{"title":"Evaluation of automated cell disruptor methods for oomycetous and ascomycetous model organisms","authors":"T. Kasuga, Mai Bui","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1065","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"65 1","pages":"4-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87162025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A versatile set of Lifeact-RFP expression plasmids for live-cell imaging of F-actin in filamentous fungi","authors":"Alexander Lichius, N. Read","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1070","url":null,"abstract":"Here we report the construction and application of a range of expression plasmids designed to facilitate livecell imaging of F-actin dynamics in filamentous fungi simultaneously with other, preferably GFP-tagged fusion proteins. Pros and cons of the use of three different red fluorescent proteins (RFPs), two different promoters and three different selection markers are addressed. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol57/iss1/4 8 Fungal Genetics Reports A versatile set of Lifeact-RFP expression plasmids for live-cell imaging of F-actin in filamentous fungi Alexander Lichius and Nick D. Read Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Rutherford Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK; Alex@fungalcell.org Fungal Genetics Reports 57:8-14 Here we report the construction and application of a range of expression plasmids designed to facilitate live-cell imaging of F-actin dynamics in filamentous fungi simultaneously with other, preferably GFP-tagged fusion proteins. Pros and cons of the use of three different red fluorescent proteins (RFPs), two different promoters and three different selection markers are addressed. Live-cell imaging of F-actin dynamics is possible in a wide range of eukaryotes. Lifeact is a 17 aa peptide derived from the actin-binding protein 140 (Abp140) of S. cerevisiae which specifically binds to filamentous actin (F-actin) (Riedl et al., 2008). Functionality of green fluorescent Lifeact reporters (Lifeact-GFP) for the visualisation of F-actin structures in living cells has so far been documented for three of the four eukaryotic phyla, including yeasts and filamentous fungi (Berepiki et al., 2010; Böhmer et al., 2009; Coffman et al., 2009; Delgado-Álvarez et al., 2010; Riedl et al., 2008), plants (Era et al., 2009; Smertenko et al., 2010; Vidali et al., 2009), and mammals (Estecha et al., 2009; Riedl et al., 2008; Riedl et al., 2010). The application of Lifeact-GFP in filamentous fungi has been pioneered in the ascomycete Neurospora crassa (Berepiki et al., 2010; Delgado-Álvarez et al., 2010), and is currently being adopted for the use in numerous other fungal species. In basidiomycetes, however, labelling properties of Lifeact appear to be restricted to the visualization of septal rings, as F-actin cables and patches have so far not been explicitly reported (Böhmer et al., 2009). Lifeact-GFP reporters work equally well in fungi that use the CUG codon for serine and not leucine, such as Candida sp. (Kawaguchi et al., 1989), once they have been codon corrected, (E. Epp, McGill Univ. Montreal, pers.comm.). Why RFP and which one? The most widely used fluorescent reporter for live-cell imaging analyses of protein dynamics in filamentous fungi is GFP. To allow simultaneous observation of F-actin with any other GFP-tagged protein, the development o","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"84 1","pages":"8-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80560788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Schnittker, Senthilkumar Sivagurunathan, M. Plamann
{"title":"Work in the dark to harvest large liquid-grown cultures","authors":"R. Schnittker, Senthilkumar Sivagurunathan, M. Plamann","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"16 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81954269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A carboxy-subterminal aromatic residue in Schizophyllum commune mating pheromones controls specific recognition by Bar4 receptor","authors":"T. Fowler","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1068","url":null,"abstract":"Most heterothallic basidiomycetes use small lipopeptide pheromones as part of mate recognition. Schizophyllum commune has scores of pheromones that must be specifically recognized by mating receptors. A correlation between a phenylalanine residue near the C-terminus of several pheromones and the ability of those pheromones to activate receptor Bar4 was recognized. We hypothesized that the phenylalanine residue would be critical for Bar4 activation and tested the hypothesis by making site-directed mutant pheromones and testing these pheromone variants in matings. The data support the hypothesis and add to our understanding of which amino acid residues within pheromones are critical for specific recognition by pheromone receptors. