Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070256

Benedikt Strahm, Carl Niklas Haufe, Lucio Blandini

{"title":"Investigations of the Fire Behavior of Functionally Graded Concrete Slabs with Mineral Hollow Spheres","authors":"Benedikt Strahm, Carl Niklas Haufe, Lucio Blandini","doi":"10.3390/fire7070256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070256","url":null,"abstract":"Functionally Graded Concrete (FGC) allows for a significant reduction in the mass of concrete components while maintaining their structural and functional requirements and improving recycling capacity. This is achieved by inserting spherical mineral hollow bodies into the structure where no material is required. Within the scope of this work, the behavior of FGC slabs exposed to fire is investigated both experimentally and numerically and compared to a corresponding solid cross-section. Therefore, FGC specimens are placed in a test furnace and subjected to fire exposure for 90 min. The temperature distribution, bending load-bearing capacity, and spalling behavior are investigated. The results of the numerical simulation of the solid cross-section are in good agreement with the values provided in the building code. However, for the FGC cross-section, differences in temperature at characteristic measurement points between the experimental and numerical results are observed, presumably due to convection. The experimental results suggest that the bending load-bearing capacity of the investigated FGC cross-section could be potentially greater than that of a corresponding solid cross-section. Furthermore, as expected through analytical analysis, the fire tests confirm that no spalling of the FGC specimens occurred.","PeriodicalId":12279,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Study on the Impact of Window Partition Walls on the Spread of Fire on Building Facades 窗户隔墙对建筑物外墙火势蔓延影响的研究

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070253

Rongshui Qin, Xuesong Dai, Chao Ding, Zelong Zhang, Yan Jiao, Xin Ren

引用次数: 0

Probabilistic Path Planning for UAVs in Forest Fire Monitoring: Enhancing Patrol Efficiency through Risk Assessment 无人机在林火监测中的概率路径规划：通过风险评估提高巡逻效率

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070254

Yuqin Wang, Fengsen Gao, Minghui Li

{"title":"Probabilistic Path Planning for UAVs in Forest Fire Monitoring: Enhancing Patrol Efficiency through Risk Assessment","authors":"Yuqin Wang, Fengsen Gao, Minghui Li","doi":"10.3390/fire7070254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070254","url":null,"abstract":"Forest fire is a significant global natural disaster, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained attention in wildfire prevention for their efficient and flexible monitoring capabilities. Proper UAV patrol path planning can enhance fire-monitoring accuracy and response speed. This paper proposes a probabilistic path planning (PPP) module that plans UAV patrol paths by combining real-time fire occurrence probabilities at different points. Initially, a forest fire risk logistic regression model is established to compute the fire probabilities at different patrol points. Subsequently, a patrol point filter is applied to remove points with low fire probabilities. Finally, combining fire probabilities with distances between patrol points, a dynamic programming (DP) algorithm is employed to generate an optimal UAV patrol route. Compared with conventional approaches, the experimental results demonstrate that the PPP module effectively improves the timeliness of fire monitoring and containment, and the introduction of DP, considering that the fire probabilities and the patrol point filter both contribute positively to the experimental outcomes. Different combinations of patrol point coordinates and their fire probabilities are further studied to summarize the applicability of this method, contributing to UAV applications in forest fire monitoring and prevention.","PeriodicalId":12279,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comparative Study of Fire Code Classifications of Building Materials 建筑材料防火规范分类比较研究

Fire Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.3390/fire7070252

Amirouche Sadaoui, Christian Dagenais, Pierre Blanchet

{"title":"A Comparative Study of Fire Code Classifications of Building Materials","authors":"Amirouche Sadaoui, Christian Dagenais, Pierre Blanchet","doi":"10.3390/fire7070252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070252","url":null,"abstract":"Whether noncombustible or combustible construction is used, the presence of combustible materials is likely to be used for various reasons, such as interior finishes, flooring, and insulation. Consequently, how regulations consider the degree of combustibility in their fire classifications will influence the level of fire safety provided in these buildings and the exchanges between all actors in the construction sector. In North America, the regulation of combustibility is primarily governed by surface flame spread assessed through the Steiner tunnel test. While there is a growing prevalence of calorimetric methods globally, their incorporation into North American building codes remains notably limited. Based on ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter test results of twenty commercially available North American building materials, a comparative study was conducted between the Canadian flame spread classification and the classifications in Japan, New Zealand and the European Union (Euroclass). The tests and their limitations are described herein, as well as the conceptual frameworks. The results suggest that as materials’ combustibility levels increase, the level of agreement between classifications decreases and remains binary. The choice between the material and system scales is crucial for determining the effective development and implementation of regulations.","PeriodicalId":12279,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141832181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multiparameter Detection of Summer Open Fire Emissions: The Case Study of GAW Regional Observatory of Lamezia Terme (Southern Italy) 夏季明火排放的多参数探测：意大利南部拉梅齐亚泰尔梅 GAW 地区观测站案例研究

