New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series最新文献

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Dealing with Cash, Cross Holdings and Other Non-Operating Assets: Approaches and Implications 处理现金、交叉持股和其他非经营性资产:方法和影响
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2005-09-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.841485
A. Damodaran
{"title":"Dealing with Cash, Cross Holdings and Other Non-Operating Assets: Approaches and Implications","authors":"A. Damodaran","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.841485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.841485","url":null,"abstract":"Most businesses hold cash, often in the form of low-risk or riskless investments that can be converted into cash at short notice. The motivations for holding cash vary across firms. Some hold cash to meet operating needs whereas others keep cash on hand to weather financial crises or take advantage of investment opportunities. In the first part of this paper, we will begin by looking at the extent of cash holdings at publicly traded firms and some of the motives for the cash accumulation. We will also look at how best to value these cash holdings in both discounted cash flow and relative valuation models. In the second part of the paper, we will turn to a trickier component - cross holdings in other companies. We will begin by looking at the way accountants record these holdings and the implications for valuation. We will then consider how to incorporate the value of these cross holdings in a full information environment, followed by approximations that work when information about cross holdings is partial or missing.","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129367703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 45
The Value of Control: Implications for Control Premia, Minority Discounts and Voting Share Differentials 控制权的价值:控制权溢价、少数股权折扣和有表决权股份差异的含义
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2005-06-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.837405
A. Damodaran
{"title":"The Value of Control: Implications for Control Premia, Minority Discounts and Voting Share Differentials","authors":"A. Damodaran","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.837405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.837405","url":null,"abstract":"It is not uncommon in private company and acquisition valuations to see large premiums attached to estimated value to reflect the 'value of control'. But what, if any, is the value of control in a firm, and if it exists, how do we go about estimating it? In this paper, we examine the ingredients of the control premium. In particular, we argue that the value of controlling a firm has to lie in being able to run it differently (and better). Consequently, the value of control will be greater for poorly managed firms than well run ones. The value of control has wide ranging implications beyond acquisitions. We show that the expected likelihood of control changing is built into the price of every publicly traded company and that this provides a way of measuring the payoff to strong corporate governance. We also argue that getting a better handle on the value of control can allow us to better explain the differences between voting and non-voting share prices and the minority discount in private company valuations.","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134153210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 30
Bottom-Up Corporate Governance 自下而上的公司管治
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2005-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/ROF/RFS020
Augustin Landier, D. Sraer, D. Thesmar
{"title":"Bottom-Up Corporate Governance","authors":"Augustin Landier, D. Sraer, D. Thesmar","doi":"10.1093/ROF/RFS020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ROF/RFS020","url":null,"abstract":"In many instances, 'independently-minded' top-ranking executives can impose strong discipline on their CEO, even though they are formally under his authority. This paper argues that the use of such a disciplining mechanism is a key feature of good corporate governance. We provide robust empirical evidence consistent with the fact that firms with high internal governance are more efficiently run. We empirically label as 'independent from the CEO' a top executive who joined the firm before the current CEO was appointed. In a very robust way, firms with a smaller fraction of independent executives exhibit (1) a lower level of profitability and (2) lower shareholder returns after large acquisitions. These results are unaffected when we control for traditional governance measures such as board independence or other well-studied shareholder-friendly provisions.","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129001876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 123
Why is Long-Horizon Equity Less Risky? A Duration-Based Explanation of the Value Premium 为什么长线股票风险较低?基于期限的价值溢价解释
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.661346
Jessica A. Wachter, M. Lettau