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol57/iss1/2 4 Fungal Genetics Reports A carboxy-subterminal aromatic residue in Schizophyllum commune mating pheromones controls specific recognition by Bar4 receptor Thomas Fowler Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026; tfowler@siue.edu Fungal Genetics Reports 57:4-6 Most heterothallic basidiomycetes use small lipopeptide pheromones as part of mate recognition. Schizophyllum commune has scores of pheromones that must be specifically recognized by mating receptors. A correlation between a phenylalanine residue near the Cterminus of several pheromones and the ability of those pheromones to activate receptor Bar4 was recognized. We hypothesized that the phenylalanine residue would be critical for Bar4 activation and tested the hypothesis by making site-directed mutant pheromones and testing these pheromone variants in matings. The data support the hypothesis and add to our understanding of which amino acid residues within pheromones are critical for specific recognition by pheromone receptors. Many of the Agaricomycotina fungi express quite a few mating pheromones and seven-transmembrane-domain pheromone receptors (most recently reviewed by Raudaskoski and Kothe, 2010). A large number of lipopeptide mating pheromones are coded species-wide by Schizophyllum commune, but any individual has genes for only a small subset of the species’ estimated 80–100 pheromones. More than twenty of the genes that encode these pheromones have been cloned and sequenced (for list and references, see Table 3 in Fowler et al., 2004). One attempt at classifying these pheromones placed them into five groups according to similarity of the predicted mature pheromones’ amino acid sequences (Fowler et al., 2004). The subsets of receptors activated by the pheromones follow a pattern that closely correlates with pheromone groups arranged by sequence similarity. Three pheromone groups (III, IV,V) arranged by similarity activate three completely distinct sets of receptors. The remaining two pheromo","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"4-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82380720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A procedure for parallel purification of four stress-related Neurospora proteins in their native state.","authors":"M. Kapoor","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1077","url":null,"abstract":"A procedure is described for isolation and purification of four high-molecular mass stress-responsive proteins from the same starting material. This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol56/iss1/4 8 Fungal Genetics Reports A procedure for parallel purification of four stress-related Neurospora proteins in their native state. M. Kapoor. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Fungal Genetics Reports 65:8-11 A procedure is described for isolation and purification of four high-molecular mass stress-responsive proteins from the same starting material. Proteins are the major components determining cellular growth, metabolism, regulation, repair, homeostatic mechanisms, differentiation, organogenesis, response to environmental factors and ultimately survival. Extensive protein networks form the basis of interlocking metabolic pathways and their regulatory circuits in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, involving transient interactions among a large, overwhelming array of actors. Availability of purified proteins in their native state is critical on account of the universal interest in unraveling how proteins function in their endogenous intracellular environment. With the rapid progress in genomics and availability of an ever increasing number of crystal structures, an understanding of the molecular basis of interactions of proteins with ligands, substrates and regulatory molecules is achievable. Structural studies, for instance X-ray crystallographic analysis, depend on homogeneous preparations of proteins. The use of heterologous expression systems with bacteria as host cells is a well established methodology. Other host systems include yeast, insect cells and plant cells. The technology for cloning and expression of proteins, vectors with selectable markers, enhancers, trafficking signals and a range of facile protocols for over-expression are also readily available. However, often it is feasible to express only individual domains of large multi-domain proteins efficiently in heterologous systems. Even when the entire polypeptide can be expressed it is not always possible for the host cell to perform the necessary post-translational modifications. Furthermore, it is often difficult to obtain sufficient material— tissues/cells—to enable recovery of requisite quantities of the critical protein for physico-chemical analyses. If the source organism is easy to cultivate and adequate quantities of starting material can be acquired in a relatively short time, isolation and purification of the target protein(s) in the native state presents the best opportunity for insightful structural studies. On account of its rapid growth and simple nutrient requirements Neurospora is the ideal organism for acquisition of purified proteins. The following is a description