Physical Science International Journal最新文献

{"title":"Noise Levels Measurements at Ladipo and Yaba Markets in Lagos and the Adverse Effects on Humans","authors":"Adekoya, O.I., Adebayo, O.C, Ibikunle, Y.O., Akinnawo, O.O, Adeojo, T.T","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4838","url":null,"abstract":"Noise levels at Ladipo market in Mushin Local Government Area and Yaba market in Yaba Local Government Area of Lagos State were measured using a sound level meter (DSM Model 325, 32 dB-130 dB). Readings were taken for five consecutive days (Monday–Friday) at three different locations within each market between 9:30 am and 6:00 pm. At Ladipo market, the noise level (dB) ranged between 67.45 and 98.10, corresponding to the minimum and maximum values, respectively, while at Yaba market, the recorded level of noise (dB) was between 64.70 and 104.50. The mean values obtained from both markets exceeded the recommended safe noise level limit provided by the World Health Organization, thus posing deleterious health risks to people, and particularly traders in such environments.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141369843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical Study of Inorganic Charge Transport Layer of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Scaps Software","authors":"Aniefiok F. A., Dahiru M. S., Musa S. A.","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4837","url":null,"abstract":"Energy can be from renewable and non-renewable sources. Solar energy is a clean renewable energy derived from the sun in the form of light and heat. Although, only a small fraction reaches the earth. Perovskite is a generic name referring to materials that exhibits the same crystal structure as calcium titanate. The aim of this research is to investigate the performance of inorganic charge carriers of perovskite solar cells using SCAPS 1D software for the simulation. The objectives are to:  analyze the effects of variation of operational temperature on Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs), optimize the thickness of titanium oxide (TiO2) electron transport layer (ETL); and investigate the effect of work function of the back metallic contact on the performance of PSCs. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the software's impact on cell performance focusing on key parameters such as thickness, temperature, and work function to optimize device efficiency. This exploration provides new insights into optimizing device efficiency and stability by understanding how surface characteristics affect performance which extends its analysis beyond traditional parameters like temperature and thickness. The findings reveal that while temperature fluctuations maintain consistency with current density (Jsc) and exhibit slight variations in fill factor (FF), there's a consistent decrease in open-circuit voltage (Voc) across all temperatures. Notably, at 303 K, the efficiency remains relatively stable. Moreover, exceeding the optimal thickness of 0.20 μm adversely affects perovskite solar cell efficiency, while achieving an optimal work function of 5.0 eV for the back metallic contact is critical for maximizing performance. These results underscore the significance of employing inorganic transport materials to address the stability challenges inherent in perovskite solar cells, paving the way for cost-effective fabrication methods without compromising device performance. It is recommended that optimization process be carried out for other inorganic charge carriers of the perovskite solar cells like Zn2O, NO, SnO2 and others to see which one has a better performance in the fabrication.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141368820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Decomposition of Static Interquark Potential in SU(3) Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics","authors":"Chitra Kandpal","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4836","url":null,"abstract":"We study the decomposition of interquark potential and quantitatively compare the utility of V(r) (approx) Vabel (r) + Voffdiag (r) and V(r) (approx) Vmon(r) + Vmod(r) by calculating respective average relative deviation. We also study the slope of Vabel(r) and compare it with the slope of original SU(3) interquark potential over large distances so that we can study their exact confinement behavior. Remarkably, we found that for 244 lattice at (beta) = 6.0, the sum of potentials Vmon(r) + Vmod(r)  matches the original interquark potential V(r) more than Vabel(r) + Voffdiag(r). Comparing our results we found that perfect Abelian dominance is not seem to satisfy even for sufficiently large physical spatial volume (approximately larger than(2fm)3).","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"56 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141108107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Radioactive Material Concentrations in Natural Sources Linked to Mining in Niger using two Measurement Methods","authors":"Yacouba Souley Abdoullaziz, Aboubacar Almoustapha, Mohamed H. Hassan","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4835","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, we report the results of radioactivity measurements carried out in soils from the COMINAK and SOMAIR mining areas, using normal mode gamma-ray spectroscopy (NMGS) and thermal neutron activation analysis (TNAA). Radio activities were determined for two series radionuclides (U-238 and Th-232) and one non-series radionuclide (K-40) from measured gamma-ray spectra. The activity concentrations of U-238 and