Forests最新文献

{"title":"Structural Properties of a Novel Modified Carbon Foam Derived from Pine Sawdust","authors":"Shiyu Lu, Jun Ling, Shouqing Liu, Xuemei Li, Jianxiang Liu","doi":"10.3390/f16020311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020311","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass carbon foams are extensively utilized across various fields due to their favorable properties and cost-effectiveness. In this study, triethylene glycol (TEG), nylon 66 (PA66), and 3-glycidyl-oxypropyl-trimethoxy-silane (KH560) were incorporated into pine wood liquefaction resin to successfully prepare three novel modified carbon foams (MCFs), and their characteristics were investigated. The results indicate that the compressive strength and specific surface area of the three MCFs were significantly enhanced. Specifically, the compressive strength increased by 37%, 46%, and 89% following modification with TEG, PA66, and KH560, respectively, while the specific surface areas ranged from 383.4 to 499.3 m2/g. Additionally, the cell structures of the three MCFs exhibited greater uniformity, with larger average pore sizes, thinner ligament thicknesses, and increased opening porosities. Notably, the opening porosity of KH560-modified carbon foam (KH560-PLP-PF-CF) reached its maximum value at 87.95%. XPS analysis confirmed the successful introduction of Si-containing molecular bonds, including Si-OH-Si, Si-OH, and Si-CH, into KH560-PLP-PF-CF. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis revealed characteristic Si-O vibration peaks, PA66 amide peaks, and TEG ether bond absorption peaks in the three MCFs. The incorporation of flexible functional groups effectively enhanced their compressive properties. The findings of this study expand the potential for utilizing biomass waste to partially replace phenol in the development of novel carbon foams.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"16 2","pages":"311-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/16/2/311/pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Priority Effect of Endophyte Community in Newly Fallen Leaves of Quercus acutissima Carruth. on Litter Decomposition and Saprotrophic Microbial Community","authors":"Dongmei Yang, Yonghui Lin, Zaihua He, Xingbing He, Xiangshi Kong","doi":"10.3390/f16020249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020249","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the role of endophytic microbial colonization on the decomposition of oak leaf litter, a high-quality substrate in forest ecosystems. Over a one-year incubation, we observed a significant reduction in mass loss in colonized litter (46%) compared to non-colonized litter (80%), indicating an inhibitory effect of endophytes on decomposition. Structural equation modeling revealed a bimodal impact of endophytic microbes, with an initial enhancement followed by a pronounced inhibition as decomposition progressed. Extracellular enzyme stoichiometry showed phosphorus limitation became significant, particularly with endophytic colonization, contributing to reduced decomposition rates. Microbial diversity analyses exposed the variable impacts of endophytic colonization on fungal and bacterial communities, with taxa such as Helotiales (order) and Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia (genus) significantly affected. The identification of 16 keystone species, mostly endophytic bacteria, underscored their pivotal influence on decomposition processes. Despite initial endophytic impacts, abundant carbon resources promoted stochastic colonization, potentially surpassing the effects of early endophytic establishment. This study provides insights into the priority effects of endophytic colonization and niche differentiation, offering a foundation for further research into the mechanisms underlying these processes and their ecological consequences in various ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"16 2","pages":"249-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147334107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Anti-Fungal Activities of Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservative from Thermal-Induced Lignified Twigs","authors":"Xinqi Gao, Yafang Lei, Tao Sun, Yan Ma, Hao Guan, Li Yan","doi":"10.3390/f16010119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f16010119","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancing the decay resistance of Populus tomentosa wood through environmentally friendly methods is crucial for improving its durability and market competitiveness. Lignified twigs (LT), typically unsuitable as timber due to their small diameter, are rich in lignin, which degrades during thermal induction to produce antifungal organic compounds. In this context, the objective of this study was to develop a lignified twig preservative (LTP) by thermal induction from the LT of Actinidia chinensis var. Jinyang. The antifungal activity of LTP under varying thermal conditions was analyzed, along with its chemical composition. Enzyme activity, cell membrane integrity, and respiratory metabolism in fungi treated with LTP were examined to elucidate antifungal mechanisms. Additionally, the decay resistance of LTP-treated wood was evaluated. Results revealed that LTP produced under N2 at 220 °C exhibited robust antifungal activity against Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum, attributed to phenolic compounds such as syringaldehyde, syringone, vanillin, and vanillone. LTP inhibited fungal cellulases, hemicellulases, and ligninases by 30%–60%, disrupted cell membrane functionality, and suppressed respiratory metabolism. Poplar wood treated with LTP demonstrated significantly enhanced decay resistance (mass loss < 10%). This thermal-induced feedback pattern shows great potential for LT in wood preservation.