Forensic Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Vitreous humor in the forensic toxicology of quetiapine and its metabolites","authors":"Danai Moschovakou, Stamatina-Panagoula Ntoupa, Artemisia Dona, Sotirios Athanaselis, Chara Spiliopoulou, Panagiota Nikolaou, Ioannis Papoutsis","doi":"10.1007/s11419-024-00687-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-024-00687-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Τhe aim of the present study was to investigate the use of vitreous humor as an alternative biological material in forensic toxicology for the determination of quetiapine, 7-hydroxy-quetiapine, and nor-quetiapine. The distribution of these substances in vitreous humor was studied by determining and correlating their concentrations in vitreous humor with the respective concentrations in blood.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>During this study, a method for the determination of these substances was developed, validated and applied to postmortem samples obtained from 16 relative forensic cases. The sample preparation procedure included the isolation of the analytes from vitreous humor and blood samples using solid-phase extraction, with Bond Elut LRC C18 columns followed by derivatization with BSTFA with 1% TMCS prior to GC/MS analysis.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The developed method is characterized by a dynamic range of 10.0–1000.0 ng/mL (<i>R</i>² ≥ 0.991) for the three substances, with a limit of detection and quantification of 3.0 and 10.0 ng/mL, respectively. Accuracy and precision were below 8.09% and 8.99%, respectively, for both biological materials, while absolute recovery for the three substances was greater than 81%. According to the results, quetiapine, 7-hydroxy-quetiapine, and nor-quetiapine are easily distributed in vitreous humor.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The results of the study indicate the usefulness of vitreous humor in toxicological analysis for the determination of these substances, especially when the traditional biological materials are not available. The levels of quetiapine and its metabolites in vitreous humor as well as the vitreous humor to blood concentration ratios can provide important information for a more thorough toxicological investigation of forensic cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140581039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in human plasma and urine after a commercial cannabidiol oil product intake","authors":"Ioannis Papoutsis, Vasiliki Hatzidouka, Stamatina-Panagoula Ntoupa, Apostolis Angelis, Artemisia Dona, Emmanouil Sakelliadis, Chara Spiliopoulou","doi":"10.1007/s11419-024-00686-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-024-00686-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Cannabidiol (CBD) products are widely used for pain relief, sleep improvement, management of seizures etc. Although the concentrations of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) in these products are low (≤0.3% w/w), it is important to investigate if its presence and/or that of its metabolite 11-nor-carboxy-Δ⁹-THC, is traceable in plasma and urine samples of individuals who take CBD oil products.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A sensitive GC/MS method for the determination of Δ⁹-THC, 11-nor-carboxy-Δ⁹-THC and CBD in plasma and urine samples was developed and validated. The sample preparation procedure included protein precipitation for plasma samples and hydrolysis for urine samples, solid-phase extraction and finally derivatization with <i>N</i>,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) with 1% trimethylchlorosilane.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>For all analytes, the LOD and LOQ were 0.06 and 0.20 ng/mL, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (<i>R</i>² ≥ 0.992), and absolute recoveries were ≥91.7%. Accuracy and precision were within the accepted range. From the analysis of biologic samples of 10 human participants who were taking CBD oil, it was realized that Δ⁹-THC was not detected in urine, while 11-nor-carboxy-Δ⁹-THC (0.69–23.06 ng/mL) and CBD (0.29–96.78 ng/mL) were found in all urine samples. Regarding plasma samples, Δ⁹-THC (0.21–0.62 ng/mL) was detected in 10, 11-nor-carboxy-Δ⁹-THC (0.20–2.44 ng/mL) in 35, while CBD (0.20–1.58 ng/mL) in 25 out of 38 samples, respectively.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The results showed that Δ⁹-THC is likely to be found in plasma although at low concentrations. In addition, the detection of 11-nor-carboxy-Δ⁹-THC in both urine and plasma samples raises questions and concerns for the proper interpretation of toxicological results, especially considering Greece’s zero tolerance law applied in DUID and workplace cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"319 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green analytical toxicology method for determination of synthetic cathinones in oral fluid samples by microextraction by packed sorbent and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Kelly Francisco da Cunha, Karina Diniz Oliveira, Jose Luiz Costa","doi":"10.1007/s11419-023-00671-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11419-023-00671-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We developed and validated a method for quantitative analysis of ten synthetic cathinones in oral fluid (OF) samples, using microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) for sample preparation followed by liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS/MS).