of a procedure developed in my laboratory for isolation of highmolecular-mass stress-related Neurospora pr","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"47 1","pages":"8-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80532266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aspergillus Bibliography 2009","authors":"J. Clutterbuck","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1079","url":null,"abstract":"This bibliography attempts to cover genetical and biochemical publications on Aspergillus nidulans and also includes selected references to related species and topics. Entries have been checked as far as possible, but please tell me of any errors and omissions. Authors are kindly requested to send a copy of each article to the FGSC for its reprint collection. This bibliography is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol56/iss1/6 Aspergillus Bibliography 2009 This bibliography attempts to cover genetical and biochemical publications on Aspergillus nidulans and also includes selected references to related species and topics. Entries have been checked as far as possible, but please tell me of any errors and omissions. Authors are kindly requested to send a copy of each article to the FGSC for its reprint collection. John Clutterbuck. Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK. Email: j.clutterbuck@bio.gla.ac.uk Keyword or Author cross references 1. Abenza, J.F., Pantazopoulou, A., RodrÌguez, J.M., Galindo, A. & PeÒalva, M.A. 2009 Long-distance movement of Aspergillus nidulans early endosomes on microtubule tracks. Traffic. 10:57-75 2. Adachi, H., Tani, S., Kanamasa. S., Sumitani, J.-i. & Kawaguchi, T. 2009 Development of a homologous transformation system for Aspergillus acuelatus base on the sC gene encoding ATP-sulphurylase. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 73:1197-1199 3. Amaike, S. & Keller, N.P. 2009 Distinct roles for VeA and LeaA in development and pathogenesis of Aspergillus flavus. Eukaryot. Cell 8:1051-1060 4. Andersen, M.R. & Nielsen, J. 2009 Current status of systems biology in Aspergilli. Fungal Genet. Biol. 46 suppl.1:S180-S190 5. Apostolaki, A., Erpapazoglou, Z., Harispe, L., Billini, M., Kafasla, P., Kizis, D., PeÒalva, M.A., Scazzocchio, C. & Sophianopoulou, V. 2009 AgtA, the dicarboxylic amino acid transporter of Aspergillus nidulans, is concertedly down-regulated by exquisite sensitivity to nitrogen metabolite repression and ammonium-elicited endocytosis. Eukaryot. Cell 8:339-352 6. Ara·jo-Baz·n, L., Dhingra, S., Chu, J., Fern·ndez-Martinez, J., Calvo, A.M. & Espeso, E.A. 2009 Importin a is an essential nuclear import carrier adaptor required for proper sexual and asexual development and secondary metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet. Biol. 46:506-515 7. Bacha, N., Dao, H.P., Atoul, A., Mathieu, F., O’Callaghan, J., Puel, O., Liboz, T., Dobson, A.D.W. & Lebrihi, A. 2009 Cloning and characterization of novel methylsalicylic acid synthase gene involved in the biosynthesis of isoasperlactone and asperlactone in Aspergillus westerdijkiae. Fungal Genet. Biol. 46:742-749 8. Bahn, Y.-S. 2008 Master and commander in fungal pathogens: the two component system and the HOG signaling pathway. Eukaryot. Cell 7:2017-2036 9. Balajee, S.A. 2009 Aspergillus terreus complex. Med. Mycol. 47, suppl1:S42-6 10. Basheer, A., Berger, H., Reyes-Dominguez, Y., Gorfe","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75733316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification of the Neurospora crassa mutation un-10 as a point mutation in a gene encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit B.","authors":"M. Kinney, A. Wiest, M. Plamann, K. McCluskey","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1076","url":null,"abstract":"The Neurospora crassa temperature-sensitive mutant known as un-10 has been shown by a map-based complementation approach to be a single nucleotide change in the open reading frame of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3b (NCU02208.3). Authors Matthew Kinney, Aric Wiest, Michael Plamann, and Kevin McCluskey This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol56/iss1/3 6 Fungal Genetics Reports Identification of the Neurospora crassa mutation un-10 as a point mutation in a gene encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit B. Matthew Kinney, Aric Wiest, Michael Plamann and Kevin McCluskey. Fungal Genetics Stock Center, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City Fungal Genetics Reports 56:6-7 The Neurospora crassa temperature-sensitive mutant known as un-10 has been shown by a map-based complementation approach to be a single nucleotide change in the open reading frame of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3b (NCU02208.3). ________________________________________________________________________ Inoue and Ishikawa defined a set of non-remediable, temperature-sensitive \"unknown\" mutants in Neurospora crassa (Inoue and Ishikawa,1970). To this day, the actual gene altered in many of these \"unknown\" mutants has not been determined. In order