{"title":"Why is Long-Horizon Equity Less Risky? A Duration-Based Explanation of the Value Premium","authors":"Jessica A. Wachter, M. Lettau","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.661346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.661346","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a dynamic risk-based model that captures the value premium. Firms are modeled as long-lived assets distinguished by the timing of cash flows. The stochastic discount factor is specified so that shocks to aggregate dividends are priced, but shocks to the discount rate are not. The model implies that growth firms covary more with the discount rate than do value firms, which covary more with cash flows. When calibrated to explain aggregate stock market behavior, the model accounts for the observed value premium, the high Sharpe ratios on value firms, and the poor performance of the CAPM. THIS PAPER PROPOSES A DYNAMIC RISK-BASED MODEL that captures both the high expected returns on value stocks relative to growth stocks, and the failure of the capital asset pricing model to explain these expected returns. The value premium, first noted by Graham and Dodd (1934), is the finding that assets with a high ratio of price to fundamentals (growth stocks) have low expected returns relative to assets with a low ratio of price to fundamentals (value stocks). This finding by itself is not necessarily surprising, as it is possible that the premium on value stocks represents compensation for bearing systematic risk. However, Fama and French (1992) and others show that the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) of Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965) cannot account for the value premium: While the CAPM predicts that expected returns should rise with the beta on the market portfolio, value stocks have higher expected returns yet do not have higher betas than growth stocks. To model the difference between value and growth stocks, we introduce a cross-section of long-lived firms distinguished by the timing of their cash flows. Firms with cash flows weighted more to the future endogenously have high price ratios, while firms with cash flows weighted more to the present have low price ratios. Analogous to long-term bonds, growth firms are high-duration ∗ Lettau is at the Stern School of Business at New York University. Wachter is at the Wharton","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124409838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 509
'Long Term Debt with Hidden Borrowing' “隐藏借款的长期债务”
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.724023
Heski Bar-Isaac, V. Cuñat
{"title":"'Long Term Debt with Hidden Borrowing'","authors":"Heski Bar-Isaac, V. Cuñat","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.724023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.724023","url":null,"abstract":"We consider borrowers with the opportunity to raise funds from a competitive banking sector that shares information, and from an alternative hidden lender. The presence of the hidden lender restricts the contracts that can be obtained from the banking sector. In equilibrium some borrowers obtain funds from both the banking sector and the inefficient hidden lender simultaneously. We further show that as the cost of borrowing from the hidden lender increases, total welfare increases. We generalize the model to allow for a partially hidden lender and obtain qualitatively similar results.","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124914095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Semiparametric Estimation of Fractional Cointegrating Subspaces 分数阶协整子空间的半参数估计
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2004-11-01 DOI: 10.1214/009053606000000894
Willa W. Chen, C. Hurvich
{"title":"Semiparametric Estimation of Fractional Cointegrating Subspaces","authors":"Willa W. Chen, C. Hurvich","doi":"10.1214/009053606000000894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1214/009053606000000894","url":null,"abstract":"We consider a common components model for multivariate fractional cointegration, in which the s ¸ 1 components have different memory parameters. The cointegrating rank is allowed to exceed 1. The true cointegrating vectors can be decomposed into orthogonal fractional cointegrating subspaces suchthat vectors from distinct subspaces yield cointegrating errors with distinct memory parameters, denoted by dk, for k = 1; : : : ; s. We estimate each cointegrating subspace separately using appropriate sets ofeigenvectors of an averaged periodogram matrix of tapered, differenced observations. The averaging uses the first m Fourier frequencies, with m fixed. We will show that any vector in the k th estimatedcointegrating subspace is, with high probability, close to the k th true cointegrating subspace, in the sensethat the angle between the estimated cointegrating vector and the true cointegrating subspace convergesin probability to zero. This angle is Op(ni®k ), where n is the sample size and ®k is the shortest distance between the memory parameters corresponding to the given and adjacent subspaces. We show that the cointegrating residuals corresponding to an estimated cointegrating vector can be used to obtain a consistent and asymptotically normal estimate of the memory parameter for the given cointegrating subspace, using a univariate Gaussian semiparametric estimator with a bandwidth that tends to 1 more slowly than n. We also show how these memory parameter estimates can be used to test for fractional cointegration and to consistently identify the cointegrating subspaces.","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115873236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 60
Turning Over Turnover 营业额
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2004-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/RFS/HHM038
M. Cremers, J. Mei
{"title":"Turning Over Turnover","authors":"M. Cremers, J. Mei","doi":"10.1093/RFS/HHM038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/RFS/HHM038","url":null,"abstract":"This article applies the methodology of Bai and Ng (2002, 2004) for decomposing panel data into systematic and idiosyncratic components to both stock returns and turnover panels. This approach works well for both returns and turnover, despite the presence of severe heteroscedasticity and nonstationarity of individual stocks' turnover. We test the mutual fund separation model of Lo and Wang (2000). Trading due to systematic risk in returns can account for 66% of systematic turnover. Thus, portfolio rebalancing due to systematic risk is a very important motive for stock trading. Finally, several common turnover measures may understate the impact of stock trading.","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126024094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 48
