Forests最新文献

{"title":"Trends in Atmospheric CO2 Fertilization Effects with Stand Age Based on Tree Rings","authors":"Yanxi Chen, Bin Wang, Mingze Li, Xiangqi Kong, Shaojie Bian","doi":"10.3390/f14122441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122441","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in global carbon emissions has intensified the effects of CO2 fertilization on the carbon cycle. CO2 fertilization is shaped by several factors, including the physiological differences among trees of varied forest ages and types, as well as the influence of different climatic conditions. It is essential to investigate the differences in CO2 fertilization effects across diverse climate zones and delve into the association between these effects and forest age and type. Such exploration will deepen our knowledge of forest responses to environmental changes. This study used annual ring width data from the International Tree-Ring Data Bank, employing the generalized additive mixed models and the Random Forest model to discern the pattern of the CO2 fertilization effect concerning forest age in the Northern Hemisphere. This study also explored the variations in the effect of CO2 fertilization across unique climate zones and the disparities among various forest types within the same climatic zone. The results indicated a link between forest age and the CO2 fertilization effect: it tends to increase in sapling forests and middle-aged forests and diminish in mature forests. Warmer, drier environments had a more marked effect of increased CO2 on tree fertilization. Additionally, coniferous forests demonstrated a more substantial CO2 fertilization effect than broadleaf forests, and deciduous needle-leaf forests surpassed evergreen needle-leaf forests in this regard. This research is pivotal in understanding the shifting patterns of CO2 fertilization effects and how forests respond to atmospheric changes.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Efficient Forest Fire Detection Algorithm Using Improved YOLOv5","authors":"Pei Shi, Jun Lu, Quan Wang, Yonghong Zhang, Liang Kuang, Xi Kan","doi":"10.3390/f14122440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122440","url":null,"abstract":"Forest fires result in severe disaster, causing significant ecological damage and substantial economic losses. Flames and smoke represent the predominant characteristics of forest fires. However, these flames and smoke often exhibit irregular shapes, rendering them susceptible to erroneous positive or negative identifications, consequently compromising the overall performance of detection systems. To enhance the average precision and recall rates of detection, this paper introduces an enhanced iteration of the You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) algorithm. This advanced algorithm aims to achieve more effective fire detection. First, we use Switchable Atrous Convolution (SAC) in the backbone network of the traditional YOLOv5 to enhance the capture of a larger receptive field. Then, we introduce Polarized Self-Attention (PSA) to improve the modeling of long-range dependencies. Finally, we incorporate Soft Non-Maximum Suppression (Soft-NMS) to address issues related to missed detections and repeated detections of flames and smoke by the algorithm. Among the plethora of models explored, our proposed algorithm achieves a 2.0% improvement in mean Average Precision@0.5 (mAP50) and a 3.1% enhancement in Recall when compared with the YOLOv5 algorithm. The integration of SAC, PSA, and Soft-NMS significantly enhances the precision and efficiency of the detection algorithm. Moreover, the comprehensive algorithm proposed here can identify and detect key changes in various monitoring scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138971687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Pruning Treatment on Growth Characteristics and Metabolites in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides)","authors":"Jing Yang, Shengnan Xie, Dandan Du, Hongling Wei, Wenling Zhou, Ying Zhang, Zhonghua Tang, Dewen Li, Ying Liu","doi":"10.3390/f14122439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122439","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of pruning treatments on growth, photosynthesis characteristics, and metabolites were was studied in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides). The experiment was carried out from March–August 2019. Three treatments were used: non-pruned trees (CK), a height of 20 cm above the top edge of the flowerpot (T1), and a height of 10 cm above the top edge of the flowerpot (T2). The results showed that the branches branch number, leaves leaf number, and stem diameter increased significantly (p < 0.05) in pruning treatments compared with CK. Similarly, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) increased significantly in pruning treatments (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the contents of Chl a, Chl b, Chl, Car, and the rate between the Chl a content and the Chl b content increased significantly (p < 0.05) in T2, respectively. These verified that it was a better way to enhance the plants growth of E. ulmoides for pruning treatments. The GC-MS analysis showed that 36 different primary metabolites were identified, including 11 sugars, 13 acids, 5 alcohols, and 7 other compounds, the relative content of their metabolites were was higher in the T2 treatment than that in