Fire Safety最新文献

{"title":"DETERMINATION OF THE NON-STATIONARY TEMPERATURE FIELD IN THE SYSTEM OF TWO CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER THE FIRE CONDITIONS","authors":"R. Tatsii, O. Pazen, L. Shypot","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.14","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed work is devoted to the application of the direct method to the study of heat transfer processes in the system \"solid cylinder inside a cylindrical shell\". It is assumed that there is an ideal thermal contact between them, and the law of changing the ambient temperature, which rinses the surface of the structure, is an arbitrary function of time, and evenly distributed over the surface. Consequently, isotherms inside this construction are concentric circles, that is, the problem is symmetric and is solved for the first time in such a statement. To solve such a problem, the auxiliary problem of determining the distribution of a non-stationary temperature field in a two-layer hollow cylindrical structure with a \"withdrawn\" cylinder of sufficiently small radius is raised in parallel. In this case the symmetry condition of the original problem is replaced by the condition of the second kind on the inner surface of this construction. The implementation of the solution of the auxiliary problem is carried out by applying a reduction method using the concept of quasi-derivatives. In the future, the Fourier scheme is used with the use of the modified eigenfunctions method. To find the solution of the original problem, the idea of the boundary transition is used by passing the radius of the withdrawn cylinder to zero. It is established that in this approach all the eigenfunctions of the corresponding problem on the eigenvalues have no singularities at zero, which means that the solutions of the original problem are constrained throughout the design. In order to illustrate the proposed method, a model example of finding the temperature field distribution in a column of a circular cross-section (concrete in a steel shell) is solved under the influence of the standard temperature regime of the fire. The results of the calculations are presented in a bulk schedule of temperature changes, depending on time and spatial coordinates. The generalization of the results obtained in the case of any finite number of cylindrical shells is a purely technical problem, and not a fundamental one. Note that while changing the boundary condition of the third kind to any other boundary condition (for example, the first kind) does not affect the scheme of solving similar tasks. Since the general scheme of studying the distribution of temperature fields in multi-layered structures with an arbitrary number of layers in the presence of internal sources of heat is studied in detail, the setting and solving of such problems for the system of \"solid cylinder inside a cylindrical shell\" is not without difficulty.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84909282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF PROTECTING COATING ON THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF ALUMINUM ALLOY STRUCTURES","authors":"S. Vovk, N. Ferents, D. Kharyshyn","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.03","url":null,"abstract":"Polyfunctional protective coatings based on filled polysiloxane compositions are technological and can be used to increase the fire resistance of metal structural materials due to high thermomechanical properties, which are determined by stable structural and phase composition. The influence of protective coatings on the basis of polysiloxane-filled oxide components on fire resistance of aluminum alloys is investigated in the work. The choice of the initial compositions for fire protection coatings was carried out with the aim of obtaining of expanded heat-insulating heatresistant layer on the surface of an aluminum alloy at temperatures of 473 K and higher. The methods of physico-chemical analysis have established that when heated more than 473 K as a result of thermo oxidative degradation of polysiloxane with the release of gaseous products, there is an expanding coating with the formation of a fire-proof porous heat-insulating layer on the surface of an aluminum alloy. The coefficient of expanding the coating is within the range of 9.8 ... 12.4. The reliability of the use of physicochemical criteria when choosing the component composition of the coating and the effectiveness of the fire protection function is estimated from the results of the test on the aluminum alloy AMG6 and on the model of its thermal conductivity. 20 Пожежна безпека, №34, 2019 A model of thermal conductivity of a protective coating is proposed, which consists of a layer that limits heat transfer through a two-layer wall. When exposed to the aluminum plate of the heat flow, it is heated to the depth of the coating, which leads to its expanding and the formation of a thermal barrier. The dynamics of temperature distribution during a fire on the protective coating of an aluminum alloy is predicted by simulating the heat transfer process in a homogeneous solid by a mathematical model. The theoretical and practical researches have established the dependence of the parameter of heating the protected aluminum alloy to the critical temperature, depending on the thickness of the coating. The presence on the surface of a protected alloy coating, based on the filled polysiloxane, changes the process of heat transfer to its surface, which increases the fire resistance of the structure by 3 ...4 times.