Folia Biologica最新文献

{"title":"Research on the Diagnostic Potential of miR-383-5p in Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Baohui Zhao, Wei Liu, Yifan Wang","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14712/fb2026.0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune condition that causes patients pain and seriously affects their quality of life. Therefore, finding a diagnostic marker is of great significance for the prediction and early diagnosis of RA. This study included 105 patients with RA and 90 healthy volunteers. miR-383-5p was quantified by RT-qPCR. The diagnostic potential of miR-383-5p for RA was evaluated by the ROC curve. Chi-square analysis was performed to evaluate correlations between clinicopathological parameters and the miR-383-5p level in RA. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated from synovial tissue. miR-383-5p was over-expressed or inhibited by transfection in FLS. ELISA was used to detect inflammatory factor expression. Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to detect the correlations. miR-383-5p was decreased in RA and may have a diagnostic value in RA. In patients with RA, miR-383-5p was closely related to erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positivity and rheumatoid factor. In addition, miR-383-5p was negatively correlated with inflammatory factors in RA. In FLS of RA, the over-expression of miR-383-5p decreased the inflammatory factors, while the inhibition of miR-383-5p increased the inflammatory factors. miR-383-5p may be associated with RA by involvement in the inflammatory response in FLS. Thus, miR-383-5p may show diagnostic potential in RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":"72 3","pages":"136-143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148283669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting FLT-3 Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: from Molecular Insights to Clinical Strategies.","authors":"Mohammadreza Afshari, Martina Řezáčová, Darina Muthná","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0002","DOIUrl":"10.14712/fb2026.0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3) mutations represent one of the most common genetic anomalies in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), particularly in adults. The two most common types of mutations, internal tandem duplications (ITD) and tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) point mutations, facilitate uncontrolled cellular proliferation and unfavourable patient outcomes. These mutations are linked with a high relapse rate and shorter overall survival, highlighting the need for targeted therapies to be used. Recent advances in the discovery of new agents enabled incorporation of FLT-3 inhibitors into the frontline treatment regimen. First-generation inhibitors, such as midostaurin, provided the foundation for targeted therapy, while recently developed agents such as gilteritinib and quizartinib have shown more selectivity and demonstrated superior clinical efficiency and improved tolerability. This review discusses the significance of FLT-3 mutations, the evolution of targeted therapies, current treatment guidelines, and ongoing challenges such as resistance and high relapse rates. We also discuss the emerging combinations of therapies and novel agents currently in clinical trials that aim to overcome resistance and improve long-term outcomes for patients with FLT-3-mutated AML.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":"72 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147689223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Lymphocyte Culture Improves the Diagnostic Yield of Targeted RNA NGS in Cancer Predisposition Testing.","authors":"Marta Černá, Kateřina Matějková, Taťána Ptáčková, Petr Nehasil, Romana Mihalová, Kamila Veselá, Markéta Janatová, Jana Soukupová, Petra Kleiblová","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0001","DOIUrl":"10.14712/fb2026.0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is increasingly incorporated into germline cancer predisposition testing, its diagnostic utility is often limited by low expression of many clinically relevant genes. To improve RNA yield and transcript representation for targeted RNA-seq, we optimized a simple protocol based on short-term lymphocyte culture prepared directly from whole blood collected in Li-heparin tubes. We systematically evaluated biological reproducibility and pre-analytical sample handling variability and demonstrated that whole blood can be stored at 4 °C for up to 5 days prior to lymphocyte cultivation without compromising RNA quality/gene expression. Gene expression was comparable for RNA isolated from K2EDTA and Tempus tubes, whereas short-term lymphocyte culture resulted in a substantial increase in expression of clinically important genes including BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51C, RAD51D, PALB2, CHEK2, and multiple Fanconi anaemia genes otherwise low expressed in whole blood. Cultivation for 3-5 days did not significantly affect lymphocyte gene expression, providing flexibility for routine dia-gnostics. The protocol also enables inhibition of nonsense-mediated decay to facilitate analysis of variants causing premature termination. As a proof of principle, we characterized the splicing impact of FANCA c.2602-3C&gt;G variant (located in intron 