Forests最新文献

{"title":"Identification of Cytospora Species Isolated from Branch Canker Diseases of Woody Plants in Tibet, China","authors":"Jie-Ting Li, Jiang-Rong Li, Ning Jiang","doi":"10.3390/f15010121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010121","url":null,"abstract":"Branch canker diseases are important in forest ecosystems, causing economic and ecological losses. Members of Cytospora are common on cankered branches and associated with the diseases. Investigations on Cytospora cankers were conducted in Tibet, China, during 2022 and 2023. Samples were collected from Euonymus japonicus, Larix gmelinii, Malus pumila, M. spectabilis and Rosa omeiensis f. pteracantha, and cultures were obtained and identified by morphological features and molecular phylogeny of a combination of internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), the partial actin (act) region, RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene and the partial beta-tubulin (tub2) gene. As a result, a new species is proposed herein named Cytospora lhasaensis and four known species are described for the first time from Tibet, viz. C. euonymina, C. gigaspora, C. mali and C. schulzeri. The current research enhances our understanding of the Cytospora species associated with woody host diseases in Tibet, China.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"57 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MangroveSeg: Deep-Supervision-Guided Feature Aggregation Network for Mangrove Detection and Segmentation in Satellite Images","authors":"Heng Dong, Yifan Gao, Riqing Chen, Lifang Wei","doi":"10.3390/f15010127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010127","url":null,"abstract":"Mangrove forests are significant participants in coastal ecological environment systems. For the development of protection strategies, it is crucial to automatically and accurately detect the distribution and area of mangroves using satellite images. Although many deep-learning-based mangrove detection and segmentation algorithms have made notable progress, the complex regional structures and the great similarity between mangroves and the surrounding environment, as well as the diversity of mangroves, render the task still challenging. To cover these issues, we propose a novel deep-supervision-guided feature aggregation network for mangrove detection and segmentation called MangroveSeg, which is based on a U-shaped structure with ResNet, combining an attention mechanism and a multi-scale feature extraction framework. We also consider the detection and segmentation of mangroves as camouflage detection problems for the improvement and enhancement of accuracy. To determine more information from extracted feature maps in a hidden layer, a deep supervision model is introduced in up-sampling to enhance feature representation. The spatial attention mechanism with attention gates is utilized to highlight significant regions and suppress task-independent feature responses. The feature fusion module can obtain multi-scale information by binding each layer to the underlying information and update feature mappings. We validated our framework for mangrove detection and segmentation using a satellite image dataset, which includes 4000 images comprising 256 × 256 pixels; we used 3002 for training and 998 for testing. The satellite images dataset was obtained from the Dongzhaigang National Nature Reserve located in Haikou City, Hainan Province, China. The proposed method achieved a 89.58% overall accuracy, 89.02% precision, and 80.7% mIoU. We also used the trained MangroveSeg model to detect mangroves on satellite images from other regions. We evaluated the statistical square measure of some mangrove areas and found that the evaluation accuracy can reach 96% using MangroveSeg. The proposed MangroveSeg model can automatically and accurately detect the distribution and area of mangroves from satellite images, which provides a method for monitoring the ecological environment.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"23 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree-Ring Stable Oxygen Isotope Ratio (δ18O) Records Precipitation Changes over the past Century in the Central Part of Eastern China","authors":"Changfeng Sun, Xuan Wu, Qiang Li, Yu Liu, Meng Ren, Qiufang Cai, Huiming Song, Yongyong Ma","doi":"10.3390/f15010128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010128","url":null,"abstract":"Fully understanding the past characteristics of climate and patterns of climate change can contribute to future climate prediction. Tree-ring stable oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) is crucial for high-resolution research of past climate changes and their driving mechanisms. A tree-ring δ18O chronology from 1896 to 2019 was established using Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. from the Yimeng Mountains (YMMs) in the central part of eastern China. We found that precipitation from the 41st pentad (five days) of the previous year to the 40th pentad of the current year (P41–40) was the main factor influencing the YMMs tree-ring δ18O change. We then created a transfer function between P41–40 and tree-ring δ18O. The reconstructed P41–40 explained 39% of the variance in the observed precipitation during the common period of 1960–2016. Over the past 124 years, the YMMs experienced 19 dry years and 20 wet years. The spatial correlation results indicate that the reconstructed precipitation could, to some extent, represent the precipitation changes in Shandong Province, and even the central part of eastern China, from the early 20th century to the present. In addition, it was found that the trends in YMMs tree-ring δ18O were similar at both high frequency and low frequency to those in tree-ring δ18O series from Mt. Tianmu in eastern China and from Jirisan National Park in southern South Korea. However, the YMMs tree-ring δ18O was only correlated at low frequency with the tree-ring δ18O of the Ordos Plateau in northwestern China and that of Nagano and Shiga in central Japan, which are far from the YMMs. The changes in precipitation and tree-ring δ18O in the YMMs were, to some extent, influenced by the Pacific decadal oscillation.