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76657795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FIRE SPREAD MECHANISM ON SURFACE OF CONSTRUCTION FIT WITH FAÇADE HEAT INSULATION BASED ON COMBUSTIBLE INSULANT AND FINISHED WITH PLASTER","authors":"R. Yakovchuk, A. Kuzyk, S. Yemelyanenko, T. Skorobagatko","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.16","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to the use of structures of external walls with facade insulation with plaster, which is widespread and popular in our country and abroad, as well as the problems associated with their fire hazard. The work of domestic and foreign researchers dealing with fire safety issues of facade systems has been analyzed. Classification of prefabricated systems of facade insulation is performed depending on the design decision, as well as on the main features in accordance with: the type of applied insulation material; a method of fastening a heat-insulating layer; composition of the base plaster layer; kind of decorative protective layer. The structure of prefabricated systems with complete sets of insulation with prefabrication of light, thick-layer plaster or fine-wares products is represented. The peculiarities of the processes that occur during combustion of the thermal insulation and finishing system of the outer walls of residential buildings are analyzed and revealed. Typical scenarios of fire spreading are presented with a surface of the design of external walls with a facade heat insulation with a fuel heater and a stucco coating. The mechanism of propagation of fire through a window opening by a surface of a facade heat insulation on the basis of foam polystyrene is described. The conclusion is made that the use of structures of exterior walls of residential buildings with facade insulation with combustible insulant and stucco coating significantly increases their level of fire hazard. This danger will depend on both the properties of individual materials (including insulant), as well as on the design features of the entire thermal insulation system and the building as a whole. For plaster systems, the thermal insulation of facades is a major threat to the rapid spread of fires on the floors above and below the building. The most common causes of thermal insulation fires is the transfer of fire from the windows during intense fire inside the rooms.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84805808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROVIDING FIRE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSE FACILITIES CONSIDERING FIRE RISK","authors":"E. Hulida, O. Koval, V. Sharii","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.05","url":null,"abstract":"Formulation of the problem. Minimizing the consequences of fires is the problem of particular importance for the cities of Ukraine. Closed and open warehouses in industrial enterprises are the buildings of the highest risk. Due to the results of the analysis, the problem is that insufficient consideration is given to the provision of fire protection of industrial warehouse facilities. Proceeding from the above it is possible to state that the elaboration of the main directions of provision of fire protection of industrial warehouse facilities is very important. The goal of the work. To develop a methodology for providing fire protection of industrial warehouse facilities taking into account the fire risk. Tasks setting and their solution. To ensure the fire protection of industrial warehouse facilities, the following tasks must be addressed as a priority: 1) to develop a classification of industrial warehouse facilities for the possible grouping of fire-prevention means for protection of such facilities during fires; 2) to develop mathematical dependencies for determining the required number of fire-prevention means for industrial warehouse facilities; 3) to develop a methodology for providing fire protection of industrial warehouse facilities taking into account the fire risk. To solve the first problem, recommendations were taken into account, on the basis of which the scheme of classification of industrial warehouse facilities was developed. In order to solve the second task in the first stage, all necessary fire protection facilities were determined to ensure the fire safety of industrial warehouse facilities. After accepting all necessary fire-fighting equipment for the provision of fire safety of industrial warehouse facilities, mathematical dependencies have been developed to determine their required quantity. To solve the third task the recommendations of the World Health Organization and the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated February 29, 2012, № 306 was used. Taking into account the above mentioned fire protection systems, mathematical models of fire risk calculation for closed, semi-closed and open industrial and warehouse facilities were developed. Conclusions and specific suggestions: 1. The mathematical models of fire risks for closed, semi-closed and open industrial warehouse facilities are given, which make it possible to develop a methodology for determining the optimal amount of fire-fighting equipment and thereby provide fire protection for these objects. 2. To optimize the choice of the required number of fire-fighting equipment, it is necessary to establish an optimization criterion that would be based on the determined direct losses from the fire, expenses of the fire and rescue units for the elimination of fire and expenses for fire protection. 