the T1 treatment, which was mainly concentrated in four main enrichment pathways (Galactose metabolism; Citrate cycle; Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; and starch and sucrose metabolism) via KEGG analysis. Meanwhile, correlation analysis showed there were was a positive correlation between the accumulation of D-Galactose, D-Mannose, Succinic acid, and photosynthetic pigment content, and the rate of photosynthesis in T2 treatment (p < 0.05). The pruning height above the top edge of the flowerpot changed the accumulation of primary metabolites and promoted plant regeneration ability in E. ulmoides. Finally, the yield of main secondary metabolites from leaves (Genipin, Geniposide, Geniposidic acid, and Pinoresinol diglucoside) were was increased in pruning treatments by UPLC analysis. It provided a reference for the directional ecological cultivation of E. ulmoides.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"272 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139002150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-Based Modeling and Fluttering Dynamic Process Simulation for Catkins","authors":"Jiaxiu Zhang, Meng Yang, Benye Xi, Jie Duan, Qingqing Huang, Weiliang Meng","doi":"10.3390/f14122431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122431","url":null,"abstract":"Flight simulation of catkins using computer technology helps their prevention and control. However, this is a challenging task due to the complex characteristics, and irregular shapes of catkins, while existing methods mainly focus on rain and snow, which are not suitable for catkins. In this paper, we propose a physics-based algorithm for the dynamic simulation of fluttering catkins. Our approach includes an L-system based 3D modeling method for simulating the natural phenomena of the catkin. We consider the motion of wind, free fall of catkins, and the dynamics of catkins under the joint action of attraction between them, while adhering to the physical motion law of catkins. To provide wind force, we first establish a three-dimensional wind field based on Boltzmann’s equation. We then use the kernel function idea to calculate the attraction force between catkins and finally update the position of the catkin. We incorporate the phenomena of collision and adhesion, attraction, and accumulation of catkins while simulating motion states depending on the adjusted wall height and ground humidity parameters. Our approach overcomes limitations of previous models by achieving good simulation while using relatively less code to simulate various realistic motion states. According to our users’ study, more than 71% of users found the simulation results to be acceptable, authentic, and realistic, confirming the authenticity of our simulation. Our method can generate highly realistic effects, significantly improving efficiency by several orders of magnitude compared to manual modeling. In addition, it can effectively simulate the dynamics of catkins in different scales, providing a decision-making reference for catkin control.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"67 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138976413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of Soluble Salts and Iron Sulfides from the Wood of the “Huaguangjiao I” Shipwreck","authors":"Xueyu Wang, Naisheng Li","doi":"10.3390/f14122432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122432","url":null,"abstract":"Shipwreck wood often contains soluble salts and iron sulfides, which pose a threat to its stability. Therefore, desalination treatment must be carried out during protection. In this study, deionized water and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) solution were used to extract soluble salts and iron sulfides from the 511 wood components of the “Huaguangjiao I” shipwreck. The extraction lasted for 1120 days, during which extraction progress was monitored by measuring the electrical conductivity and iron content of the soaking solution. The results indicated that the extraction experiment reached its endpoint when the conductivity of the soaking solution was maintained at 80~100 μs/cm and the iron content was maintained at 8~15 mg/L. More than 143.35 kg of iron were extracted from the wood of the “Huaguangjiao I” shipwreck. After extraction, the content of soluble salt ions in the wood were less than 5 μg/g, with an iron content below 5%. The wood has returned to its original color and with a certain degree of degradation. “Huaguangjiao I” was the first large-scale marine shipwreck to complete the desalination treatment of all wooden components. This study provides guidance for the desalination treatment of large-scale wooden shipwrecks.