{"title":"Novel Protection Method for Fully Inverter-Based Distribution System Microgrid","authors":"B. Banu, Michael Smith, S. Kamalasadan","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654533","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the penetration of distributed generation has increased rapidly in the distribution system. These resources can help improve power system reliability and resiliency. Among distributed generation sources, inverter-based resources (e.g., solar, energy storage) are becoming increasingly popular, as they can provide distribution upgrade deferral, clean energy, backup power, short restoration time, and increased power quality. However, inverter-based distributed generation poses several challenges in distribution system protection such as fault detection, protection coordination between protective devices. This paper studies the effect of inverter-based distributed generation on distribution protection device operation for different scenarios and proposes a novel method for detecting faults for inverter-based distribution microgrids. Simulation results are performed on an IEEE 34 bus unbalanced test system using PSCAD to show the efficacy of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132183934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Preliminary Study on the Role of Energy Storage and Load Rationing in Mitigating the Impact of the 2021 Texas Power Outage","authors":"Ali Menati, Le Xie","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654452","url":null,"abstract":"In February 2021, an unprecedented winter storm swept across the U.S., severely affecting the Texas power grid, leading to more than 4.5 million customers' electricity service interruption. This paper assesses the load shedding experienced by customers under realistic scenarios in the actual power grid. It also conducts a preliminary study on using energy storage and load rationing to mitigate rotating blackout's adverse impact on the grid. It is estimated that utility-scale battery storage systems with a total installed capacity of 920 GWh would be required to fully offset the load shedding during the Texas power outage if energy storage were the only technical option. Our simulation result suggests that implementing 20 percent load rationing on the system could potentially reduce this estimated energy storage capacity by 85 percent. This estimate is obtained using the predicted capacity and demand profile from February 15 to February 18, 2021. Recognizing the fact that it would be very challenging to practically deploy energy storage of this size, approaches to provide more granular demand reduction are studied as a means of leveraging the energy storage to maximize the survivability of consumers. Preliminary case study suggests the potential of combining load rationing and proper sizing of energy storage would potentially provide much reliability improvement for the grid under such extreme weather conditions.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129314739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coordinated Steam, Power & Emission Economic Dispatch of Multi-energy Campus Microgrids","authors":"Patrick Wilk, Jie Li","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654608","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a coordinated steam, power & emission economic dispatch (SPEED) model for achieving an economical operation of a university campus multi-energy microgrid. The coordinated scheduling of combined heat and power (CHP) units, as well as high efficiency steam boilers is implemented to optimize the entire campus energy provision consisting of both steam and electricity, while considering the campus emission reduction objective. Impacts of demand charge, load profiles, and practical operating constraints of the campus multi-energy microgrid system are modeled and formulated into the SPEED problem based on recorded campus energy systems' historical operation data. The effectiveness of the proposed SPEED model is demonstrated on a simplified campus multienergy microgrid system, considering a planned photovoltaic (PV) farm integration and the utility supply. As demonstrated in the simulation results, comparing with the conventional operation solution the university facility is implementing now, the proposed SPEED was capable of coordinating the optimal provision of electricity, steam, as well as emission reduction resulting in overall campus utility monetary savings.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115333011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Mejia-Ruiz, R. Cárdenas, M. Paternina, A. Zamora, C. Toledo-Santos
{"title":"Phasor-Based Optimal Voltage Control for Distribution Grids Through D-PMUs and EV Battery Charger","authors":"G. Mejia-Ruiz, R. Cárdenas, M. Paternina, A. Zamora, C. Toledo-Santos","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654753","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on an optimal control scheme to improve the voltage profile of distribution networks by coordinating the reactive power injection from electric vehicle (EV) chargers and the remote sensing of the voltage magnitude by using phasor measurement units at distribution level (D-PMUs). Then, the eigensystem realization (ER) algorithm provides the identification of the distribution grid (DG) by taking advantage of time-synchronize measurements stemming from D-PMUs. Meanwhile, the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller with multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO) minimizes the states and regulate the outputs by establishing a phasor-based optimal voltage control in fulfillment with the Bellman's principle. The effectiveness of the optimal control scheme is demonstrated by testing simulated scenarios on the IEEE 13- node test benchmark feeder. The achieved results exhibit a compensation of the voltage profile at the millisecond scale in the presence of three-phase faults and significant load increments.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122705456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Grid Forming Inverter: Laboratory-Scale Hardware Test Bed Setup and Weak Grid Operation","authors":"Ratik Mittal, Zhixin Miao, Lingling Fan","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654589","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times, the concept of grid forming inverters has gained popularity. Grid forming inverters have proven to be a promising alternative to the grid following inverters. In this paper, we present the hardware test bed implementation of grid forming inverter in islanding mode as well as in grid connected mode. The control structure includes inverter-level inner current control and outer voltage control, and plant-level P - f and Q - V droop control. The Q - V droop provides the voltage command, whereas P - f droop provides the frequency command and is also key for the synchronization process. While it is straightforward to set up the test bed for the islanded operation, it is a challenging process to set up the grid-forming inverter in the grid-connected mode. We present the key technologies and demonstrate the start-up process and weak grid operation using the hardware experiment results. Results from EMT model developed in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems are also presented for side-by-side comparison.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"262 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122832700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph Rolland, Elijah Bloom, C. Robinson, H. Karayaka
