountain permafrost in Northeast China at the mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. In this study, we combine Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model, trend analysis, and multi-source RS data to quantify the controlling or influencing factors of permafrost thermal state and of permafrost changes, and explain the interactions among permafrost, environment, and climate. The results indicate that, at the regional scale, changes in the thermal state of permafrost are primarily governed or influenced by mean annual land surface temperature (MALST), precipitation, and snow cover duration (SCD). Topographic factors also affect the spatial patterns of permafrost development. Additionally, in the context of climate warming, the insulation effect of snow cover on the permafrost is weakened, or has been weakening. Moreover, the interactive effects among various factors significantly enhance their explanatory power for changes in the thermal state of permafrost. The study emphasizes the complexity of the interactions among permafrost, climate, and the environment, and highlights the significance of understanding these interactions for regional socio-economic development, ecological management, carbon pool stabilization, and research on future climate change in Northeast China.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706124002325/pdfft?md5=b52f457a6a5576669c8950b5170fc48d&pid=1-s2.0-S0016706124002325-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}