Frontiers in Earth Science最新文献

{"title":"A self-supervision rockburst risk prediction algorithm based on automatic mining of rockburst prediction index features","authors":"Xiufeng Zhang, Haikuan Zhang, Haitao Li, Guoying Li, Shanshan Xue, Haichen Yin, Yang Chen, Fei Han","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1459879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1459879","url":null,"abstract":"The rockburst risk prediction based on microseismic (MS) data is an important research task in deep mine safety prevention. However, the lack of systematic research on explicit prediction indexes and the waste of a large amount of unlabeled data are still two main problems that hinder the development of rockburst prediction. In this paper, the acoustic emission (AE) event distribution at each coal rock deformation and failure stage is studied based on the laboratory experiment. The spatial-temporal evolution of rockburst in MS data of coal mine fields is explored. Based on systematic research of the AE and MS distribution features considering the physical logic of coal rock mass failure, nine different rockburst prediction indexes are employed to describe the MS data features before rockburst. Then, according to the rockburst prediction indexes, a new self-supervision rockburst risk prediction algorithm is constructed, consisting of the pre-trained model and fine-tuning model with the same encoder and decoder structure. The pre-trained model is trained with unlabeled MS data to automatically learn rockburst prediction index features by reconstructing the masked indexes. Based on the pre-trained encoder and decoder parameters, the fine-tuning model is trained with the labeled MS data to predict rockburst risk. A large number of experiments show that the proposed rockburst prediction self-supervision algorithm is far superior to previous algorithms, by effectively utilizing unlabeled data. The ablation experiment also proves the validity of the studied rockburst prediction indexes.","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontiers | Analysis of Anisotropy Anomalies Identification in Apparent Resistivity Observation","authors":"lei yu, yong j. li, feng j. cao, quan d. hong, feng m. cui, wei ji, yu w. ma","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1423823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1423823","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1966, China has been using apparent resistivity observation to forecast strong aftershocks of the Xingtai earthquake. Retrospective studies of subsequent strong earthquakes have shown that anomalies in apparent resistivity observation before earthquakes usually exhibit anisotropic characteristics. In addition to the anisotropic changes in apparent resistivity before earthquakes, factors such as subway operation near the observation area, metal pipeline networks, and changes in water levels have also been found to cause anisotropic changes. These factors are called environmental interference factors. Therefore, distinguishing between anisotropic changes before earthquakes and anisotropic changes caused by interference and eliminating the effects of interference is crucial for using apparent resistivity observations for forecasting. Taking the observation of Hefei seismic station in Anhui Province as an example, a model is constructed using the finite element method to try to establish a method for analyzing anisotropy in apparent resistivity before earthquakes, and the data from other provincial stations are used for verification. In the modeling process, the influence coefficient is a measure of the relationship between the variation in apparent resistivity and the changes in the medium of the measurement area. The following results are obtained by calculating the influence coefficient using the finite element method: the influence coefficient between the power supply electrode and the measuring electrode of the apparent resistivity observation is negative, and the rest are positive, and the distribution of the influence coefficient shows obvious symmetry, with the axis of symmetry being the line connecting the electrodes and its midline, and the absolute value of the influence coefficient is inversely proportional to the distance from the electrodes. In addition, according to the constructed finite element model, the amplitude of anisotropic changes caused by interference can be quantitatively calculated. Given that interference is ubiquitous in various regions of the world, this study can provide a reference for international earthquake forecasters to quantitatively remove environmental interference in anisotropy. Moreover, when building apparent resistivity stations in seismic areas for earthquake prediction, it is best to avoid areas with larger local influence coefficients to ensure that the anomalous data before the earthquake is true and reliable.","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis on numerical simulation and fracture mechanics model of water inrush of floor with hidden faults under dynamic and static loads","authors":"Xianwei Zhao, Dengfeng Yang, Yanyan Zhu, Aiping Zeng","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1352992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1352992","url":null,"abstract":"The mining activation of hidden faults under dynamic and static loads is an important reason for the occurrence of floor water inrush disasters in deep coal seam mining. The formation and evolution mechanism of water inrush channel caused by mining on the floor of hidden faults were analyzed through numerical simulation, from the perspective of fracture mechanics, a model was constructed to explore the influence of combined dynamic and static loads on the propagation of water with cracks. A conclusion was drawn that