Generalized Method of Moments for Samples of Unequal Length 不等长度样本的广义矩法
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2004-05-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.649422
A. Lynch, Jessica A. Wachter
{"title":"Generalized Method of Moments for Samples of Unequal Length","authors":"A. Lynch, Jessica A. Wachter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.649422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.649422","url":null,"abstract":"This paper extends the generalized method of moments technique of Hansen (1982) to cases where moment conditions are observed over different sample periods. Many applications in financial economics use data series that have different starting dates, or, more rarely, different ending dates. Common practice is to take the intersection of the sample periods over which the data are observed; the intersection then becomes the sample period for the study and the rest of the data are ignored. This paper describes an alternative that allows the researcher to make use of all of the data available for each moment condition. We describe two asymptotically equivalent estimators that are consistent, asymptotically normal, and more efficient asymptotically than standard GMM. The first uses sample averages over the full sample to estimate the moments for which full-sample data are available, and sample averages over the short sample to estimate moments for which only the short-sample data are available, and then adjusts the short-sample moment using coefficients from a regression of the short-sample moments on the full-sample moments. The second uses the non-overlapping segment of the data available for the full-sample moments to form an additional set of moment conditions. We extend both of these estimators to settings with more general patterns of missing data. We show that the extended estimators are asymptotically equivalent, consistent, asymptotically normal, and asymptotically more e±cient than estimators that ignore a portion of the sample, whether or not it is observed for all series. By implication, the extended estimators are more efficient than standard GMM.","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129871406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multinationals as Arbitrageurs: The Effect of Valuations on Foreign Direct Investment 跨国公司作为套利者:估值对外国直接投资的影响
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2004-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.556127
Malcolm P. Baker, C. Foley, Jeffrey Wurgler
{"title":"Multinationals as Arbitrageurs: The Effect of Valuations on Foreign Direct Investment","authors":"Malcolm P. Baker, C. Foley, Jeffrey Wurgler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.556127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.556127","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical evidence of imperfect integration across world capital markets suggests a role for cross-border arbitrage by multinationals. Consistent with multinational arbitrage as a determinant of foreign direct investment (FDI) patterns, we find that FDI flows increase sharply with source-country stock market valuations--particularly the component of valuations that is predicted to revert the next year, and particularly in the presence of capital account restrictions that limit other mechanisms of cross-country arbitrage. The results suggest the existence of a cheap financial capital channel in which FDI flows reflect, in part, the use of relatively low-cost capital available to overvalued parents in the source country. The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123821990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 100
External Constraints on Monetary Policy and the Financial Accelerator 货币政策的外部约束与金融加速器
New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2003-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.959669
M. Gertler, Simon Gilchrist, Fabio Natalucci
{"title":"External Constraints on Monetary Policy and the Financial Accelerator","authors":"M. Gertler, Simon Gilchrist, Fabio Natalucci","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.959669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.959669","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a small open economy macroeconomic model where financial conditions influence aggregate behavior. We use this model to explore the connection between the exchange rate regime and financial distress. We show that fixed exchange rates exacerbate financial crises by tieing the hands of the monetary authorities. We then investigate the quantitative significance by first calibrating the model to Korean data and then showing that it does a reasonably good job of matching the Korean experience during its recent financial crisis. In particular, the model accounts well for the sharp increase in lending rates and the large drop in output, investment and productivity during the 1997-1998 episode. We then perform some counterfactual exercises to illustrate the quantitative significance of fixed versus floating rates both for macroeconomic performance and for welfare. Overall, these exercises imply that welfare losses following a financial crisis are significantly larger under fixed exchange rates relative to flexible exchange rates.","PeriodicalId":124312,"journal":{"name":"New York University Stern School of Business Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130976020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 726
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