Th-232 were respectively determined from the average nuclide concentration [Pb-214 (295.2keV ; 19.20%), Pb-214(351.9keV ; 37.10%), Bi-214 (609.3keV ; 46.90%), Bi-214 (1120.2keV; 15.04%) and Bi-214 (1764.49 keV; 15.90%)] and [Pb-212 (238.6keV; 43.6%), Pb-212 (300.09 keV; 3.18%), and Ac-228 (911.2keV; 25.8%), Ac-228 (968.9keV; 15.8%), Ac-228 (338.32 keV; 11.27%)]. The activity concentrations of K-40 are determined directly by measuring gamma-ray transitions at 1460.8keV (100%) using a high-resolution pure germanium detector with good efficiency from the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority. We find that the result found in NMGS technique and TNAA technique for COMINAK soil sample for U-238 and Th-232 are 2.32mg/Kg, 2.36mg/Kg and 11.67mg/Kg, 11.72mg/Kg respectively the results are getting closer. In SOMAIR soil sample the result found for U-238 is getting closer 1.35mg/Kg and 1.34mg/Kg respectively for NMGS and TNAA and also for Th-232 the result is close 7.2mg/Kg and 7.87mg/Kg respectively for NMGS and TNAA. The results obtained confirm that one of the samples (COMINAK soil) is more radioactive than the SOMAIR soil samples, and the results are similar for both NMGS and TNAA techniques, with the exception of thorium in the SOMAIR soil sample. This study will help to assess the environmental impact around the mining areas.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141117345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Anti-scatter Grid Usage for Knee Computerized Radiography","authors":"Luísa Vargas Cassol, Nataly Nogueira Favarin, Felipe de Bail, Edméia Lopes Ramai Buss, Laura Pizarro Trojahn Nogueira, Jéssica Fetzer da Costa Rosa, Thiago Victorino Claus","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4834","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This experimental study investigated the effect of using an anti-scatter grid in computerized knee radiography (CR) on image quality (IQ) and patient surface radiation dose (Equivalent Surface Air Kerma – Ka,e), measured with an ionization chamber.\u0000Place and Duration of Study: The experimental study was conducted between February 2024 and April 2024, in the radiodiagnosis laboratory belonging to the Medical Physics and Radiology Technology courses at the Franciscan University (UFN) in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul.\u0000Methodology: Utilizing a semi-anatomical knee phantom to simulate clinical examination conditions, ten images were acquired, with five obtained using technique 1 (70 kV, 200mA, and 20mAs) and another five with technique 2 (70 kVp, 200mA, and 5 mAs), with and without an anti-scatter grid, respectively. The phantom images were digitized in a CR system and quantified using a publicly available automatic analyzer software based on histograms and regions of interest (ROI), defined by signal and noise. The obtained results were used to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and radiographic contrast (RC), considered IQ descriptors.\u0000Results: As a selection criterion, the percentage deviation (D%) was chosen, considering technique 1 as the reference concerning technique 2. It was observed that technique 1 showed an SNR 1.20%, RC 3.86%, and Ka,e 73.68% higher than technique 2; on the other hand, technique 2 indicated a CNR 4.76% higher compared to technique 1.\u0000Conclusion:  It is concluded that technique 2 without an anti-scatter grid may be preferable when considering the principle of optimization, where the dose is significantly reduced without a significant loss in IQ descriptors.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140985425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Radiological Health Risks Associated with Water Sourced from the Ogwashi-Uku Earth Dam in Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Okeoghene, Nwabuoku Augustine Onyema, Oduah Emeka Charles, Oduje Favour","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4833","url":null,"abstract":"Given the increased human activities and population growth in Ogwashi-Uku, there is a possibility of potential contamination of the water in the dam with elevated levels of alpha and beta radiation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the radiological health risks associated with water obtained from the Ogwashi-Uku Earth dam by analyzing the concentrations of gross alpha and gross beta activity in the water. The results indicate that the measured activity concentrations of gross alpha and gross beta in the water samples are below the permissible limits of 0.1 Bq/l and 1.0 Bq/l respectively. Additionally, the average annual effective dose equivalent calculated for all the water samples is lower than the recommended dose limit of 0.1 mSv for radionuclides in water. These findings suggest that the assessed life cancer risk associated with the water consumption is low, indicating that the water from the Ogwashi-Uku Earth dam is safe for consumption.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141044179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Variable Thermal Conductivity on MHD Fluid Flow on Rotating Vertical Cone in the Presence of Darcy Forchheimer, Soret and Dufour Effects through a Porous Medium","authors":"I. J. Uwanta, I. D. Yale, A. Ahmed","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4832","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigated the effects of Variable Thermal Conductivity on MHD fluid on a Rotating Vertical Cone in the Presence of Darcy Forchheimer, Soret and Dufour effects through a porous medium. The system of nonlinear differential equations were transformed into first order differential equations and solved using shooting technique in Matlab package Bvp4c.Furthermore, the effects of various parameters over the main physical quantities are shown graphically and also extensively discussed. The result shows that Thermal conductivity increases Tangential Velocity, Temperature and decreases Normal Velocity. Dufour increases Tangential Velocity and decreases Normal Velocity. Radiation parameter R enhances Tangential Velocity and Temperature.