the effects of mining stress and confined water have led to rapid expansion of hidden fault cracks and significant improvement in permeability, at the same time, the confined water in the hidden fault also has a scouring and expansion effect on the cracks, accelerating their development speed. There are spatial and temporal differences in the penetration patterns of hidden faults at different positions of floor, and the closer it is to the goaf, the more likely it is to experience activation of hidden faults and water inrush. When there are multiple hidden small faults in the floor, there is an alternating change between the water inrush growth area and the flow stable area with similar cyclic characteristics. The effect of dynamic load will increase the pore pressure in cracks, and increase the stress intensity factor at the crack tip, and more easily induce crack expansion and penetration failure. The critical water pressure calculation equation for crack propagation and failure under dynamic and static loads was derived, and the calculation method for the minimum safe thickness of the floor was further analyzed, the influence of water pressure, crack length, inclination angle, and mining depth on it was discussed. The effect of dynamic load will increase the pore pressure in cracks, and increase the stress intensity factor at the crack tip, and more easily induce crack expansion and penetration failure. Finally, the theoretical analysis results were verified by an engineering examples. The research results can provide theoretical basis for predicting and preventing water inrush from the mining floor, which is beneficial for the safe and sustainable mining of coal mines.","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of dynamic shear stiffness decay characteristics of interbedded soil: a case study in Yangtze River floodplain","authors":"Haizhi Liu, Zhilei Huo, Danxi Chen, Ruirong Zhou, Qi Wu","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1421253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1421253","url":null,"abstract":"To explore the characteristics of the dynamic shear modulus of river-phase (as opposed to estuarine) floodplain interbedded soil, undisturbed interbedded soil from the floodplain of the Yangtze River in Nanjing was subjected to strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests to investigate how the initial effective confining pressure (<jats:italic>σʹ</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>), consolidation ratio (<jats:italic>k</jats:italic><jats:sub>c</jats:sub>), and degree of consolidation (<jats:italic>U</jats:italic>) influence the maximum dynamic shear modulus <jats:italic>G</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub> and the dynamic shear modulus ratio <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>/<jats:italic>G</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub>. The results show that for this soil, <jats:italic>G</jats:italic> decreases with increasing strain amplitude, and for a given strain amplitude, <jats:italic>G</jats:italic> increases with increasing <jats:italic>σʹ</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>, <jats:italic>k</jats:italic><jats:sub>c</jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>U</jats:italic>. Compared with soil from the Yangtze estuary, <jats:italic>k</jats:italic><jats:sub>c</jats:sub> has a greater effect on <jats:italic>G</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub> of the floodplain interbedded soil. Finally, a modified Martin-Davidenkov model is proposed for predicting <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>/<jats:italic>G</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub> of river-phase floodplain interbedded soil under different <jats:italic>σʹ</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>, <jats:italic>k</jats:italic><jats:sub>c</jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>U.</jats:italic>","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delineation of deep-seated crustal structures from magnetic data in the southeastern part of the Niger Delta basin, Nigeria","authors":"Ohara E. Eze, Anthony A. Okiwelu, Stephen E. Ekwok, Kamal Abdelrahman, Hassan Alzahrani, Ubong C. Ben, Amin Ibrahim, Chibuike Akpa, Peter Andráš, Samuel I. Ugar, Ahmed M. Eldosouky","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1439199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1439199","url":null,"abstract":"Regional magnetic data in the southeastern segment of the Nigerian Niger Delta were evaluated with the aim of mapping deep-seated tectonic elements. Enhanced filtering operations and 3D forward modelling were applied on the magnetic data. These geologic features triggered the formation of rollover anticlines and faults that serve as structural traps in the study area. The filtered residual magnetic data revealed geologic structures characterized with NE - SW, N - S, and E - W orientations. The 3-D models detected the faulted crustal blocks, gradient zones, and intra-basement compositional magnetic variations. Furthermore, some prominent horst and graben structures as well as related normal faults characterized with distinct magnetic signatures were observed. Faults of base magnetic (of various compositions) were observed to be the fabricating mechanisms of the magnetic anomalies. Collectively, these structures influenced the patterns of magnetic anomalies with direct effects on the hydrocarbon trapping systems, as well as the pathways and accumulation zones for hydrothermal minerals. On the whole, the interpreted results revealed that the basement surface is rippling. Additionally, the depth result showed sedimentary thicknesses that ranged from 4–10 km. Again, the estimated crustal thickness varied from 14 to 19 km. This study has displayed