3. The developed mathematical models of fire risks require further improvement with the aim of their introduction and use on the basis of information technologies. T","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84948558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPLOSIVE HAZARD OF SPHERICAL TANKS OF OIL AND GAS REFINING ENTERPRISES","authors":"N. Ferents, S. Vovk, A. Lyn","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.15","url":null,"abstract":"Gas and oil refining enterprises receive a large amount of hydrocarbon gases, which can be used as fuel or after processing as a raw material for a number of oil refining and petrochemical processes. The fires on such objects are characterized by high speed of development, destruction of technological equipment and building structures, intensive flowing out of combustible liquids and liquefied gases, significant thermal radiation, gas pollution of the adjoining territory; Even local fires or explosions under adverse circumstances due to chain development can lead to catastrophic scales. Therefore, the problem of reliable fire protection of the oil and gas refining industry enterprises, individual units and installations is relevant. The goal of the work is investigation of the danger of accidents in spherical tanks at oil and gas refining industry enterprises. The physical and chemical properties of the liquefied gases, the conditions of the technological process, the experience of accidents on similar objects were analyzed. The results showed that during the technological process with liquefied gas the emissions of substances causing the formation of a potential explosive zones, explosions of gas and gas clouds, physical explosions of vapour, fireballs, spill fires and the spread of clouds of toxic substances were possible. In order to ensure the process, spherical tanks for liquefied gas are equipped with devices for monitoring the level, pressure, temperature; alarms of emergency level; systems of manual release of pressure; systems of safety valves with a discharge on a torch or a candle; equalizing lines between tanks and overpasses with electric locks. The breakdown hazard of spherical tanks of oil and gas refining enterprises was studied. The zone of destructive action of explosion pressure in a spherical tank with liquefied gas was calculated.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79354788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"JUSITFICATION OF DRY CHEMICAL POWDERS TESTING PROCEDURE","authors":"V. Kovalyshyn, V. Marych, B. Gusar, V. Navalianyi, Ya. Fedyuk","doi":"10.32447/20786662.33.2018.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.07","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of the problem of extinguishing fires of magnesium and its alloys is carried out. The urgency of studying the problem is confirmed by the fact that during the extinguishing of class D fires there are factors that can complicate the quenching process. Often, these metals actively react with water, which leads to an even greater spread of the fire and even an explosion. Therefore, special fire extinguishers, which have passed the proper test, are more effective in locating the fire and prevent the burning of the powder to form the \"tongues\" of the flame. In Ukraine, there is no method for testing the effectiveness of fire extinguishants of special purpose for the extinguishing of class D fires. The normative documents have been analyzed, which specify the procedures for testing extinguishing fire-extinguishing special-purpose fire extinguishing class D. Specifically: the methods are described in the international standard ISO 7165: 2017 «Fire fighting – Portable fire extinguishers – Performance and construction» and GOST 53280.5-2009 Fire fighting systems automatic. Extinguishing agents. \u0000Both methods have a number of shortcomings that need to be addressed when creating a Ukrainian fire test method for extinguishing fire extinguishing class D, namely: the dimensions of the metal frame made of sheet steel with a side (500 ± 10) mm, height (150 ± 5) mm for testing with magnesium chips are small; Not specified quantity of gasoline necessary for the rise of magnesium; The gas or oxygen torch used to dissolve magnesium does not provide full-value combustion throughout the area, but only creates separate cells of ignition. \u0000A draft methodology has been developed that determines the fire-extinguishing efficiency of powdered powders used in Ukraine. The required amount of fuel for burning magnesium and its alloys is determined. It was ascertained that for the firing of magnesium chips it is necessary to use at least 127 grams of gasoline of the mark A 92. \u0000Key words: test method, fire extinguishers of special purpose, extinguishing of fires of magnesium alloys","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86601635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE ON THE RELIABILITY OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS","authors":"O. Shapovalov, I. Kravets","doi":"10.32447/20786662.33.2018.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.16","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of natural and man-made emergencies occurring on the territory of Ukraine, and not only that cause deforestation of buildings, structures, objects and cities and whole districts, require the provision of fire protection systems for sources of electricity that are independent of Electricity supply of certain areas or cities and objects. \u0000Regardless of the control mode, elements of automatic fire protection systems are elements that take part in a single technological process (notifying people of danger, feeding, water, removing smoke, etc.). \u0000All systems of fire protection (SPPZ), as the main power source use a common grid (220 / 380V AC). In this unchanged form, the electric power is fed to supply power executive elements (asynchronous