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140653511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Numerical Simulation of Mixed Convection Flow in Lid-Driven Cavities","authors":"N. Mansour, Ridha Jmai","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i3831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i3831","url":null,"abstract":"The mixed convection of heat transfer and fluid flow in a - lid drivencubical cavity filled with air is investigated numerically in this study. The computational procedure is based on the finite volume method and a full multigrid acceleration solver. The top wall of the cavity is maintained at a constant high temperature - Th, and it can move with a constant velocity U0. The bottom wall is immobile and maintained at a cold temperature Tc. While, the remaining boundary parts of the cavity are motionless and kept thermally insulated. Several numerical simulations were conducted to investigate mixed convection heat transfer in a sliding cubical cavity for a range of Reynolds numbers from 1000 to 5000 and Richardson numbers from 0.001 to 10. The influence of mixed convection parameters, Reynolds number, Richardson number, and heat transfer rate on the flow behavior was analyzed through parametric studies. The results include flow and heat transfer characteristics, iso-surfaces, and streamlines for the entire range of Richardson numbers and Reynolds numbers investigated. The study shows that as Reynolds number is increased beyond a critical value, the flow becomes unstable and bifurcates.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"303 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140703444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Study of the Thermal Behavior of a Wall Containing Phase Change Material (PCM) in a Hot and Dry Climate","authors":"Vincent Zoma, B. Kaboré, G. W. Ouedraogo, S. Kam","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i3830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i3830","url":null,"abstract":"Current buildings in Burkina Faso, particularly in the Sahelian zone, built with local materials are energy-intensive and sources of discomfort for the occupants. However, the role of housing is to provide man with shelter which protects him from external climatic conditions and offers him thermal comfort. \u0000In this work, we present a numerical study of the thermal behavior of a wall containing a phase change material (PCM) in the Sahelian zone. The MCP used in this study is RT27 paraffin with a melting temperature of 27°C and a latent heat of fusion of 179kJ/kg. The equations obtained were adimensionalized and discredited by the finite element method and solved using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.3. To this end, we were interested on the one hand in the study of the evolution of the flow of heat and the temperature at the level of the external and internal walls of the wall. On the other hand, we studied the effect of the location of a layer of PCM mortar, simple plaster or cement plaster on the temperature of the internal wall of the wall. The results show the magnitude of heat flux and temperature is greatly reduced by the incorporation of PCM into the wall.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"21 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140722407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Investigation of the Corrosion Protection Efficacy of Spondias mombin Leaf Extracts on AA2024 Alloy and Low Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium","authors":"K. Ogwo, L. Nnanna, Ahamefule C. Young, E. A. Eziyi","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i3828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i3828","url":null,"abstract":"The anti-corrosive property of Spondias mombin (SM) leaves extract on low carbon steel (LCS) and aluminium alloy (AA2024) in 1M HCl solution was investigated using gravimetric and electrochemical methods. The results obtained from the weight loss experiment performed at various temperatures (30, 45, and 60 0C) show that the inhibition efficiency values decreased with temperature rise but increased as the inhibitor concentrations were increased. At 30 0C, optimum inhibition efficiency (IE) of 80.11% and 78.06% were obtained for LCS and AA2024 respectively. The potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) result reveal that an optimum IE values of 92.1% and 74.0% were respectively obtained for LCS and AA2024 while the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data show IE values of 91.5% and 74.5% for LCS and AA2024 respectively. In all cases, the values of inhibition efficiency obtained for LCS were greater than those obtained for AA2024. This implies that SM leaf extracts offers a better protective-layer on LCS surface compared to the AA2024 alloy in the acidic medium. The isotherm study reveal that Langmuir model best fitted the adsorption of the leaf extracts on LCS while Freundlich model best fitted the leaf extracts adsorption on AA2024 surface.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"157 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}