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"16 1","pages":"119-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/16/1/119/pdf?version=1736514580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Surface Properties of Hot-Waxed Wood with MCC Filled Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Wax","authors":"Luoyuan Zhang, Kuiyan Song","doi":"10.3390/f15122262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122262","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of hot-waxed wood by incorporating microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), thereby addressing the issue of inadequate surface durability. We investigated the effects of varying mass fractions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) of MCC on multiple surface properties of hot-waxed wood modified with natural wax and maleic anhydride-ethyl acetate copolymer-grafted Fischer-Tropsch wax. These properties encompass adhesion, hardness, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, surface roughness, gloss, and hydrophobicity. To gain deeper insights into the reinforcing role of MCC, analytical techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to comprehensively characterize the chemical structure, crystalline structure, and surface morphology of the samples. The results reveal that, upon the addition of 5% MCC, the hot-waxed wood treated with modified Fischer-Tropsch wax demonstrates a 41% increase in surface adhesive strength, an improvement in hardness from 2H to 3H, a reduction in surface impact resistance from grade 5 to grade 2, and a 72% decrease in wear mass. Additionally, it exhibits enhanced surface hydrophobicity and thermal stability, while preserving its decorative appearance. These findings endorse the use of MCC in hot-waxed wood, offering significant potential in fields like wooden architecture, indoor wooden decorative panels, and furniture.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"15 12","pages":"2262-2262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/12/2262/pdf?version=1734965918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147883500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Novel Modified Phenolic Foams with Added Pine Wood Sawdust","authors":"Jianwei Ling, Shiyu Lu, Shouqing Liu, Xuemei Li, Jianxiang Liu","doi":"10.3390/f15122249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122249","url":null,"abstract":"The use of low-cost agricultural and forestry waste for the preparation of modified phenolic foam (MPF) has attracted widespread attention and has shown promising prospects. This study proposes a novel method for producing MPF using pine sawdust. The full components of pine wood powder and its liquefied products were used as raw materials, and the resin was modified with a silane coupling agent (KH560), triethylene glycol (TEG), and nylon 66 (PA66). Subsequently, three novel MPFs were successfully fabricated using a transplanted core foaming technique, and their material properties were subsequently investigated. The results showed that all three MPFs exhibited excellent compressive strength and flame retardancy, with compressive strength ranging from 5.93 MPa to 12.22 MPa and oxygen index values between 36.2% and 41.5%. In terms of water resistance, the MPFs significantly outperformed traditional phenolic foam (PF); in particular, the addition of 4% KH560 and PA66 reduced the water absorption rate to as low as 2.5%. Furthermore, the powdering rate and thermal conductivity of all MPFs were significantly reduced, with chalking rates decreasing by 28.57% to 50%. This research presents a novel method for preparing MPF using agroforestry waste as a partial replacement for phenol. This approach achieves high-value utilization of pine sawdust while maintaining the performance of the MPF, thus broadening the avenues for MPF production.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"15 12","pages":"2249-2249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/12/2249/pdf?version=1734946239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147912941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Smart Dyeing and Performance of Poplar Veneers Modified by Deep Eutectic Solvents","authors":"Yadong Liu, Kuiyan Song","doi":"10.3390/f15122120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122120","url":null,"abstract":"Imitation precious wood materials have become a research focus due to their good quality, high safety level, excellent performance, rich color, varied textures, and high utilization rates. However, their uneven dyeing, poor color stability, and lack of durability limit their further application. This study utilized a neural network model optimized with the Gray Wolf Algorithm (GWA) for color matching, using acidic dyes as raw materials and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for modification. Functional reagents like nano tungsten trioxide (WO3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were introduced alongside polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a modifier. A dyeing-enhancement modification process was employed to create a poplar veneer that exhibited uniform and stable color performance with a smooth surface, mimicking that of precious wood. Computerized color matching was used to adjust the dye formulation for staining, ensuring stable colorimetric values on the veneer surface, which closely resembled natural precious wood. The average mean squared error in dye concentration prediction, after processing with the Gray Wolf Algorithm and a basic neural network algorithm, decreased from 0.13 to 0.006, ensuring repeatability and consistency in wood dyeing. Analysis and characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and permeability testing revealed that nano TiO2 and WO3 particles were uniformly distributed within the wood cell lumens and firmly bonded. Mechanical testing on PVA-glued veneers showed that compared to untreated poplar veneers, the tensile strength of the imitation wood increased by approximately 62.5%, and the bending strength reached 809.09 MPa, significantly improving the flexibility and tensile properties of the poplar veneer. This study is the first to adopt a DES-modified dyeing-enhancement modification process to improve the dyeing performance, uniformity, durability, and structural stability of wood, showcasing its great potential in architectural decoration, high-end furniture, and artisanal crafts.