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>OF samples were collected with a Quantisal™ device and 200 µL was extracted using a C18 MEPS cartridge installed on a semi-automated pipette and then analyzed using LC‒M/SMS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Linearity was achieved between 0.1 and 25 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 ng/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 ng/mL. Imprecision (% relative standard deviation) and bias (%) were better than 11.6% and 7.5%, respectively. The method had good specificity and selectivity against 9 different blank OF samples (from different donors) and 68 pharmaceutical and drugs of abuse with concentrations varying between 400 and 10,000 ng/mL. No evidence of carryover was observed. The analytes were stable after three freeze/thaw cycles and when kept in the autosampler (10 °C) for up to 24 h. The method was successfully applied to quantify 41 authentic positive samples. Methylone (mean 0.6 ng/mL, median 0.2 ng/mL), N-ethylpentylone (mean 16.7 ng/mL, median 0.35 ng/mL), eutylone (mean 39.1 ng/mL, median 3.6 ng/mL), mephedrone (mean 0.5 ng/mL, median 0.5 ng/mL), and 4-chloroethcathinone (8.1 ng/mL) were quantified in these samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MEPS was an efficient technique for Green Analytical Toxicology purposes, which required only 650 µL organic solvent and 200 µL sodium hydroxide, and the BIN cartridge had a lifespan of 100 sample extractions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"18-30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9884617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), dihydro-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (dihydro-iso-THC) and hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP) in electronic cigarette cartridge products.","authors":"Rie Tanaka, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri","doi":"10.1007/s11419-023-00667-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11419-023-00667-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Since 2021, products claiming to contain hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP), which are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) analogs, have been distributed via the Internet. Owing to the presence of three asymmetric carbons in their structure, HHC and HHCP have multiple stereoisomers. This study aimed to identify the actual stereoisomers of HHC and HHCP isolated from electronic cigarette cartridge products using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-MS) were used for the analyses of two major peaks and one minor peak in product A and two major peaks in product B. These five compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, and their structures were analyzed by ¹H, ¹³C-NMR and various two-dimensional NMR techniques, i.e., H-H correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three compounds isolated from product A were identified as rel-(6aR,9R,10aR)-hexahydrocannabinol (11β-hexahydrocannabinol; 11β-HHC), rel-(6aR,9S,10aR)-hexahydrocannabinol (11α-hexahydrocannabinol, 11α-HHC), and a minor compound (2R,5S,6R)-dihydro-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (dihydro-iso-THC). Meanwhile, the structural isomers of the major compound isolated from product B were identified as rel-(6aR, 9R, 10aR)-hexahydrocannabiphorol (11β-hexahydrocannabiphorol; 11β-HHCP) and rel-(6aR, 9S, 10aR)-hexahydrocannabiphorol (11α-hexahydrocannabiphorol; 11α-HHCP).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The presence of both 11β-HHC and 11α-HHC in the HHC products analyzed in this study suggests that they were most likely synthesized via the reduction reaction of Δ⁸-THC or Δ⁹-THC. Dihydro-iso-THC was probably obtained as a byproduct of the synthesis of Δ⁸-THC or Δ⁹-THC from cannabidiol. Similarly, 11β-HHCP and 11α-HHCP in the HHCP product could stem from Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabiphorol.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"71-81"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9680265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of temperature, humidity, light, and soil on drug stability in hair: a preliminary study for estimating personal profiles using micro-segmental analysis of corpse hair.","authors":"Kenji Kuwayama, Hajime Miyaguchi, Tatsuyuki Kanamori, Kenji Tsujikawa, Tadashi Yamamuro, Hiroki Segawa, Yuki Okada, Yuko T Iwata","doi":"10.1007/s11419-023-00675-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11419-023-00675-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Micro-segmental hair analysis (MSA), which enables detailed measurement of the distribution of drugs in a single hair strand, is useful for examining the day of death and drug use history of a person. However, corpses are often found in severe environments, such as soil and freezers, which affect the drug contents in hair. Therefore, we examined the effects of temperature, humidity, light, and soil on drug stability in hair as a preliminary study to estimate personal profiles using MSA of corpse hair.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four hay-fever medicines (fexofenadine, epinastine, cetirizine, and desloratadine) were used as model drugs to evaluate drug stability in hair. Reference hair strands consistently containing the four medicines along the hair shaft were collected from patients with hay-fever who ingested the medicines daily for 4 months. The hair strands were placed in chambers with controlled temperatures (- 30 to 60 °C) and relative humidities (ca. 18 % and > 90 %), exposed to light (sunlight and artificial lights) or buried in soil (natural soil and compost).