Fire Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.3390/fire7060198

Luana Malacaria, Domenico Parise, Teresa Lo Feudo, E. Avolio, I. Ammoscato, D. Gullì, Salvatore Sinopoli, P. Cristofanelli, Mariafrancesca De Pino, Francesco D’Amico, C. Calidonna

{"title":"Multiparameter Detection of Summer Open Fire Emissions: The Case Study of GAW Regional Observatory of Lamezia Terme (Southern Italy)","authors":"Luana Malacaria, Domenico Parise, Teresa Lo Feudo, E. Avolio, I. Ammoscato, D. Gullì, Salvatore Sinopoli, P. Cristofanelli, Mariafrancesca De Pino, Francesco D’Amico, C. Calidonna","doi":"10.3390/fire7060198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7060198","url":null,"abstract":"In Southern Mediterranean regions, the issue of summer fires related to agriculture practices is a periodic recurrence. It implies a significant increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and other combustion-related gaseous and particles compounds emitted into the atmosphere with potential impacts on air quality and global climate. In this work, we performed an analysis of summer fire events that occurred on August 2021. Measurements were carried out at the permanent World Meteorological Organization (WMO)/Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station of Lamezia Terme (Code: LMT) in Calabria, Southern Italy. The observatory is equipped with greenhouse gases and black carbon analyzers, an atmospheric particulate impactor system, and a meteo-station for atmospheric parameters to characterize atmospheric mechanisms and transport for land and sea breezes occurrences. High mole fractions of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) coming from quadrants of inland areas were correlated with fire counts detected via the MODIS satellite (GFED-Global Fire Emissions Database) at 1 km of spatial resolution. In comparison with the typical summer values, higher CO and CO2 were observed in August 2021. Furthermore, the growth in CO concentration values in the tropospheric column was also highlighted by the analyses of the L2 products of the Copernicus SP5 satellite. Wind fields were reconstructed via a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) output, the latter suggesting a possible contribution from open fire events observed at the inland region near the observatory. So far, there have been no documented estimates of the effect of prescribed burning on carbon emissions in this region. This study suggested that data collected at the LMT station can be useful in recognizing and consequently quantifying emission sources related to open fires.","PeriodicalId":12279,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"61 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141338608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Planning Wildfire Evacuation in the Wildland–Urban Interfaces of Central Portugal 葡萄牙中部荒地与城市交接处的野火疏散规划

Fire Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.3390/fire7060199

Adélia N. Nunes, Carlos D. Pinto, Albano Figueiredo, Luciano Lourenço

{"title":"Planning Wildfire Evacuation in the Wildland–Urban Interfaces of Central Portugal","authors":"Adélia N. Nunes, Carlos D. Pinto, Albano Figueiredo, Luciano Lourenço","doi":"10.3390/fire7060199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7060199","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, wildfires have become common disasters that threaten people’s lives and assets, particularly in wildland–urban interfaces (WUIs). Developing an effective evacuation strategy for a WUI presents challenges to emergency planners because of the spatial variations in biophysical hazards and social vulnerability. The aim of this study was to map priority WUIs in terms of evacuation. The factors considered were the seriousness of the risk of wildfire exposure, and the population centres whose greatest constraints on the evacuation process stemmed from the nature of the exposed population and the time required to travel to the nearest shelter/refuge. An integrated framework linking wildfire hazard, social vulnerability, and the time taken to travel by foot or by car to the nearest refuge/shelter was applied. The study area includes two municipalities (Lousã and Sertã) in the mountainous areas of central Portugal that are in high-wildfire-risk areas and have very vulnerable and scattered pockets of exposed population. The combination of wildfire risk and travelling time to the nearest shelters made it possible to identify 20% of the WUIs that were priority areas for evacuation in the case of Sertã. In the case of Lousã, 3.4% were identified, because they were highly exposed to wildfire risk and had a travelling time to the nearest shelter of more than 15 min on foot. These results can assist in designing effective pre-fire planning, based on fuel management strategies and/or managing an effective and safe evacuation.","PeriodicalId":12279,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"28 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141338786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predict Future Transient Fire Heat Release Rates Based on Fire Imagery and Deep Learning 基于火灾图像和深度学习预测未来瞬态火灾热释放率