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"31 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Allocation to Leaves and Its Controlling Factors and Impacts on Gross Primary Productivity in Forest Ecosystems of Northeast China","authors":"Zhiru Li, Quan Lai, Yuhai Bao, Bilige Sude, Zhengyi Bao, Xinyi Liu","doi":"10.3390/f15010129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010129","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems is essential for the optimization of growth. However, remote-sensing-based research on the estimation of carbon allocation in forests is inadequate. This article considers forests in northeastern China as the research area and uses leaf area index (LAI) data combined with random forest and structural equation modelling methods to study the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and driving factors of carbon allocation to leaves (ΔLAI) in deciduous broad-leaved forests (DBF), deciduous coniferous forests (DNF), and mixed forests (MF) during the green-up period (GUP) at a monthly scale during April, May, June, and July from 2001 to 2021, and clarifies the impact of leaf carbon allocation on gross primary productivity (GPP). The ΔLAI was the highest in DBF in April and in DNF and MF in May. The ΔLAI in April with an increasing trend year by year in DBF and MF, and the ΔLAI in May with an increasing trend in DNF. Among all the direct and indirect relationships that affect ΔLAI, temperature (TEM) has the highest path coefficient for DBF’s ΔLAI in April (−1.213) and the start of the season (SOS) has the highest path coefficient for DNF (−1.186) and MF (0.815). ΔLAI in the GUP has a significant positive impact on the GPP. In the MF, the higher ΔLAI in May was most conducive to an increase in GPP. During the critical period, that is April and May, carbon allocation to leaves effectively improves the carbon sequestration capacity of forestland. This information is of great value for the development and validation of terrestrial ecosystem models.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"54 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Large-Scale Fire and Habitat Type on Ant Nest Density and Species Abundance in Biebrza National Park, Poland","authors":"I. Sondej, Timo Domisch","doi":"10.3390/f15010123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010123","url":null,"abstract":"Fire can have negative effects on the ant community by reducing species abundance through direct mortality, changes in resource availability, or foraging activity. Fire can also have positive effects, especially for opportunistic species preferring open or disturbed habitats. We assessed the direct effects of a large-scale fire on ant communities in open habitats (grassland and Carex) and moist forested peatland (birch and alder) sites in Biebrza National Park, testing three hypotheses: (i) the large-scale fire had more significant effects on ant nest density in forests than in open habitats, (ii) the post-fire ant diversity changes within sites are stronger in forests than open habitats, and (iii) ant species preferring disturbed habitats are favoured by the fire event. The fire had negative effects on ant nest density only in the Carex and grassland sites but not in the birch and alder sites, suggesting that fire had a stronger impact in open habitats than in forests. Temporal post-fire ant diversity changes within sites were stronger in forests than in open habitats. We observed higher beta diversity changes between the first and second year of the study in the burned forest sites due to colonisation, indicating a greater fire impact on species community composition followed by a higher recolonisation rate. Ant species preferring disturbed habitats were favoured by the fire. The seed-eating ant species Tetramorium caespitum, a thermophilous and opportunistic species, dominated the burned grassland site. This contrasts with other species, e.g., Lasius alienus, for which nest density decreased after fire, underlining the importance of food resource availability as a major driver of community changes after fire. Our study also underlines the importance of periodic biodiversity monitoring in conservation areas for assessing the recovery of the original status after disturbances and revealing possible habitat changes endangering the survival of local biotic communities.