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sunlight and soil greatly decomposed the hair surfaces and decreased the drug contents in hair (up to 37 %). However, all analytes were successfully detected along the hair shaft, reflecting the intake history, even when the hair was exposed to sunlight for 2 weeks and buried in the soil for 2 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the exposure to sunlight and storage in soil for long times made drug-distribution analysis difficult, MSA could be applied even to hair strands collected from corpses left in severe environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"60-70"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10808216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138487121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic effects of AB-CHMINACA on liver and kidney and detection of its blood level in adult male mice.","authors":"Soheir Ali Mohammad, Rasha Elhaddad Ali Mousa, Sahar Mohamed Gebril, Khaled Masoud Mohamed Masoud, Rania Ahmad Radwan","doi":"10.1007/s11419-023-00670-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11419-023-00670-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>AB-CHMINACA is a cannabimimetic indazole derivative. In 2013, it was reported in different countries as a substance of abuse.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study evaluated the subacute toxic effects of AB-CHMINACA on the liver and kidneys and measured its blood level in adult male mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The histological and biochemical subacute toxic effects on the liver and kidneys were assessed after four weeks of daily intraperitoneal injections of one of the following doses: 0.3 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg as the highest dose in adult male albino mice. In addition, the blood concentration level of AB-CHMINACA was determined by GC-MS-MS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The histological effects showed congestion, hemorrhage, degeneration, and cellular infiltration of the liver and kidney tissues. Considering the control groups as a reference, biochemical results indicated a significant increase in the serum AST only in the highest dose group, while the ALT and creatinine levels did not significantly change. The mean values of AB-CHMINACA blood levels were 3.05 ± 1.16, 15.08 ± 4.30, and 54.43 ± 8.70 ng/mL for the three treated groups, respectively, one hour after the last dose of intraperitoneal injection. The calibration curves were linear in the 2.5-500 ng/mL concentration range. The intra-assay precision and accuracy of the method were less than 7.0% (RSD) and ± 9.2% (Bias).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This research supports the available case reports on AB-CHMINACA toxicity that it has low lethality; still, the chronic administration causes evident liver and kidney histotoxic effects even at low doses with unnoticeable clinical effects in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"7-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10808145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10362154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of 1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-LSD from blotter paper falsely labeled \"1D-LSD\".","authors":"Yuki Okada, Kazuki Ueno, Noriko Nishiwaki, Toshihiko Nishimura, Hiroki Segawa, Tadashi Yamamuro, Kenji Kuwayama, Kenji Tsujikawa, Tatsuyuki Kanamori, Yuko T Iwata","doi":"10.1007/s11419-023-00668-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11419-023-00668-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Since the mid-2010s, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analogs made for substance abuse have periodically emerged. In this case, three pieces of blotter paper labeled \"1D-LSD\" and presumably impregnated with this LSD analog, were seized. Several websites indicate that 1D-LSD is 1-(1,2-dimethylcyclobutane-1-carbonyl)-LSD. Because this analog is much more difficult to synthesize than previously reported LSD analogs, we doubted that the blotter paper contained 1D-LSD. Herein, we determined the structure of the absorbed compound.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One of the seized specimens was extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to estimate the extract components. The estimated compound was then synthesized, yielding an authentic standard. The contents of the seized specimens were identified using authentic standard analysis with GC/MS, LC/MS, and NMR spectroscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Instrumental analyses confirmed the active compound to be 1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-LSD, which was inconsistent with the labeling on drug-infused blotter paper.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As in this case, similar blotter paper analyses should consider the possibility of a mismatch between the label and ingredient. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report in which 1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-LSD was seized and the first seizure of an LSD analog in which an aromatic carboxylic acid had been condensed to LSD. This type of lysergamide may become prevalent in the near future, and we should remain alert for newly appearing lysergamides.