{"title":"Load Following Flexibility of Small Modular Reactors Coupled with Wind Farms in the Presence of Extreme Wind Conditions","authors":"Joseph Rolland, Elijah Bloom, C. Robinson, H. Karayaka","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654735","url":null,"abstract":"Load following small modular reactors (SMRs) promise to be a viable option moving forward with clean energy initiatives. Paired with renewables like wind, they can make up for the significant variation in power output seen in renewables and provide vital reliability. Assuming SMRs can meet the provisions set forth in revision 13 of the Electric Power Research Institute's Utility Requirements Document (EPRI-URD), the aim of this research is to determine whether SMRs linked with wind farms will be able to react quickly enough to meet load requirements. In this case study, seven volatile wind speed datasets were gathered from The National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Colorado. The data were run through simulations representing both Induction Generator (IG) and Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind farms to estimate power output. Each wind power dataset was then subtracted from each of four load power datasets from a local North Carolina utility to determine the necessary nuclear contribution from a group of SMRs. Each of the 56 individual case studies (28 IG and 28 DFIG) were compared with the EPRI-URD requirements, and it was determined that DFIG farms paired better with the SMRs, and in the most extreme cases, the nuclear plants were able to keep up with a wind farm of maximum size 7.5 MW (IG) and 9 MW (DFIG) based on a 1.5 MW step size.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124910539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinshun Su, P. Dehghanian, Benedict Vergara, Mohammad Heidari Kapourchali
{"title":"An Energy Management System for Joint Operation of Small-Scale Wind Turbines and Electric Thermal Storage in Isolated Microgrids","authors":"Jinshun Su, P. Dehghanian, Benedict Vergara, Mohammad Heidari Kapourchali","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654467","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike stationary wind turbines, a small-scale mobile wind turbine (MWT) can travel, via a truck, between isolated microgrids (MGs) to meet the supply-demand balance requirements locally. This spatio-temporal flexibility can bring benefits to the system operators and the energy management system (EMS) performance across MGs. Another flexible resource, electric thermal storage (ETS), can also unlock capabilities for the EMS by maximizing the renewable energy utilization and shifting demand. This paper develops an EMS optimization model for joint operation of MWT and ETS in isolated MGs. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Case studies of an integrated transportation and energy network — a Sioux Falls transportation network and four IEEE 33-node distribution systems —demonstrate the operating cost reduction and highlight the load shifting benefits of jointly operating MWT and ETS.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128356838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmad Abuelrub, Jehad Hedel, Fadi Hamed, Hussein M. K. Al-Masri, C. Singh
{"title":"Reliability Assessment of Ring and Radial Microgrid Configurations","authors":"Ahmad Abuelrub, Jehad Hedel, Fadi Hamed, Hussein M. K. Al-Masri, C. Singh","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654465","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the qualitative and quantitative reliability of a DC Microgrid (MG) using fault tree analysis (FTA). Reliability analysis considers DC MG in both ring and radial configurations. The reliability objective is to support a critical load. For ring configuration, repeated events can happen, which results in an incorrect reliability calculation of the reliability objective. Therefore, Relyence software is used to build the DC ring MG fault tree (FT), to eliminate the repeated events. Then, the reliability of the DC ring MG is compared with the reliability of the single bus DC radial MG. Results show that failure probabilities for the ring and radial configurations are 0.049539 and 0.051857, respectively. Hence, the DC ring MG is more reliable than the DC radial MG. Finally, the reliability of the DC ring MG in the islanded mode is investigated.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121742697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tracking the Source of Marginal Electricity Generation on a Spatial-Temporal Basis in an Electricity Market","authors":"Kenji Santacruz, Yuanrui Sang","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654548","url":null,"abstract":"Many enterprises have the goal of reaching 100% renewable energy consumption. To accomplish this, there is a need for an accurate method of tracking renewable energy when it is mixed into the grid along with energy produced by fossil fuels. This study proposes a renewable energy tracking system based on a power flow model that considers transmission topology and impedance. An economic dispatch was implemented to find the marginal generators and binding transmission lines. An optimization problem was setup to identify the generation change of the marginal generators and to minimize the total cost to serve the load. Then, the Marginal Emission Factor (MEF) was found which gives the change in carbon emissions due to a change in demand. The model supplied the exact amount of power that these generators produced to this location which would allow a consumer to know how much of their power comes from renewable resources.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127059007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Smart Building Energy Management using Deep Learning Based Predictions","authors":"M. Palak, G. Revati, A. Sheikh","doi":"10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654262","url":null,"abstract":"The prediction of electricity consumption in a building is critical for recognizing the possibilities for energy savings as a part of the digitalization of the built environment. This also helps to mitigate the effects of climate change, since buildings are required to be more adaptable and resilient while consuming less energy and maintaining user comfort. Peak energy demand may be detected using historical building data, allowing users to more efficiently manage their energy consumption while also providing the demand side management response to the utilities for the necessary control and actuation in real-time. In view of this, the paper focuses on various deep learning methods (re-current neural network (RNN), long short term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU)) to predict electricity consumption of three different types of buildings in a model-free environment. A hybrid model is also developed by combining the features of RNN and GRU for predicting the load profile. Another major contribution of the paper is the introduction of hyperparameter tuning for improving prediction accuracy. The results highlight the effectiveness of the hybrid model in predicting electricity consumption and also show the improvement in prediction accuracy using hyperparameter tuning.","PeriodicalId":123077,"journal":{"name":"2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122274403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}