the capabilities of the magnetic method in mapping the depth and configuration of basement rocks, which are crucial in controlling the formation of structural traps. Identifying these basement structures early helps in understanding the overall geological framework and potential hydrocarbon systems.","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture characterization of fractured rock bodies based on acoustic and optical characteristics","authors":"Jiyong Zhang, Qianjin Zou, Huadong Guan","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1421355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1421355","url":null,"abstract":"Crack propagation is an important cause of damage to rock bodies. In this study, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens with rock-like mass containing fissures with different inclination angles to study the effect of crack angle on the crack evolution and fracture characteristics of rock bodies. The specimen surface deformation and internal response characteristics during fracture were analyzed via digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. The results indicated that the AE characteristics of the fractured specimens exhibited a high degree of activity during the pore compaction and crack propagation stages. The prefabricated fissure configuration affected the stress state at the fissure tip, leading to differences in the crack evolution paths and rupture modes of fissure specimens with different angles. Under the uniaxial peak intensity, the relative position of the normalized global strain curve peak point gradually shifted from the specimen tip to the middle of the specimen as the crack angle increased, which corresponded to the shear damage-tension-shear mixed damage-tension damage modes of the specimen. The findings of this study indicate that normalized global strain curves can reflect the characteristics of crack evolution and provide a basis for the discrimination of fissured rock mass damage modes.","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontiers | Construction and application of multi-scale costal bedrock urban 3D engineering geological models in Qingdao City of China","authors":"Dong Ji, Jing Hou, Zhiliang Cheng, Shuai Wei, Yue Zhai, Wenhao Li","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1435824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1435824","url":null,"abstract":"The 3D geological model serves as a cornerstone, establishing the essential foundation and prerequisite for numerical simulations, analytical assessments, and evaluative procedures that are integral to the disciplines of geotechnical and geological engineering. The task of integrating vast quantities of multi-source, heterogeneous modeling data, the absence of stratigraphic division standards to meet varying precision requirements, and addressing the application demands of 3D geological models beyond the geological domain, pose significant challenges to the endeavor of 3D geological modeling. This is especially true for the construction of large-scale, high-precision 3D geological models at the urban level. Our research introduces a methodology for 3D geological modelling, with a particular focus on the dual-weighted interpolation technique for the integration of land-sea data and the establishment of a three-tiered coding system for bedrock layers. Focusing on Qingdao, a city characterized by its bedrock geology and situated along the eastern coastal region of China, our proposed method has successfully catalyzed the creation of models across four distinct scales: a comprehensive city-wide model covering an area of 11,282 square kilometers, five general models, two demonstration models, and five refined models. Further application cases have demonstrated that these models are not only capable of meeting the requirements of geological and geotechnical engineering across various scenarios, but also exhibit excellent interoperability and significant application potential when integrated with Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The outcomes of this study are significant for the theoretical development and technological advancement of 3D geological modeling, and can also bring inspiration and reference to the work of 3D geological modeling in other areas.","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontiers | .1.1 Late Holocene hydrologic variability and ecosystem structure from rock hyrax middens in Dhofar, Oman","authors":"Kaitlyn E. Horisk, Sarah Ivory, Katherine Freeman, Allison Baczynski, Joy McCorriston, Andrew Anderson, R Scott Anderson, Ali Al Kathiri","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1441323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1441323","url":null,"abstract":"Over 1/3 of the Earth’s human population relies on dryland ecosystems for food and water resources. While these ecosystems are highly sensitive to changes in climate, we lack observational data as to how changes in hydrology influences plant communities. Paleoecological data for southern Arabia show woodland communities transitioned to more dry-adapted herbaceous plants, which suggests rainfall decreased across the Holocene. To assess relationships between hydrology and ecology, we employed leaf wax n-alkane distributions, δ13Cwax, and δDwax records from rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) middens in Dhofar, Oman. The biomarker properties allowed reconstruction of changes in C3/C4 vegetation and local moisture availability, in tandem with community changes represented by a published pollen record. To constrain interpretations, n-alkane analyses were conducted on herbarium specimens of leaves collected in Dhofar. For the modern specimens, xeric plants typically contained longer homologues than mesic plants. Across the fossil middens (4,038–109 cal yrs BP), the proportions of plant-wax homologues do not show major changes, and thus do not suggest a shift between xeric versus mesic plants. Similarly, δ13Cwax values indicate little or no change in the distributions of C3 and C4 vegetation. Limited δDwax data from the middens confirm overall drying occurred into the late Holocene, punctuated by a wetter pulse at ∼1.6 ka. Taken together, plant wax distributions and isotope data indicate changes in moisture availability across the late Holocene did not alter the structural composition of the plant communities and that the proportion of C3/C4 vegetation remained stable. We infer vegetation changes associated with late Holocene drying involved reshuffling of community composition and not major changes in vegetation structure. Additionally, this study demonstrates that leaf wax n-alkanes from rock hyrax middens provide a method to reconstruct changes in climate and vegetation in dryland ecosystems where other archives are scarce.","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontiers | Comprehensive study on the stability and failure mechanism of landslides under rainfall and earthquake in northwest mountainous areas","authors":"Weixin Yang, Yonggang Zhang, Lei Zhang, Gexue Bai, Baofeng Wan, Ning An","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1470083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1470083","url":null,"abstract":"Landslides and geological disasters occur frequently in the mountainous areas of northwest China, seriously threatening people’s life and property of the region. In this study, we investigated the Lijie Beishan landslide as a typical case and combines the results of on-site geological surveys to conduct two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical simulations of the landslide, evaluating its stability under self-weight, rainfall, and earthquake action. By analyzing the generalized shear strain, displacement, and stability coefficient of the landslide, it is determined that the stability of the landslide shows a decreasing trend under static, rainfall, and earthquake conditions. Landslides exhibit tension controlled failure modes under normal static and rainfall conditions, and translational failure modes under earthquake conditions. Compared with static and rainfall conditions, landslides have the largest volume and sliding distance under earthquake conditions. By combining the transfer coefficient method and the simplified Bishop method, a comparative analysis was conducted on the stability of the landslide. It was found that the stability coefficients under different working conditions were consistent with the simulation results, which verified the reliability of the simulation results. The research results of this paper will assist in clarifying the development mechanism of this type of landslides and provide valuable references for the stability evaluation of landslides in the northwest mountainous areas.","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the internal erosion behavior and microscopic mechanisms of chemically stabilized soil: an experimental study","authors":"Buping Zhang, Xinghua Zhu, Xuewen Tao, Mengkui Wang, Aamir Asghar, Guoliang Mi","doi":"10.3389/feart.2024.1452449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1452449","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionInternal erosion triggered by water pipeline leaks seriously threatens the stability of the urban ground. Hangzhou, a city in Zhejiang Province, China, is facing critical challenges due to urban ground collapse (UGC) caused by internal erosion. However, there is a lack of research on the prevention of UGC by improving the internal erodibility of underground soil. Addressing this issue is of utmost importance to ensure the city’s stability and safety. This paper proposes to improve the internal erodibility of typical sandy silt soils with chemical stabilisers.MethodsThe effects of three chemical stabilisers, lignosulphonate (LS), lime (LI), and lignin fibre (LF), on the critical shear stress (<jats:italic>τ</jats:italic><jats:sub>c</jats:sub>) and erosion coefficient (<jats:italic>k</jats:italic><jats:sub>d</jats:sub>) of sandy silt soils were investigated, which from Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, by the hole erosion test (HET) at different mixing amounts and at different conservation times.ResultsThe findings indicate that LF mainly improves the erosion resistance of sandy silt by increasing <jats:italic>τ</jats:italic><jats:sub>c</jats:sub>, and the maximum increase is 2.38 times; LI mainly improves the erosion resistance by decreasing <jats:italic>k</jats:italic><jats:sub>d</jats:sub>, and the maximum decrease is 2.18 times. After adding LS, <jats:italic>τ</jats:italic><jats:sub>c</jats:sub> and <jats:italic>k</jats:italic><jats:sub>d</jats:sub> did not change significantly. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) test revealed that the inclusion of LF led to the formation of larger agglomerates in the sandy silt soil. The microstructure of sandy silt soil remained dispersed even after adding LS. Various chemical stabilisers used to improve sandy silt soils exhibited distinct erosion mechanisms. Sandy silt soils improved with LF exfoliated into agglomerates, displaying high resistance to erosion. On the other hand, the sandy silt treated with LF still lacks a protective layer and shows minimal improvements in its ability to withstand erosion. In contrast, the LS-amended sandy silt remains stripped with individual soil particles with insignificant changes in erosion resistance.DiscussionThis study can provide a conceptual framework for choosing foundation treatment techniques in future urban development projects.","PeriodicalId":12359,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}