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"93-101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9764487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabigerol (CBG) signal enhancement in its analysis by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Andrzej L Dawidowicz, Rafal Typek, Michal P Dybowski, Piotr Holowinski, Michal Rombel","doi":"10.1007/s11419-023-00673-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11419-023-00673-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>According to recent reports, cannabigerol (CBG) concentration level in blood and body fluids may have forensic utility as a highly specific albeit insensitive biomarker of recent cannabis smoking. While the analytical sensitivity of cannabidiol (CBD), Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), cannabichromene (CBC) or cannabinol (CBN) estimation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is similar and sufficiently high, it is exceptionally low in the case of CBG (ca. 25 times lower than for the other mentioned cannabinoids). The purpose of this study is to explain the reasons for the extremely low analytical sensitivity of GC-MS in estimating CBG and to present possible ways of its improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and GC-MS responses to CBG and its various derivatization and transformation products were studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The validation data of individual derivatives of CBG and its transformation products were established. CBG silylation/acylation or hydration allows to decrease LOD about 3 times, whereas the formation of pyranic CBG derivative leads to 10-times decrease of LOD. The paper enriches the literature of the subject by providing MS and NMR spectra, not published so far, for derivatives of CBG and its transformation products. The most likely cause of low GC-MS response to CBG is also presented.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The presented results shows that although the signal increase of CBG can be obtained through its derivatization by silylation and/or acylation, the greatest increase is observed in the case of its cyclization to the pyranic CBG form during the sample preparation process. The CBG cyclization procedure is very simple and workable in estimating this cannabinoid in blood/plasma samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"31-44"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10808273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41115034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous determination of water-soluble herbicides using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.","authors":"Daisuke Watanabe, Shuhei Sonoda, Hikoto Ohta","doi":"10.1007/s11419-023-00669-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11419-023-00669-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The analysis of water-soluble herbicides, including glyphosate (Glyp), glufosinate (Gluf), paraquat (PQ), and diquat (DQ), is time-consuming and expensive because they cannot be analyzed using general toxicological screening methods. Thus, this study aimed to develop a simple and rapid method to simultaneously analyze these compounds without any derivatization nor ion-pairing reagents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The analytes were separated using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and detected using tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method was applied to plant and biological samples assuming criminal damage and poisoning cases, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All analytes were separated well and detected with good peak shapes. For plant samples, the herbicides were specifically detected from withered leaves using a simple extraction method. For biological samples, quantitative analysis was successfully validated, and the limit of quantification values of Glyp and Gluf were 0.2 µg/mL, and those of PQ and DQ were 1 ng/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The developed method had sufficient performance for practical forensic applications including poisoning cases and malicious uses to damage commercial crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9853708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Death after smoking of fentanyl, 5F-ADB, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and other synthetic cannabinoids with a bucket bong.","authors":"Merja A Neukamm, Sebastian Halter, Volker Auwärter, Georg Schmitt, Arianna Giorgetti, Marc Bartel","doi":"10.1007/s11419-023-00666-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11419-023-00666-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We report a case of a polydrug user who consumed various synthetic cannabinoids and fentanyl from a transdermal patch via a bucket bong. Toxicological results from postmortem matrices with special focus on synthetic cannabinoids are discussed in terms of their relevance to the death.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The samples were analyzed by toxicological screening procedures involving immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as quantitative analyses by means of GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the autopsy, coronary artery disease and signs of liver congestion were noted, in the absence of acute myocardial ischemic changes. Femoral blood concentrations of fentanyl and pregabalin were 14 ng/mL and 3,200 ng/mL, respectively. In addition, 2.7 ng/mL 5F-ADB and 13 ng/mL 5F-MDMB-P7AICA were detected together with relatively low amounts of 5 other synthetic cannabinoids in cardiac blood. A total number of up to 17 synthetic cannabinoids were detected in kidney, liver, urine and hair. Fentanyl and 5F-ADB were also detected in the water of the bucket bong.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The cause of death could be attributed to an acute mixed intoxication by fentanyl and 5F-ADB (both Toxicological Significance Score (TSS) = 3) with a contribution of pregabalin and 5F-MDMB-P7AICA (TSS = 2), in a subject suffering from pre-existing heart damage. The most plausible mechanism of death consists in a respiratory depression. This case report demonstrates that use of opioids in combination with synthetic cannabinoids might be particularly dangerous.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"82-92"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10808286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9655355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}