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"15 12","pages":"2120-2120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/12/2120/pdf?version=1732966313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147904234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and Validation of Reliable Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of the Gene Expression in Macadamia integrifolia","authors":"Qian Yang, Ziping Yang, Hui Zeng, Minghong Zou, Ximei Song, Jifeng Wan, Zhao Wang, Jing Chen, Lianfang Luo","doi":"10.3390/f15111966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111966","url":null,"abstract":"Macadamia is an economically significant crop, with its kernel oil being abundant in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Analyzing the expression of genes related to MUFA biosynthesis is essential for understanding the complex regulatory networks in Macadamia. However, there are few reports on the identification of suitable reference genes for use as internal controls in this species. Consequently, selecting a reliable reference gene for gene expression studies under various conditions is critical. In this study, we evaluated the expression stability of 11 traditional housekeeping genes: α-tubulin (TUBa), β-tubulin (TUBb), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), α-elongation factor 1 (EF1a), β-elongation factor 1 (EF1b), ubiquitin (UBQ), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC), cyclophilin (CYP), and actin (ACT) under abiotic stresses, hormonal treatments and in variety of plant tissues using the online tool RefFinder, which integrates four commonly used software programs: ΔCt, geNorm (version 3.4), NormFinder (version 0953), and BestKeeper (version 1.0). A comprehensive expression stability ranking was established by integrating results from these four methods based on the geometric mean. The findings indicated that ACT was the most stable gene across all samples, including those subjected to cold stress, NaCl stress, PEG stress, ABA treatment, MeJA treatment, and both stem and leaf tissues. EF1b was identified as the most stable gene in GA treatment and heat stress samples, while UBC and CYP were ranked highest in ethrel treatment and root tissue samples, respectively. Finally, the reliability of these findings was further validated using the target gene SAD through qRT-PCR. In summary, this study evaluated and validated appropriate reference genes for qRT-PCR, which will facilitate future investigations into the molecular mechanisms in Macadamia.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"15 11","pages":"1966-1966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/11/1966/pdf?version=1731034850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147878109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Sodium Selenite Foliar Treatment on the Nutritional Quality of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinsk","authors":"Xiaoling Chen, Yulan Dong, Zijue Wang, Qinghui Xia, Xingxing Dong, Shaopeng Zhang, Shuiyuan Cheng","doi":"10.3390/f15111855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111855","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinskaja is a rare, endemic tree species in China. The leaves of C. paliurus contain a high concentration of biologically active compounds, and they are often used to make herbal tea. Exogenous selenium (Se) enrichment can promote the levels of active ingredients in C. paliurus. To explore the effects of exogenous Se enrichment, this study applied different concentrations of sodium selenite solution on the leaves (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 300 mg/L) and measured the changes in Se, secondary metabolites, soluble sugar, soluble protein, starch, and trace elements in the leaves at different treatment times. The results showed that with the increase in the concentration of sodium selenite spray, the selenium content in the leaves of C. paliurus gradually increased, and high selenium concentrations could cause seedling burning to the leaf surface (>160 mg/kg). When the selenium treatment concentration was 80 mg/kg, the selenium content reached the maximum value of the selenium-rich tea standard (4 mg/kg). The content of polyphenols and most elements reached their maxima under the treatment of 40 mg/L Na2SeO3, except for Mg and Mn, which peaked at 300 mg/L. The content of soluble sugars (38.1 mg/g) and starch reached their maxima under relatively high selenium treatment concentrations, whereas soluble protein (10.63 mg/g) exhibited its maximum value in the control group. The optimal harvest time was mainly concentrated in the 10–20 day treatment period. The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of exogenous selenium application on the nutritional quality of C. paliurus leaves. The findings will provide guidance for the effective cultivation of selenium-enriched Poria cocos as a medicinal and health-promoting product.