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"49 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Spatial Mode, Supply–Demand Relationship, and Driving Mechanism of Urban Park Green Space: A Case Study from China","authors":"Kaixu Zhao, Chao Chen, Jianming Wang, Kaixi Liu, F. Wu, Xiaoteng Cao","doi":"10.3390/f15010131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010131","url":null,"abstract":"Park green space is a big part of public infrastructure in cities, and how to evaluate and optimize the mismatch of urban park green space (UPGS) has become the focus of current research in academia and industry. Taking China’s 286 cities as an example, this paper used the spatial cluster and Boston Consulting Group Matrix to analyze the aggregation laws and changing modes of UPGS from 2010 to 2020, introduced the spatial mismatch model to analyze the matching of its supply and demand with GDP and population, and adopted the Geodetector to analyze the influencing factors. The findings: (1) The evolution of UPGS in China had long been characterized by a “pyramidal” pattern, i.e., limited green cities > developing green cities > steady green cities > booming green cities, exhibiting the spatial characteristics of gradient differences between the coasts and inland areas, and the aggregation of blocks in some areas. (2) The supply and demand mismatches of the UPGS were relatively stable, with negative matching being the main supply mismatch type, and positive matching being the main demand mismatch type. The contribution of supply and demand mismatches similarly showed a spatial pattern of a gradual decrease from the coast to inland and the aggregation of blocks in some areas. (3) Five types of factors played different driving roles on UPGS, with social development remaining a weak factor, and the strong factor switching from urban infrastructure to construction land scale. The interaction detection was dominated by a bilinear enhancement, with super-interaction factors changing from an output value of the tertiary industry and population urbanization rate to education expenditure in local general public budgets. (4) Based on the mismatch between the supply and demand for UPGS in China, 286 cities were classified into four types, namely a smart shrinking zone, smart growing zone, status quo zone, and overlay policy zone, and differentiated development proposals for the corresponding zoning were put forward. This paper constructed an application framework of “evolution pattern + supply demand match + driving factors + policy zoning” for UPGS at a large scale, which will effectively enhance the effective allocation of its resources across the country.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"45 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Minimum Target Diameter and the Harvest Age of Oak Natural Secondary Forests in Different Sites Conditions: Case Study in Hunan Province, China","authors":"Wenbiao You, Guangyu Zhu","doi":"10.3390/f15010120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010120","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining permanent forest canopy cover and eventually harvesting timber by predetermined target diameter are often considered as a prototype for future management of the oak natural forest. However, target diameters and harvest age based on average forest growth rates from wide geographical areas often hamper improved management of oak forests. In this study, based on the sampling of 129 target trees from 51 oak natural secondary forest plots in Hunan Province, China, an individual-tree DBH (diameter at breast height) growth model of oak target trees was developed, and the site type (41 levels) was related to the model as random effects by a nonlinear mixed-effects approach. Moreover, the 41 site types were clustered into four site type groups (STG1, STG2, STG3, and STG4) by the K-means clustering algorithm to improve the model performance and practicality. With the help of the model, the five target diameters (including 24, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm) were simulated in each of the four STGs, and the minimum target diameter was determined for each STG based on the theory of quantitative maturity. In the four STGs, the harvest age of the 24 cm diameter target ranged from 30 to 51 years; the harvest age of the 60 cm target diameter ranged from 131 to 220 years, with the oaks failing to reach 60 cm in the lowest-quality STG4; the minimum target diameter ranged from 21 cm to 29 cm. Results showed that lower-quality sites exclude higher target diameters from optimal harvesting strategies, in contrast to the higher target diameter as a more reasonable strategy in higher quality sites, and that the minimum target diameter is significantly influenced by site conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a diverse target-diameter-harvesting strategy adapted for the complex site conditions of oak forests in Hunan Province towards site-specific timber management to improve the sustainability of timber production in oak forests.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"5 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Method of Boreal Zone Reforestation/Afforestation Estimation Using PALSAR-1,2 and Landsat-5,8 Data","authors":"Valery Bondur, T. Chimitdorzhiev, I. Kirbizhekova, Aleksey Dmitriev","doi":"10.3390/f15010132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010132","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, global remote sensing studies of tropical forest parameters are relevant for assessing carbon sequestration, whereas boreal forests receive little attention. This is due to the current idea that forests with greater aboveground biomass absorb more carbon. However, new research indicates that rapidly growing young forests take up more carbon than mature ones. Therefore, it is necessary to develop universal methods of remote reforestation/afforestation monitoring. The existing reforestation methods rely on the separate analysis of multispectral optical images and radar data. Here, we propose a method for analyzing the joint dynamics of NDVI (or the Normalized Burn Ratio, NBR) and the radar vegetation index (RVI) on a 2D plot for a test reforestation site. NDVI and NBR time series were derived from Landsat-5,8 data, and the RVI was derived from ALOS-1,2 and PALSAR-1,2 for 2007–2020 using the resources of Google Earth Engine. The quantitative parameters to evaluate the degree of reforestation and changes in the species composition of young trees have been suggested. The suggested method enables a more thorough evaluation of reforestation by measuring the coupled dynamics of the projective cover of young trees and aboveground biomass.