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"29 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139005076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Mechanisms of Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl. Seed Dormancy Release and Germination","authors":"Lijun Zhong, Hongxing Dong, Zhi-Jun Deng, Jitao Li, Li Xu, Jiao-Lin Mou, S. Deng","doi":"10.3390/f14122430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122430","url":null,"abstract":"Bretschneidera sinensis, the sole species of Bretschneidera, belonging to the family Akaniaceae, is a tertiary paleotropical flora. It is considered an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It has an important protective and scientific value. The study of its seed dormancy and germination mechanisms contributes to better protection. In this study, the dormancy of fresh mature B. sinensis seeds released via low-temperature wet stratification was studied. In addition, the endogenous phytohormone levels, antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble sugar content, and the key metabolic enzyme activities of seeds at different stratification time nodes were determined. The goal was to analyze the mechanisms of seed dormancy release and germination comprehensively. Results show that low-temperature wet stratification under 5 °C can release seed dormancy effectively. During the seed dormancy release, the seed germination rate was positively correlated with soluble sugar, GA3, and IAA levels, as well as G-6-PDH, SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activity, but it was negatively correlated with MDH activity and ABA content. These imply that dormancy release might be attributed to the degradation of endogenous ABA and the oxidation of reactive oxygen species induced by low-temperature wet stratification. GA3, IAA, and the metabolism of energy substrates may be correlated with the induction and promotion of germination.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138976505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree Biomass Modeling Based on the Exploration of Regression and Artificial Neural Networks Approaches","authors":"Şerife Kalkanlı Genç, M. Diamantopoulou, Ramazan Özçelik","doi":"10.3390/f14122429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122429","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the dynamics of tree biomass is a significant factor in forest ecosystems, and accurate quantitative knowledge of its development provides support for the optimization of forest management. This work aimed to employ innovative practices in tree biomass modeling, artificial neural network approaches along with the least-squares regression methodology, in order to construct reliable and accurate estimation and prediction models that contribute to solving the emerging problems in the field of sustainable forest management. Based on this aim, different modeling strategies were developed and explored. The nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression (NSUR) methodology, the generalized regression (GRNN), the resilient propagation (RPNN) and the Bayesian regularization (BRNN) artificial neural network algorithms were utilized for the construction of reliable biomass models to attain the most accurate and reliable tree biomass components and total tree biomass estimations. The work showed that GRNN models provided a significantly better performance compared with the other modeling methodologies tested. Considering the non-parametric nature of the GRNN neural network algorithm, the fact that it was designed for nonlinear regression-type problems capable of dealing with small datasets, this modeling approach warrants consideration as an effective alternative to nonlinear regression or to other neural network approaches to the field of tree biomass modeling.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"61 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139005910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematic Analysis of the Forestry Workers’ Upper Body during Chainsaw Starting Activity","authors":"M. Landekić, M. Bačić, Z. Pandur, Matija Bakarić, M. Šporčić, Josipa Nakić","doi":"10.3390/f14122427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122427","url":null,"abstract":"The application of various graphic analytical software solutions in the research aimed at designing and determining the ergonomic and biomechanical harmony between forestry workers’ anthropometric measures and their working positions and movements is still scientifically incomplete and largely unexplored in forestry, especially regarding motor manual work with chainsaws. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to numerically represent the general kinematic model of forestry workers’ upper body while starting a chainsaw. The same is determined by using a state-of-the-art motion capture suit with inertial measurement units (IMUs). An additional research aim is to investigate numerical values of the forestry worker kinematic model against the three potentially applicable methods of starting a chainsaw and work experience with a chainsaw. Field data collection was carried out during the spring and summer of 2022 and 2023, and a total of 51 chainsaw workers were sampled in different relief areas. The results of the subject research show that none of the observed methods of starting a chainsaw are entirely safe for the worker, concerning the aspect of MSD development, if the body movements within the working element are performed in an incorrect way. From safety and kinematic aspects, regarding forestry workers’ upper body values, the most neutral work posture (N-pose) is when a worker is using the “between the knees” method. The method “from the ground” can be used as secondary option if the workers are educated in taking the correct position of the upper body, i.e., to practice the rule of hip hinge. With the aim of extending the working ability and working life of forestry workers, interdisciplinary cooperation between occupational medicine, kinesiologists, and forestry experts is needed to create a guide of statodynamic efforts and correct postural movement habits during motor manual work in logging operations.