Forensic Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Correction to: Difficulties interpreting concentrations in fatal cases: example of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine.","authors":"Benedicte Lelievre, Vincent Dupont, Celine Buchaillet, Nathalie Jousset, Marie Deguigne, Vincent Cirimele","doi":"10.1007/s11419-022-00648-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-022-00648-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"41 1","pages":"185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9164337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of degradation products of nerve agents in biological fluids by ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Mai Otsuka,&nbsp;Hajime Miyaguchi","doi":"10.1007/s11419-022-00633-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-022-00633-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The detection of hydrolysis products of nerve agents (alkyl methylphosphonic acids; RMPAs) in biological samples from victims is important to confirm exposure to nerve agents. However, analysis of RMPAs is difficult due to their high hydrophilicity. The aim of this study was to develop ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MS/MS) methods using commercially available equipment and columns to analyze RMPAs in human urine and serum with high sensitivity and without using complicate techniques.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Dionex IonPac AS11-HC anion-exchange column was used to analyze six RMPAs (MPA, EMPA, IMPA, ⁱBuMPA, CHMPA, and PMPA). For pretreatments of biological fluids, we developed two pretreatment methods (Method 1: dilution and ultrafiltration; Method 2: removal of chloride ions with Ag cartridges).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six RMPAs including highly hydrophilic methylphosphonic acid and ethyl methylphosphonic acid could be analyzed with sufficient retention times and peak shape. The detection limits of RMPAs were improved using Dionex OnGuard II Ba/Ag/H cartridges and MetaSEP IC-Ag cartridges (urine: 0.5-5 ng/mL; serum: 1-5 ng/mL). These methods were also applied to the test samples for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Biomedical Proficiency Tests.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>RMPAs could be sufficiently analyzed by IC-MS/MS. In addition, the limits of detection were superior to those obtained in our previous study involving LC-MS/MS or derivatization-LC-MS/MS method. For analysis of biological samples, an appropriate pretreatment method can be chosen according to the amount of sample available for analysis and expected RMPA concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"41 1","pages":"71-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9281780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Newly emerging synthetic cannabinoid ADB-4en-PINACA: its identification and quantification in an authentic human hair sample by GC-MS/MS.","authors":"Yue Wang,&nbsp;Lifeng Han,&nbsp;Liye Yi,&nbsp;Jinlei Liu,&nbsp;Shi Qiu,&nbsp;Jie Gu,&nbsp;Huiru Bai,&nbsp;Jun Li,&nbsp;Amin Wurita,&nbsp;Koutaro Hasegawa","doi":"10.1007/s11419-022-00643-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-022-00643-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"41 1","pages":"173-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9281786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mystery behind the apprehensions of the selective cannabinoid receptor type-2 agonist BZO-HEXOXIZID (MDA-19) as a drug of abuse.","authors":"Karen Rafaela Gonçalves de Araujo,&nbsp;André Luis Fabris,&nbsp;Luiz F Neves Júnior,&nbsp;Júlio de Carvalho Ponce,&nbsp;Alexandre Learth Soares,&nbsp;José Luiz Costa,&nbsp;Mauricio Yonamine","doi":"10.1007/s11419-022-00646-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-022-00646-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>MDA-19 or BZO-HEXOXIZID (N'-[(3Z)-1-(1-hexyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene]-benzohydrazide), in a more recent nomenclature, was first synthesized in 2008 as a selective type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) agonist due to its potential to treat neuropathic pain. In Brazil, this substance was identified in a series of 53 apprehensions between September 2021 and February 2022. Nevertheless, what intrigues toxicologists is that BZO-HEXOXIZID does not exert significant type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) agonism-which is responsible for the well-known psychoactivity of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Thus, the objective of this work is to report the first apprehension and identification of BZO-HEXOXIZID in Brazil and to discuss pharmacologically the possible reasons why a CB2 agonist has been incorporated to the illicit market.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Suspected seized samples were sent to the Laboratory of the Scientific Police of the State of Sao Paulo. After the screening, samples were confirmed for the presence of BZO-HEXOXIZID using chromatography gas-mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 53 samples analyzed, 25 contained only BZO-HEXOXIZID and 28 with mixtures, of which 11 with the CB1 agonist ADB-BUTINACA. Other substances were found in association such as cocaine and caffeine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BZO-HEXOXIZID was detected in a series of seized materials for the first time in Brazil. Nevertheless, there are still unanswered questions regarding the use of this selective CB2 agonist as a drug of abuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"41 1","pages":"142-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9281787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to high concentrations of carbon dioxide during transporting a cadaver preserved with dry ice inside an ambulance vehicle.","authors":"Ibuki Oyama,&nbsp;Yasuhisa Tajima,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Ojima,&nbsp;Akiyoshi Iida","doi":"10.1007/s11419-022-00644-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-022-00644-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"41 1","pages":"179-182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9459683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: A potential of methoxpropamine to be a widespread recreational drug: it blocks NMDA receptors and inhibits NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in a brain preparation of mice","authors":"T. Irie, D. Yamazaki, R. Kikura-Hanajiri","doi":"10.1007/s11419-022-00651-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-022-00651-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"41 1","pages":"186 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48538031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Anatomy-Informed, Novel Technique for S1 Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation Lead Placement.","authors":"Kenneth B Chapman, Noud van Helmond, Jan Willem Kallewaard, Kris C Vissers, Kiran V Patel, Soriaya Motivala, Jonathan M Hagedorn, Timothy R Deer, David M Dickerson","doi":"10.1093/pm/pnac062","DOIUrl":"10.1093/pm/pnac062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>A heightened and organized understanding of sacral anatomy could potentially lead to a more effective and safe method of dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRG-S) lead placement. The aim of this technical note is to describe a standardized access method for S1 DRG-S lead placement.