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"38 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swelling Behaviour of Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens)","authors":"E. Roszyk, Radosław Kropaczewski, P. Mania, M. Broda","doi":"10.3390/f15010118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010118","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboo is a plant with various applications. As a natural, renewable material that exhibits good mechanical performance, it seems to be an interesting alternative to wood, which has become a scarce and expensive commodity. However, comprehensive knowledge of its properties is necessary to maximise its potential for various industrial purposes. The swelling behaviour of bamboo is one of the features that has not yet been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, in this research, we aimed to measure and analyse the swelling pressure and kinetics of bamboo blocks. The results show that similar to wood, the swelling kinetics of bamboo depend on its density: the denser the tissue, the higher the maximum swelling value recorded. The maximum tangential swelling measured was about 5%–6%, which is lower than the value for the most commonly used wood species. Swelling pressure ranged from 1.16 MPa to 1.39 MPa, depending on the bamboo density: the denser the sample, the shorter the time required to reach maximum swelling pressure. Like in wood, the smallest linear increase in size due to swelling was observed in the longitudinal direction (0.71%). However, opposite to wood, more pronounced swelling was recorded in the radial direction (over 7%) than in the tangential direction (nearly 6%). The results show that bamboo’s swelling behaviour makes it a good material for use in variable humidity conditions, being more favourable than the unmodified wood of many species.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"33 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying the Biological Characteristics of Anthracnose Pathogens of Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in China","authors":"Wei-Kun Feng, Chong-He Wang, Yun-Wei Ju, Zeng-Xin Chen, Xue Wu, Dong-Lu Fang","doi":"10.3390/f15010117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010117","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccinium corymbosum L., commonly known as blueberry, is a valuable small fruit tree in terms of its economic significance and is primarily found in China within the regions of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. Additionally, it thrives in the areas spanning the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Beyond their economic value, blueberries play a crucial role within forest ecosystems, serving as a significant energy source and source of nutrients. Their presence contributes significantly to fostering stability, enhancing biodiversity, and acting as an indicator of environmental quality within forest ecosystems. Since August 2022, an unknown leaf disease has been found on a large scale in blueberry fields in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. The disease causes leaf curling, wilting, and even early defoliation, severely reducing the yield and production value of blueberries. The pathogenicity test confirmed the virulence of the isolates (NG5-1, NG5-2, NG5-3, NG5-4, N2-1, and N2-2) against V. corymbosum. The two pathogens were identified as Colletotrichum fructicola and C. aenigma by observing the morphological characteristics of the isolates and combined with multilocus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, CAL, ACT, TUB2, ApMat, and GAPDH). Blueberry anthracnose, caused by C. aenigma, is the first report of this disease in China. The biological characteristics of C. aenigma were investigated under different conditions, including temperature, pH, light conditions, culture medium, and carbon and nitrogen sources. The optimal temperature for growth was determined to be within the range of 25–30 °C; C. aenigma exhibits optimal growth at a pH of 7–8. Mycelial growth is favored under conditions of partial light, whereas complete darkness promotes spore production. It was found that PDA medium was the most favorable medium for C. aenigma mycelial growth, and MM medium was the best medium for spore production; the most suitable carbon sources for colony growth and spore production were sorbitol and glucose, respectively, and the most suitable nitrogen source was peptone. This study furnishes a theoretical foundation for a more scientifically informed approach to the prevention and control of anthracnose on V. corymbosum.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}