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138976855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest Canopy Structures and Mother Bamboo Rhizome Internodes Impact the Appearance Quality of Bamboo Shoots","authors":"Chunyan She, Yulin Yu, Maji Wan, Adamu Abdullahi Abubakar, Weixue Luo, Jinchun Liu, Jianping Tao","doi":"10.3390/f14122435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122435","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboo shoots are a healthy vegetable with significant commercial value, and their appearance quality is a key factor influencing consumer preference and market pricing. Their growth characteristics—after being unearthed, they maintain basal diameter while rapidly growing in height—affect the taste and nutritional quality. However, little attention has been given to the impact of bamboo forest management on shoot appearance. Therefore, this study addressed this research gap through a comprehensive investigation across three bamboo forest types: evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF), evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest (MBF), and pure bamboo forest (PBF). In addition, we further assessed factors that potentially affect the appearance quality of bamboo shoots, including canopy structures, understory light factors and understory soil factors, mother bamboo factors, and shoot internal factors (pigments and cells). The basal diameters of shoots in PBF and MBF were 1.89 cm and 1.97 cm, respectively, which were significantly larger than those in EBF by 0.27 cm and 0.35 cm, respectively. The linear mixed effect model identified the number of bamboo rhizome internodes and the chlorophyll a content as primary factors influencing basal diameter thickening and elongation growth of shoots, respectively. In addition, increasing the bamboo canopy and mean leaf angle reduced the chlorophyll a content and increased the carotenoid content, thereby benefiting the improvement in or maintenance of the taste and quality of shoots. This study highlighted that increasing the number of bamboo rhizome internodes, bamboo canopy, and mean leaf angle is helpful to improve the appearance quality of shoots. These findings offer a scientific foundation for bamboo forest management, contributing to both ecological sustainability and economic benefits.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138976337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree Crown Affects Biomass Allocation and Its Response to Site Conditions and the Density of Platycladus orientalis Linnaeus Plantation","authors":"Lulu He, Xuan Zhang, Xiaoxia Wang, Haseen Ullah, Yadong Liu, Jie Duan","doi":"10.3390/f14122433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122433","url":null,"abstract":"Tree crown plays a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis and the formation of biomass. The site conditions and stand density have a significant impact on tree and crown growth, as well as biomass formation. Understanding crown growth and its influence on the allometric growth of the biomass of various organs under diverse site conditions and densities is critical to comprehending forest adaptation to climate change and management. This study examined the growth of trees, crown, and biomass in 36 plots of young Platycladus orientalis plantations across three site conditions (S1: thin soil on the sunny slope; S2: thick soil on the sunny slope; S3: thin soil on the shady slope) and four densities (D1: ≤1500 plants/hm2; D2: 1501–2000 plants/hm2; D3: 2001–3000 plants/hm2; and D4: ≥3001 plants/hm2). The findings of this study showed that S3 demonstrated the best tree growth, with considerably higher DBH and V than S1 and S2. In addition, as the number of trees grew, the average diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), and volume (V) all decreased greatly. Poor site (S1) suppressed the canopy, decreasing crown width (CW), crown length (CL), crown ratio (CR), crown surface area (CCSA), and crown volume (CCV), while increasing crown efficiency (CEFF). This same trend was seen in D4, where CR, CCSA, and CCV were all much smaller than the other densities, but CEFF was the highest. Subjective and objective indicators were less responsive to changes in crown growth than crown composite indicators like CCSA, CCV, CEFF, and CR. Site condition and density had a major impact on biomass accumulation, with S1 and D4 having a much lower biomass than S2, S3, D1, D2, and D3. More biomass was allocated to the stem in S3 and D1, and more biomass was allocated to branches and leaves in S2, S3, D1, D2, and D3, resulting in a nearly isotropic growth of branches and leaves. The effect of crown indicators on the biomass of each organ varied according to site condition and density. In varied site conditions, crown and DBH ratio (RCD) contributed the most to stem biomass, whereas CL contributed the most to branch and root biomass. CL had the largest effect on biomass accumulation at various densities. This study demonstrates how site condition and density affect tree and crown development and biomass accumulation, providing theoretical guidance for plantation management under climate change.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"27 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139006804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}