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Technical note.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The described approach utilizes alignment of the lumbosacral prominence and is measurement-based, allowing for standardized sacral access, even when visualization is suboptimal. The medial-to-lateral needle trajectory is designed to limit interaction with the sensitive neural structures and allows for a more parallel orientation of the lead to the DRG and nerve root.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The described technique potentially improves the safety of S1 DRG-S lead placement. The parallel lead orientation to the DRG may also increase efficacy while lowering energy requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"26 1","pages":"1750-1756"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9527614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74365487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Postmortem histopathology and detection of venom by ELISA following suicide by cobra (Naja kaouthia) envenomation","authors":"Dayanira Paniagua, Kendall Crowns, Michelle Montonera, Anne Wertheimer, A. Alagón, L. Boyer","doi":"10.1007/s11419-022-00642-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-022-00642-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"41 1","pages":"183 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49652702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison between human liver microsomes and the fungus Cunninghamella elegans for biotransformation of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-424 having a bromo-naphthyl moiety analysed by high-resolution mass spectrometry.","authors":"Shimpei Watanabe,&nbsp;Takahiro Iwai,&nbsp;Ritsuko Matsushita,&nbsp;Toshio Nakanishi,&nbsp;Unnikrishnan Kuzhiumparambil,&nbsp;Shanlin Fu,&nbsp;Yasuo Seto","doi":"10.1007/s11419-022-00612-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-022-00612-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>JWH-424, (8-bromo-1-naphthyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone, is a synthetic cannabinoid, which is a brominated analogue of JWH-018, one of the best-known synthetic cannabinoids. Despite the structural similarity to JWH-018, little is known about JWH-424 including its metabolism. The aim of the study was to compare human liver microsomes (HLM) and the fungus Cunninghamella elegans as the metabolism catalysts for JWH-424 to better understand the characteristic actions of the fungus in the synthetic cannabinoid metabolism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>JWH-424 was incubated with HLM for 1 h and Cunninghamella elegans for up to 72 h. The HLM incubation mixtures were diluted with methanol and fungal incubation mixtures were extracted with dichloromethane and reconstituted in methanol before analyses by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HLM incubation resulted in production of ten metabolites through dihydrodiol formation, hydroxylation, and/or ipso substitution of the bromine with a hydroxy group. Fungal incubation led to production of 23 metabolites through carboxylation, dihydrodiol formation, hydroxylation, ketone formation, glucosidation and/or sulfation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Generally, HLM models give good predictions of human metabolites and structural analogues are metabolised in a similar fashion. However, major hydroxy metabolites produced by HLM were those hydroxylated at naphthalene instead of pentyl moiety, the major site of hydroxylation for JWH-018. Fungal metabolites, on the other hand, had undergone hydroxylation mainly at pentyl moiety. The metabolic disagreement suggests the necessity to verify the human metabolites in authentic urine samples, while H9 and H10 (hydroxynaphthalene), H8 (ipso substitution), F22 (hydroxypentyl), and F17 (dihydroxypentyl) are recommended for monitoring of JWH-424 in urinalysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"40 2","pages":"278-288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9180140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term stability of 24 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites spiked into whole blood and urine for up to 168 days, and the comparable study for the 6 metabolites in non-spiked real case specimens stored for  1-5 years.","authors":"Kayoko Minakata,&nbsp;Koutaro Hasegawa,&nbsp;Hideki Nozawa,&nbsp;Itaru Yamagishi,&nbsp;Naotomo Miyoshi,&nbsp;Masako Suzuki,&nbsp;Takuya Kitamoto,&nbsp;Minako Kondo,&nbsp;Kanako Watanabe,&nbsp;Osamu Suzuki","doi":"10.1007/s11419-022-00613-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-022-00613-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study is to investigate the stabilities of the 24 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites (SCMs) in blood and urine at various temperatures from - 30 to 37 ℃ stored for 1-168 days. In addition, experiments of stabilities at lower temperatures and for much longer duration have been performed as described below.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The quantification was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The blank blood and urine spiked with SCMs and non-spiked real case (authentic) specimens were incubated at 37 ℃ up to 56 days and at 22, 4 or - 30 ℃ up to 168 days. The non-spiked authentic blood and urine specimens were also stored at - 30 or - 80 ℃ for 1, 3 or 5 years to investigate stabilities during very long time frames.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All the 24 SCMs were much more stable in urine than in blood at 37, 22 or 4 ℃. All 24 SCMs spiked into blood or urine were stable at - 30 ℃ for up to 168 days. The 6 SCMs in the authentic specimens exhibited long stabilities at - 30 or - 80 ℃ for 3-5 years. Some tendencies were observed according to the relation between the structures of SCMs and their stabilities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The long-term stabilities of 24 SCMs in spiked samples and those of 6 SCMs in the authentic specimens were examined using LC-MS/MS. SCMs were largely very stable and usable several years after storage at - 30 or - 80 ℃.</p>","PeriodicalId":12329,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Toxicology","volume":"40 2","pages":"289-301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9180143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}