27) using cultured lymphocytes from its carrier. The variant causes deletion of six nucleotides in the mature transcript (ΔE28p(-6)/r.2602_2607del), resulting in an in-frame deletion (p. Gln869_Phe870del). This spliceogenic effect was reliably detectable only in cultured lymphocytes preferentially expressing the full-length FANCA transcript. Overall, short-term lymphocyte culture re-presents a simple and flexible RNA source that enhances variant interpretation in clinical RNA-seq analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":"72 1","pages":"16-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147689144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Significance and Potential Mechanism of miR-532-5p/CXCL1 Axis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.","authors":"Yongquan Wang, Guangming Xiang","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0008","DOIUrl":"10.14712/fb2026.0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involves persistent airflow limitation and chronic inflammation. To define the clinical and mechanistic role of the miR-532-5p/CXCL1 axis in COPD, this study used bioinformatic analysis of the GEO dataset GSE70080 to identify miR-532-5p, which was significantly down-regulated in COPD. Multiple databases predicted CXCL1 as its potential target gene. The clinical study included 90 subjects (52 with COPD, 38 controls). We detected serum levels of miR-532-5p and CXCL1 mRNA using RT-qPCR and evaluated their diagnostic value through ROC curves and logistic regression. Inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β) and oxidative stress indicators (SOD, MDA) were measured by ELISA and colorimetry. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay verified that miR-532-5p directly targets CXCL1. In BEAS-2B cells treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), we conducted functional recovery experiments by transfecting miR-532-5p mimics and CXCL1 over-expression vectors to explore their regulatory role in cell injury. The study found that the expression of miR-532-5p in the serum of COPD patients was down-regulated, and its level was correlated with the decline of lung function and the enhancement of inflammation. It also had a diagnostic value for COPD (AUC = 0.8229) and was an independent protective factor. Mechanistically, CXCL1 was confirmed to be a direct target of miR-532-5p; in the cell smoke injury model; miR-532-5p inhibited CXCL1 to alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress. This study identifies miR-532-5p as a potential protective factor in COPD that acts by targeting CXCL1 to mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting its diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":"72 2","pages":"75-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147981308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum miR-642a-3p in Osteopoenia and Osteoporotic Fracture: Diagnostic Value for Osteopoenia and Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation via IFNG.","authors":"Sibao Zeng, Chenhao Huangfu, Fang Zheng, Yongqi Dong","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14712/fb2026.0017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoporotic fractures (OF) are the main consequence of osteoporosis. Bone mineral density (BMD)‑based diagnosis lacks sensitivity for early osteopoenia (OP) and OF risk. This study evaluated serum miR‑642a‑3p as a diagnostic marker for OP and OF and investigated its mechanism in osteoclast differentiation via IFNG. Bioinformatic analysis of GSE74209 was performed. Serum miR‑642a‑3p levels were measured by RT‑qPCR in 30 healthy controls (HCs), 40 OP patients and 40 OF patients. Diagnostic performance, correlation with clinical indicators, and risk prediction for OF were analysed using logistic regression. A dual‑luciferase reporter assay confirmed miR‑642a‑3p targeting IFNG. RT‑qPCR and Western blot assessed downstream osteoclast markers and the effect of TNF‑α‑induced inflammation on miR‑642a‑3p. Serum miR‑642a‑3p was found significantly higher in OP and OF groups than in HCs. The AUC for distinguishing HCs from OP patients was 0.834. miR‑642a‑3p negatively correlated with 25(OH)D and was identified as an independent risk factor for OP. The reporter assay confirmed direct targeting of IFNG by miR‑642a‑3p. Disruption of this axis altered expression of osteoclast markers (NFATc1, CTSK, c‑FOS). In the TNF‑α‑induced inflammatory model, miR‑642a‑3p increased, IFN-γ decreased, and osteoclast markers were up-regulated, indicating that miR‑642a‑3p promotes osteoclast differentiation through IFNG suppression. We conclude that the serum miR-642a-3p is a diagnostic biomarker for OP and OF. It promotes osteoclast differentiation by targeting and inhibiting IFNG, identifying a new miR-642a-3p/IFNG regulatory axis in OP.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":"72 4","pages":"163-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Predictive Value of NLRP3-Mediated Inflammatory Factor Production for Abnormal Liver Function in Pregnant Women with Hepatitis B.","authors":"Lei Zhang, Juan Du, Lan Shao, Chunyan Yu, Cuili Yang, Yu Wang, Jinyu Gu","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14712/fb2026.0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus-infected pregnant women often develop liver dysfunction. Although the NLRP3 inflammasome drives HBV-related liver injury, its predictive role in this group remains unclear. Participants were categorized into normal liver function (NLF, N = 73), abnormal liver function (ALF, N = 66) and control (N = 40) groups. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure NLRP3 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and serum levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlations between inflammatory markers and liver function parameters were analysed, and multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to evaluate predictive performance. The ALF group showed significantly elevated NLRP3 mRNA expression and higher serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 compared to the NLF and control groups (all P &lt; 0.001). These inflammatory markers were positively correlated with ALT, AST and HBV-DNA levels (all P &lt; 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, ALT and HBV-DNA as independent risk factors for liver dysfunction. The combined model of NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18 and HBV-DNA demonstrated superior predictive performance (AUC = 0.954) compared to any single indicator. This research shows that elevated NLRP3 expression and increased levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in early pregnancy are associated with liver dysfunction in HBV-infected pregnant women. The combination of these inflammatory markers with HBV-DNA provides a highly accurate diagnostic model for early identification of high-risk individuals, offering a potential strategy for early intervention and improved management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":"72 3","pages":"128-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148283660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered Bacteriophages in Cancer Immunotherapy: Emerging Concepts and Potential Integration with CAR-T Cell Therapy.","authors":"Jehan Alrahimi","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0018","DOIUrl":"10.14712/fb2026.0018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to antigen heterogeneity, restricted immune cell trafficking and an immunosuppressive, nutrient-restricted tumour microenvironment, solid tumours remain resistant to modern immunotherapies. Engineered bacteriophages offer a modular framework to overcome these obstacles: programmable virus-like particles with scalable production. Through genome engineering, capsid decoration with mammalian cell-targeting ligands, or hybrid AAV/ phage systems, engineered bacteriophages can display tumour-associated antigens, enhance receptor-mediated uptake and deliver therapeutic payloads such as cytokines, chemokines and suicide genes without naturally infecting mammalian cells. These features support their use as vaccine platforms, immunological adjuvants and targeted gene-delivery vehicles. These may enable more precise, tumour-localized therapeutic intervention. Phages can engage innate immune pathways, including TLR9, TLR3/7/8, cGAS-STING and AIM2, promoting dendritic cell maturation and inflammatory mediators that may convert immunologically \"cold\" tumours into inflamed microenvironments. Their multivalent antigen display enhances B- and T-cell priming, while cDC1-mediated cross-presentation supports cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses and immunological memory. In CAR-T therapy, engineered phages may improve tumour homing through chemokine modulation, support persistence through local cytokine delivery, reduce antigen escape by presenting multiple tumour epitopes, and limit T-cell exhaustion through dominant-negative receptor strategies or local checkpoint blockade. This review summarizes engineering approaches, delivery systems, manufacturing, biodistribution, dosing, and safety issues, including immunogenicity, pre-existing antiphage antibodies and horizontal gene transfer. It also distinguishes therapeutic engineered phage particles from phage display technologies used for molecular discovery. Despite encouraging results integrating modified bacteriophages with CAR-T cell therapy, the evidence remains mostly preclinical, indicating both substantial translational prospects and crucial obstacles for future clinical development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":" ","pages":"175-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Diagnostic Value of miR-20b-3p and High-Frequency Ultrasound in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.","authors":"Yanjun Feng, Xinye Qian, Liqin Ye, Xinyu Yan, Sitong Liu","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14712/fb2026.0019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a major chronic complication of diabetes. Developing accurate, non-invasive and feasible diagnostic strategies is essential for early diagnosis and intervention of DPN. We aimed to detect the serum miR-20b-3p expression and high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS)-measured nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) in DPN patients and explore the combined diagnostic value of the two indicators for DPN. A total of 155 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were enrolled, including 75 non-DPN patients and 80 DPN patients. The serum miR-20b-3p expression was detected by qRT-PCR, and the CSA of median, ulnar and tibial nerves was measured by HFUS. ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of single and combined indicators. Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS) and Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) scores were collected, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyse the correlations of miR-20b-3p and nerve CSA with clinical scores. DPN patients showed significantly down-regulated serum miR-20b-3p and increased CSA of the three peripheral nerves. miR-20b-3p expression was negatively correlated with nerve CSA. Both indicators demonstrated moderate diagnostic efficacy for DPN, and their combination yielded superior diagnostic efficacy, with an AUC of 0.935, sensitivity of 83.7 % and specificity of 90.7 %. Additionally, the miR-20b-3p level and nerve CSA were closely associated with the peripheral nerve function of DPN patients. We conclude that the combination of serum miR-20b-3p and peripheral nerve CSA is a promising novel diagnostic strategy for DPN.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":"72 4","pages":"196-206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MiR-26b-5p Predicts the Severity of Crohn's Disease and the Degree of Malnutrition.","authors":"Yan-Hui Sun, Xiao-Xiao Wang, Cong Wu","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0009","DOIUrl":"10.14712/fb2026.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory bowel disease, often accompanied by symptoms of malnutrition. MicroRNA is stably present in faeces and plays a significant role in CD. This study aimed to explore the expression of miR-26b-5p in the faeces of CD patients and its association with disease severity and nutritional status. The GEO2R online tool was used to analyse the datasets GSE144535 and GSE102134. The subjects' data were collected. The ability of miR-26b-5p to distinguish healthy individuals from CD patients was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve. The subjects were grouped based on the Crohn's disease activity index, simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD), malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) and nutrition risk screening 2002 (NRS 2002) scales, and the expression levels of miR-26b-5p in the faeces of CD patients were detected. The correlation between miR-26b-5p and MUST and NRS 2002 scores was analysed by Spearman's test. The target genes were predicted by miRDB and TargetScan databases, and the biological processes and pathways involved in these genes were identified through GO/KEGG analysis. MiR-26b-5p was significantly down-regulated in the CD dataset and patient faeces, negatively correlated with the disease activity and severity of inflammation, and its expression was lower in patients with poorer nutritional status. GO/KEGG analysis revealed that the target genes of miR-26b-5p were involved in inflammation and nutrient metabolism pathways. We conclude that miR-26b-5p is a potential biomarker for CD and is negatively correlated with the severity of the disease and the degree of malnutrition.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":"72 2","pages":"85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147981397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To the Maximal Nuclear Diameter and Cell Cycle Phase of Lymphoblasts or Myeloblasts in Patients Suffering from Acute Lymphoblastic and Myeloblastic Leukaemia. A Simple Morphological and Technical Note.","authors":"Karel Smetana, Hana Klamová, Radka Šimečková, Dana Mikulenková, Josef Karban, Marek Trněný, Cyril Šálek","doi":"10.14712/fb2026.0005","DOIUrl":"10.14712/fb2026.0005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study was undertaken to provide complementary information on the cell cycle of leukaemic lymphoblasts and myeloblasts based on the computer-assisted maximal nuclear diameter measurements. The measurements were carried out in \"one-size cell layer\" loci of bone marrow smears of patients suffering from B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), acute myeloblastic leukaemia with minimal differentiation (M0 AML), acute myeloblastic leukaemia without maturation (M1 AML), acute myeloblastic leukaemia with maturation (M2 AML) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). The maximal nuclear diameter was also measured in peripheral blood mature lymphocytes of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), which are known to be in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, the maximal nuclear diameter in lymphoblasts of patients with B-ALL was larger and reflected the S and G2 cell cycle phase. The largest incidence of myeloblasts with the smallest maximal nuclear diameter was in M0 AML. The smaller incidence of such cells was also noted in patients with M1 AML. Myeloblasts with larger nuclear bodies were present in M2 AML and CML. Thus, post-mitotic myeloblasts in G0 and G1 phase were characteristic of M0 and to a smaller extent of M1 AML. Myeloblasts with larger maximal nuclear diameter reflecting the S and G2 phase were dominant in M2 AML and CML. In summary, the nuclear size heterogeneity of leukaemic lymphoblasts and myeloblasts in bone marrow smears depends on various phases of the cell cycle classified according to the maximal nuclear diameter.</p>","PeriodicalId":12281,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica","volume":"72 1","pages":"54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147689158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}