actuators of water pumps, fans, etc.). To control the operation of fire protection systems, 12-24V DC is used. This requires the use of additional transducers in fire control systems to form the voltage of the corresponding form. \u0000Simultaneous exhaustion of tens and hundreds of settlements, as evidenced by the reports of the DNS of Ukraine and other operational services, affects the provision of fire protection of objects and the safety of people [5]. Taking into account the unpredictability of the occurrence of events, it is necessary to apply methods of providing backup power supply independent of power supply and climatic conditions of operation of fire protection systems. \u0000The purpose of the work is to propose the optimal way of forming the supply voltage and adjusting its parameters for the backup power of electric consumers of automatic fire protection systems powered by an autonomous power supply, which consists of a unit of battery and autonomous voltage inverters. Such a backup power scheme allows simultaneous control and regulation of the voltage, frequency, and the ability to determine the parameters of the autonomous source elements. \u0000In the process of reviewing and assessing the reliability of power supply of electric consumers of automatic fire protection systems, previously noted ways to increase the reliability of the operation of automatic fire protection systems by reserving power supply from autonomous sources with the use of accumulator batteries and autocompressor voltage inverters were taken into account. For comparison, from all known electricians of fire protection systems, the most common and most powerful electric consumer is used - an asynchronous motor. \u0000The probabilistic method for calculating the functioning of the backup power supply system for an internal fire-fighting water supply system using generator sets and accumulator batteries with autonomous inverters of voltage, taking into account the accidental nature of the disconnection of power lines, proved that the proposed reservation scheme, both with K2AIN-AD and with 2K2AIN-AD increases the reliability of functioning systems for fire protection. An increase in the number of similar items led to an improvement in th","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85309751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MAIN WAYS OF REDUCING THE FIRE DAMAGE RISKS ON PROTECTING OBJECTS","authors":"E. Gulida, I. Movchan","doi":"10.32447/20786662.33.2018.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.05","url":null,"abstract":"Formulation of the problem. For the cities of Ukraine, the problem of preventing the occurrence of fires and minimizing their consequences is of particular importance. Reducing the number of fires and losses from them requires an improved system approach that will ensure the interaction of all interested bodies and organizations to solve the problem. \u0000Proceeding from the above we can state that there is a problem for the cities of Ukraine that the main directions of reducing the risks of fires on the objects of the city are developed. \u0000The goal of the work. To develop a methodology for reducing the risks of fire on the relevant objects of protection and minimizing their consequences in the event of a fire (damage to the objects from the fire and expenses of fire and rescue units for its elimination). \u0000Setting tasks and their solutions. According to statistical indicators of the state of fires in Ukraine, for example, in 2017, the main causes of the fires are: 1) arson; 2) malfunction of production equipment; 3) violation of the rules of fire safety in the installation and operation of electrical installations; 4) violation of the rules of fire safety in the installation and operation of heat-generating units and installations; 5) careless handling of the fire; 6) the wisdom of children with fire; 7) other reasons. \u0000The largest number of fires occurred in the residential sector, accounting for 73.8%. The main cause of these fires (up to 71.2%) is the careless handling of fire. Therefore, the main tasks to be solved and related to reducing the risks of fire on the relevant security objects will be as follows: \u0000 \u0000Determine the effect of the fire risk value associated with the risk of fire, on the duration of free burning during the fire. \u0000Determine the direct damage from the fire for the object, depending on the duration of free burning. \u0000Determine the expenses of the fire and rescue units that are associated with the elimination of the fire. \u0000Determine the effect of the fire risk value on the total fire damage. \u0000Develop a methodology for reducing the risks of fire on objects of protection. \u0000 \u0000Determination of the risk of a fire is performed on the basis of the statistics of the fire of the State DPSU of Ukraine in the Lviv region (information form F-701 as of December 31, 2017). The total number of fires on the objects of the Lviv region Nn = 3137, and No = 474521 - the total number of objects for the Unified State Register of Deputies of Ukraine, located on the area of the region (data of the Main Directorate of Statistics in the Lviv region). Then εо = 0,00661. After processing the obtained results by the method of mathematical statistics, dependence was obtained for determining the duration of free burning depending on the fire risk. \u0000To determine the direct damage from the fire for the object of protection, depending on the duration of free burning, we will use the dependence, where Co is the average cost per square meter of the area of the fir","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74484579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CURRENT APPROACHES IN THE SYSTEM LIGHTNING PROTECTION ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS IN VIEW OF FIRE HAZARD AND PERSONAL RISK","authors":"Y. Rudyk, O. Nazarovets, I. Golovatchuk","doi":"10.32447/20786662.33.2018.