Fire Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.3390/fire7060200

Lei Xu, Jinyuan Dong, Delei Zou

{"title":"Predict Future Transient Fire Heat Release Rates Based on Fire Imagery and Deep Learning","authors":"Lei Xu, Jinyuan Dong, Delei Zou","doi":"10.3390/fire7060200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7060200","url":null,"abstract":"The fire heat release rate (HRR) is a crucial parameter for describing the combustion process and its thermal effects. In recent years, some studies have employed fire scene images and deep learning algorithms to predict real-time fire HRR, which has led to the advancement of HRR prediction in terms of both lightweightness and real-time monitoring. Nevertheless, the development of an early-stage monitoring system for fires and the ability to predict future HRR based on current moment data represents a crucial foundation for evaluating the scale of indoor fires and enhancing the capacity to prevent and control such incidents. This paper proposes a deep learning model based on continuous fire scene images (containing both flame and smoke features) and their time-series information to predict the future transient fire HRR. The model (Att-BiLSTM) comprises three bi-directional long- and short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) layers and one attention layer. The model employs a bidirectional feature extraction approach, followed by the introduction of an attention mechanism to highlight the image features that have a critical impact on the prediction results. In this paper, a large-scale dataset is constructed by collecting 27,231 fire scene images with instantaneous HRR annotations from 40 different fire trials from the NIST database. The experimental results demonstrate that Att-BiLSTM is capable of effectively utilizing fire scene image features and temporal information to accurately predict future transient HRR, including those in high-brightness fire environments and complex fire source situations. The research presented in this paper offers novel insights and methodologies for fire monitoring and emergency response.","PeriodicalId":12279,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"1 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141344481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on Resistance Characteristics of Fire Zone of Mine Tunnel Fire and Construction of Calculation Model 矿井巷道火灾火区阻力特性研究及计算模型构建

Fire Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.3390/fire7060197

Minghao Ni, Xiaokun Zhao, Wencai Wang, Qiongyue Zhang, Hongwei Wang, Jianing Wang

{"title":"Research on Resistance Characteristics of Fire Zone of Mine Tunnel Fire and Construction of Calculation Model","authors":"Minghao Ni, Xiaokun Zhao, Wencai Wang, Qiongyue Zhang, Hongwei Wang, Jianing Wang","doi":"10.3390/fire7060197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7060197","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate resistance change in the fire area of a roadway caused by roadway fires, a mathematical calculation model for thermal resistance is developed. Theoretical research is conducted to analyze the factors influencing resistance change through theoretical derivation, revealing that temperature is a key factor contributing to the change in thermal resistance. By leveraging the correlation between changes in CO concentration and temperature on the downwind side of the roadway within the fire zone, researchers developed mathematical models to predict temperature increases at various points downwind of the fire source. These models were then used to determine the mathematical relationship governing the change in thermal resistance. The accuracy of the numerical simulation software was validated using Fluent numerical simulation software and scaled-down model experiments. Full-scale numerical simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the fire characteristics of roadway fires and validate the thermal resistance mathematical model. The results indicate that the thermal resistance in the numerical simulation is 7.55 Pa at 20m from the fire source and 5.54 Pa at the end of the roadway. The decrease in resistance is linear. The minimum error between the thermal resistance calculated by the mathematical model and the gradient of the pressure drop in the numerical simulation is 0.03 Pa, approximately 2.3%. Furthermore, the fitting degree of the pressure drop in each section is as high as 97.7%. The calculation model demonstrates high accuracy and offers a theoretical foundation for investigating fire resistance in tunnel fire.","PeriodicalId":12279,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"25 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141346002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Relationship between Decision-Making Styles and Leadership Styles of Portuguese Fire Officers 葡萄牙消防员的决策风格与领导风格之间的关系

Fire Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.3390/fire7060196

Carlos Rouco, Pedro Marques-Quinteiro, Vítor Reis, Isabel Duarte

{"title":"Relationship between Decision-Making Styles and Leadership Styles of Portuguese Fire Officers","authors":"Carlos Rouco, Pedro Marques-Quinteiro, Vítor Reis, Isabel Duarte","doi":"10.3390/fire7060196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7060196","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous studies in management and leadership indicate that one’s decision-making style is reflective of one’s leadership style. In the context of civil protection and the fire service, the ability of the fire officers to adopt the best style of decision-making and leadership in each situation represents a critical factor of success. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the relationship between decision-making and the leadership style of fire officers. For this study, a quantitative method was used, with the application of questionnaires with closed questions. A sample of 346 officers of Portuguese fire stations answered the questionnaire. Correlations between styles are consistent with findings from other studies. Decision-making styles directly influence the leadership styles adopted. Fire officers prioritize people and social concerns, involving teams in decision-making. Research shows positive correlations between participants’ roles, conceptual decision-making, and relation-focused leadership. Higher academic degrees are associated with relationship-focused leadership. Behavioral decision-making mediates the impact of education on leadership styles.","PeriodicalId":12279,"journal":{"name":"Fire","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141349850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CFD Simulation to Assess the Effects of Asphalt Pavement Combustion on User Safety in the Event of a Fire in Road Tunnels 进行 CFD 模拟以评估公路隧道发生火灾时沥青路面燃烧对用户安全的影响

Fire Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.3390/fire7060195

C. Caliendo, Isidoro Russo

引用次数: 0

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