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"15 11","pages":"1855-1855"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/11/1855/pdf?version=1730105221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147877380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Menthol-Based Extraction of Fragile Wooden Coffin Lid (7–10th Centuries CE) in Laboratory Archaeology Excavation","authors":"Yong Liu, Jiake Chen, C. Li, Xiangna Han, Hao Wang, Jinsong Bai, Xiaohua Liu","doi":"10.3390/f15101830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101830","url":null,"abstract":"Block lifting is a key step in stabilizing and removing fragile remains at archaeological excavation sites. Due to its favorable working properties and adhesive effect, menthol has recently been proposed as a volatile binding medium for temporary consolidation in archaeological conservation. This paper presents a case study on the use of menthol in the extraction and restoration of a large wooden coffin lid, approximately 1.9 m long and 0.9 m wide, from tomb 11 (M11) at Xie’ertala, located east of a Xie’ertala town in Hailar City, Inner Mongolia, dating to the 7th to 10th centuries CE. This coffin lid had fragmented into numerous wooden pieces, and was preserved in a relatively arid steppe environment, necessitating the extraction of the lid as a consolidated block. The use of menthol for consolidating and lifting the highly fragmented wooden coffin lid was intended to preserve critical archaeological information while avoiding damage to the underlying objects. An analysis of the physicochemical properties of these wooden remains suggests that the timber used for the coffin lid belongs to a common pine species from the Hulunbuir region. The degradation of the coffin lid was relatively mild, as shown by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results. Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) tests indicated that the hygroscopicity of the archaeological wood was 23.4%, compared to 21.1% for the reference sample, demonstrating good environmental stability. The safety of menthol as a treatment for fragile wooden remains was evaluated by comparing changes in the morphological and porosity characteristics of the coffin lid before and after menthol treatment. After treatment, the widths of the fissures remained largely unchanged, with all relative variations being less than 1%, and the porosity as well as pore size distribution of the wood showed negligible changes. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results showed that only 0.6% of menthol residue remained after 8 days of sublimation. This pilot study demonstrates that menthol is a safe temporary consolidant for block lifting and offers a promising alternative to the widely used cyclododecane. In conclusion, this research provided a new approach for conservators to safely lift similarly large and fragile wood remains during archaeological excavations.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"15 10","pages":"1830-1830"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/10/1830/pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147918836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic Properties of Palm Leaf Manuscripts","authors":"Wenjie Zhang, Shan Wang, Hong Guo","doi":"10.3390/f15101816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101816","url":null,"abstract":"Palm Leaf Manuscripts are an invaluable part of the cultural heritage of the world. Due to their strong hygroscopic properties, Palm Leaf Manuscripts are particularly susceptible to fluctuations in environmental humidity. Therefore, studying the hygroscopic behavior of these manuscripts and understanding how it changes under different environmental conditions is crucial for exploring their intrinsic properties, aging mechanisms, and the development of effective conservation strategies. In this study, we employed the dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) method to investigate the changes in the hygroscopic properties of Palm Leaf Manuscripts under conditions of high temperature and high humidity. The results indicate that high-temperature environments reduce the number of adsorption sites and the hygroscopicity of palm leaves, weakening their physical adsorption and capillary action towards moisture while increasing the hysteresis in desorption, thereby enhancing the stability of palm leaves in fluctuating humidity conditions. Conversely, high-humidity environments increase the number of adsorption sites and the hygroscopicity of the leaves, strengthening their physical adsorption and capillary action, and reducing the hysteresis in desorption. The extent of these changes increases with the aging time of the manuscripts. The surface energy test results of the samples similarly indicate that exposure to high-temperature environments reduces both surface energy and hygroscopicity, while high-humidity environments increase surface energy and hygroscopicity. The infrared spectroscopy results show that in high-temperature environments, the crystallinity of cellulose within the palm leaves increases, whereas in high-humidity environments and under the influence of fungal erosion, both the cellulose and hemicellulose in the Palm Leaf Manuscripts undergo significant degradation, with the amorphous regions of cellulose degrading more than the crystalline regions.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"15 10","pages":"1816-1816"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/10/1816/pdf?version=1729168417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147895003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}