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.12","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The complexity and power of a natural phenomenon with hazardous and dangerous properties, which is lightning, should be adequately evaluated and prevented at the most accessible organizational and technical level of a particular society. According to the principle of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) applied in post-industrial countries, this risk, like others, should be reduced to the extent that is achievable. Neglecting to take a high risk of a hazardous event leads to excessive damage and large irreparable losses that a person or community cannot achieve sustainable development. Therefore, it is the complex, systematic approach in achieving safety, from the stage of assessment, to take into account both the characteristics of hazards, including fire in the relevant facilities, as well as personal, individual risk of death or injury. \u0000Purpose. Concerning to the situation with the systematic approach to technical regulation in Ukraine of such a safety sector as lightning protection, it is precisely this neglect that does not correspond to the current potential of the industrial, scientific, regulatory and social development levels. The purpose of this article is to analyze this problem in several areas. The state of technical regulation shows the priority of bringing normative documents into compliance with the legislation. \u0000Methods. Application of various methods of calculation, estimation, design and layout of the system allows realizing lightning protection system of buildings, equipment and people. To this aim, comparative characteristics of the passive and active lightning protection systems offered on the market are given; protective angle, rolling sphere, geometric methods of direct impact intercepting are compared. \u0000Results. Lightning is an unpredictable natural event; no one in the world is fully understand the mechanism of lightning, it is impossible for any standardization to provide 100% protection in all circumstances. In this view no liability shall attach to IEC and any other publications. Consideration of the implementation of the protection system grounded part is postponed with the condition of its full compliance with the selected components and the configuration of the system as a whole. System calculation of protection and assessment of the individual risk level is impossible without the internal elements and links in lightning protection system. A number of identified gaps in regulatory documents, the relationship between regulatory and supervisory bodies, users requests are suggested in the conclusions. The analysis of active normative and technical requirements to the lightning protection systems is conducted and the necessity of additional protective measures from the direct strike of lightning or voltage induction by a remote discharge by protective measures choice and charts of their setting is determined. On this basis the schemes of application of lightning protective systems from impulsive overv","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80433492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF FIRE HAZARD OF PINE NEEDLES IN LABORATORY AND FIELD CONDITIONS","authors":"V. Tovarianskyi, I. Pasnak","doi":"10.32447/20786662.33.2018.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.15","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The fire hazard analysis of young pine stands was carried out. There are listed the most common sources of ignition as factors of influence on the occurrence of a fire. There is described the examples of studies on solid combustible materials` ignition, particularly, forest litter. The device developed is proposed for studying the process of forest fuels combustion. \u0000The aim of the work is determine the time to ignition of pine needles, as well as the forest litter in young pine stands by using a Device for the study of flammable material combustion using an electric heating element. \u0000Material statement. Laboratory studies have been done to ignite three types of needles of young pine plantations: fresh, inherent in the composition of forest underlay and dried needles. There was conducted an experimental studies of the time interval to the ignition of pine stands forest litter in the field condition with the use of the proposed device. \u0000Scientific novelty. It for the first time was established that the time interval before ignition of freshly cut needles exceeds by almost 4 times the meaning of this value in comparison with the dried needles. It was established that the value of the time to ignition of pine needles fallen in the forest litter, obtained from the results of field studies, with a slight deviation of its moisture, is almost the same with the values obtained in laboratory conditions. \u0000The results indicate that the forest litter in pine stands is fire-hazardous and can deal with a frequency close to ½ of a source with a temperature of 450°C, on average 25,7 seconds. There has been substantiated the expediency of using the device for the study of flammable material combustion using an electric heating element for investigating indicators of forest combustible materials` fire hazard.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80132487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}