to add value to the Fungal Genetics Stock Center collection, we continue to define the genetic defects associated with these temperature-sensitive mutations (McCluskey et al., 2007, Wiest et al., 2008). Using a complementation-based approach, we have identified the mutation in un-10 as a missense mutation in the eIF3b open reading frame. Building on the demonstration by T. Schmidhauser, that cosmids from the pSV50 cosmid library (Vollmer and Yanofsky, 1986) complement the un-10 mutation in strain FGSC 2342 (Wilson, 1990), we had cosmids 10E12, 11D2, 16C5, and 23C1 end-sequenced. Based on this sequence data, the mutation in FGSC 2342 was predicted to be on contig 10 between bases 68,000 and 92,000 (Galagan, et al, 2003). We selected overlapping cosmids spanning this region and tested their ability to complement the un-10 mutation in FGSC 2342 using electroporation-based transformation (Margolin et. al, 2000; Table 1). Cosmid ID Colonies at 37oC (per ug DNA) Hyg Colonies at 24oC (per ug DNA) pLorist6xh 25D10 21 11 pLorist6xh 66B1 <1 7 pLorist6xh 75A9 56 18 pLorist6xh 107D10 24 7 pSV50 10E12 <1 ND pSV50 11D2 0 ND pSV50 23C1 0 ND No DNA 0 ND Table 1. Identification of cosmids that complement un-10 a. Not Done. The pSV50 does not encode hygromycin resistance. Complementation was successful with cosmids 25:D10, 75:A9 and 107:D10 but not 66:B1. There were four open reading frames in the region common to these overlapping cosmid clones: NCU02205.3, NCU02206.3, NCU02207.3 and NCU02208.3. We amplified copies of the genomic DNA for these open reading frames and used them to transform strain 2342 (Table 2). Only PCR product from N","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"327 1","pages":"6-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74822353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2009 Neurospora Bibliography","authors":"Craig Wilson","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1078","url":null,"abstract":"This bibliography represents my attempt to collect all works dealing substantially with Neurospora. Please let me know of anything published in 2008 or 2009 that is not included here or in the previous bibliography, so that it might be mentioned next year. I would be especially happy to hear of chapters from books, and articles from journals not indexed in major bibliographic services. Please also let me know of any errors in citation. Please send reprints or copies of articles to the Fungal Genetics Stock Center. This bibliography is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol56/iss1/5 2009 Neurospora Bibliography This bibliography represents my attempt to collect all works dealing substantially with Neurospora. Please let me know of anything published in 2008 or 2009 that is not included here or in the previous bibliography, so that it might be mentioned next year. I would be especially happy to hear of chapters from books, and articles from journals not indexed in major bibliographic services. Please also let me know of any errors in citation. Please send reprints or copies of articles to the Fungal Genetics Stock Center. Craig Wilson, 15236 Ashworth Ave. N., Shoreline WA 98133, USA (chwilso@gmail.com) Cross reference of author's names 1. Aanen, D.K., Debets, A.J.M., de Visser, J.A.G.M., and Hoekstra, R.F. 2008. The social evolution of somatic fusion. Bioessays 30:1193-1203. 2. Adhvaryu, K.K., and Selker, E.U. 2008. Protein phosphatase PP1 is required for normal DNA methylation in Neurospora. Genes Dev. 22:3391-3396. 3. Adio, S., and Woehlke, G. 2009. Properties of the Kinesin-3 NcKin3 motor domain and implications for neck function. FEBS J. 276:3641-3655. 4. Aiyar, R.S., Gagneur, J., and Steinmetz, L.M. 2008. Identification of mitochondrial disease genes through integrative analysis of multiple datasets. Methods 46:248-255. 5. Akman, O.E., Ciocchetta, F., Degasperi, A., and Guerriero, M.L. 2009. Modelling biological clocks with bio-pepa: stochasticity and robustness for the Neurospora crassa circadian network. Lect. Notes Bioinform. 5688:52-67. 6. Aldabbous, M. 2009. Isolation and characterization of Neurospora cell wall biosynthesis and anastomosisdefective mutants. Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 176 p. 7. Aleman-Meza, B., Yu, Y.H., Schuttler, H.B., Arnold, J., and Taha, T.R. 2009. KINSOLVER: A simulator for computing large ensembles of biochemical and gene regulatory networks. Comput. Math. Appl. 57:420-435. 8. Aliyari, R., and Ding, S.W. 2009. RNA-based viral immunity initiated by the Dicer family of host immune receptors. Immunol. Rev. 227:176-188. 9. Allgaier, S., Taylor, R.D., Brudnaya, Y., Jacobson, D.J., Cambareri, E., and Stuart, W.D. 2009. Vaccine production in Neurospora crassa. Biologicals 37:128-132. 10. Allgaier, S., Weiland, N., Hamad, I., and Kempken, F. 2009. Expression of ribonuclease A and ribonuclease N(1) in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Appl. Microbiol. ","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"5 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76997612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}