{"title":"Interrupting inflammatory bowel disease therapy: why, who, when and how to consider medication holidays.","authors":"Joëlle St-Pierre, Asher Shafrir, David T Rubin","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2412048","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2412048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Medication holidays in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) offer a potential means to balance disease management, costs, and quality of life. This concept is increasingly relevant in light of the chronic nature of IBD, the cumulative side effects associated with long-term pharmacotherapy, and the evolving treatment landscape that now includes a large armamentarium of effective induction, maintenance, and rescue therapies paired with disease monitoring tools that enable early intervention.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review critically examines the rationale, implementation, and risks of medication holidays in IBD. Recent evidence is reviewed to help guide the risks of relapse involved with cessation of therapy. The selection criteria for patients, the necessary monitoring protocols, and strategies for managing potential relapses are outlined.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Despite the potential benefits, medication holidays in IBD involve significant risks and require careful patient selection and active management. Current research highlights a need for improved predictive models and a deeper understanding of patient-specific outcomes and consequences. The future of medication holidays will depend heavily on advancements in noninvasive monitoring technologies and more personalized approaches to therapy. Ultimately, establishing clearer guidelines for safely conducting medication holidays will be crucial in integrating this strategy into routine clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":" ","pages":"587-596"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142389153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in target drugs and immunotherapy for biliary tract cancer.","authors":"Chiara Deiana, Chiara Ricci, Mahrou Vahabi, Mahsoem Ali, Giovanni Brandi, Elisa Giovannetti","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2416230","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2416230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>After years of treatment stagnation in biliary tract cancers (BTC), there has been a notable shift with the emergence of targeted therapies and immunotherapy, leading to substantial progress in tackling this aggressive disease.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>We provide a comprehensive overview of the target therapies that are already part of the treatment algorithm for BTC, such as FGFR, IDH, and HER2 inhibitors. Additionally, we delve into some less known targets that are being explored, such as KRAS proto-oncogene, MAPK cascade, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and novel molecules directed against P53, claudin, histones, and mitochondrial metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss agnostic drugs and analyze the efficacy data available for BTC specifically. We also examine the expanding world of immunotherapy, with an eye on predictive factors of response for immune checkpoint inhibitors, and on novel immune drugs such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T and vaccines.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>In the expert opinion, we discuss the problem of the scarcity of patients eligible for target therapies and how can clinical trials be designed to overcome this challenge. We also summarize the most promising trials that have the potential to change clinical practice both for immunotherapies and target drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":" ","pages":"605-630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142617598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xavier Roblin, Robert D Little, Nicolas Mathieu, Stephane Paul, Stephane Nancey, Mathide Barrau, Miles P Sparrow
{"title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: recent developments.","authors":"Xavier Roblin, Robert D Little, Nicolas Mathieu, Stephane Paul, Stephane Nancey, Mathide Barrau, Miles P Sparrow","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2409300","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2409300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) has an important role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients on infliximab (IFX) or adalimumab and is recommended in IBD patients presenting a loss of response under anti TNF agent. But, TDM was not recommended for others biotherapies.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Analyzing all publications about TDM and biologics in IBD patients, we reported the major results for each biotherapy.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Emerging data suggest that TDM will probably be similarly useful forIFX SC. In contrast, there is no demonstrated clinical benefit to the use of TDM with golimumab. For vedolizumab results for the use of both reactive and proactive TDM are discordant. For ustekinumab, data supports the existence of an exposure response relationship, albeit of a lesser magnitude than with anti-TNF agents. Finally, recent data from small case series suggests that TDM could be valuable in optimizing anti-IL23 agents, particularly risankizumab, but this requires further clarification. Consistent with the new concept of 'proactive' strategy, recent data support the utility of dashboard-driven model informed precision dosing (MIDP) of anti-TNF agents, in particular infliximab. Dashboards are software systems using Bayesian population pharmacokinetic modelling to individualize recommendations for target drug levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":" ","pages":"575-586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142389154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease in preterm infants: unmet needs.","authors":"Y Vandenplas,K Huysentruyt","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2407116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2024.2407116","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION. Many preterm present somatic symptoms including aerodigestive and cardiorespiratory manifestations, in combination with irritability and/or distress, which are often attributed to gastroesophageal reflux (GER), albeit for unclear reasons.AREAS COVEREDWe searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE for guidelines, reviews and randomized controlled trials up to March 2024.EXPERT OPINIONThe diagnosis of GER-disease (GERD) in preterm is challenged because manifestations are atypical and diagnostic investigations difficult and not devoid of risk for adverse events. In case of vomiting or regurgitation, GER as a consequence of anatomical or metabolic conditions should be considered. Although many preterm infants are treated with proton pump inhibitors, this is seldom needed. Low quality evidence for alginates is available, but needs further evaluation. There is a need for an effective and safe prokinetic favoring esophageal clearance, increasing lower esophageal sphincter pressure and stimulating gastric emptying. Non-drug treatment such as feeding adaptations (volume, duration, composition) and positional changes are insufficiently applied. Thickened formula is not indicated in preterm babies. In case none of the above recommendations did result in sufficient improvement, and if documentation of acid GER is not possible, a 2-4 week trial of a proton pump inhibitor is acceptable.","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laoise C. Coady, Kieran Sheahan, Ian S. Brown, Fátima Carneiro, Anthony J. Gill, Priyanthi Kumarasinghe, Ryoji Kushima, Gregory Y. Lauwers, Rish K. Pai, Neil A. Shepherd, Tomas Slavik, Amitabh Srivastava, Cord Langner
{"title":"Esophageal lymphocytosis: exploring the knowns and unknowns of this pattern of esophageal injury","authors":"Laoise C. Coady, Kieran Sheahan, Ian S. Brown, Fátima Carneiro, Anthony J. Gill, Priyanthi Kumarasinghe, Ryoji Kushima, Gregory Y. Lauwers, Rish K. Pai, Neil A. Shepherd, Tomas Slavik, Amitabh Srivastava, Cord Langner","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2385493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2024.2385493","url":null,"abstract":"Lymphocyte-rich inflammation of the esophageal mucosa has gained increased awareness among pathologists and clinicians recently. Patients usually present with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction, in...","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Managing bile acid diarrhea: aspects of contention.","authors":"Julian R F Walters,Rafid Sikafi","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2402353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2024.2402353","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONBile acid diarrhea is a common cause of bowel symptoms and often goes unrecognized or misdiagnosed. Many aspects of management remain contentious.AREAS COVEREDThe primary, idiopathic condition should be suspected in people with functional diarrhea or diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Secondary causes include ileal resection, inflammation, and post-cholecystectomy. Diagnostic tests vary globally, being unavailable in many countries, and further refinement of testing strategy is needed. Management is usually long-term symptom control, rather than reversal of the causative factors, which are still being defined. Bile acid sequestrants remain the main drugs used. They are relatively inexpensive, and better-quality data is now available for colesevelam. However optimal use, including timing and formulation, needs clarification. The GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, is also effective, although mechanisms of action and whether this effect is common to other class members is unclear. They are more expensive, and availability varies. FXR agonists can also be effective but require further validation. The role of dietary factors in symptom development is a major patient concern, needing more formal studies.EXPERT OPINIONTo build on recent findings, bile acid diarrhea needs further investment into causes, diagnosis and therapy to guide present and future patient care.","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin Lund, Thomas A Bjerre, Henning Grønbæk, Frank V Mortensen, Per Kragh Andersen
{"title":"CEUS compared with CECT, MRI, and FDG-PET/CT for diagnosing CRC liver metastases: a diagnostic test accuracy systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Martin Lund, Thomas A Bjerre, Henning Grønbæk, Frank V Mortensen, Per Kragh Andersen","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2407973","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2407973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Fluorine-18-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for diagnosing suspected liver metastases in patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer (CRC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The meta-analysis using the bivariate model included studies on patients with newly diagnosed CRC only and excluded patients with non-CRC liver metastases, known liver metastases, patients treated with chemotherapy and local treatments, e.g. hepatic resection or radiofrequency ablation. We used QUADAS-2 to assess the methodological quality of the studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 32 studies, 6 studies evaluated the accuracy of CEUS (<i>n</i> = 937 participants), 26 studies evaluated CECT (<i>n</i> = 2,582), 8 studies evaluated MRI (<i>n</i> = 564) and 6 studies evaluated FDG-PET/CT (<i>n</i> = 813). Sensitivity: FDG-PET/CT 94.4% [95% CI: 90.7-98.1%], MRI 92.9% [95% CI: 88.8-97.0%], CEUS 86.1% [95% CI: 78.0-94.3%] and CECT 84.6% [95% CI: 79.3-89.9%]. Specificity FDG-PET/CT 97.9% [95% CI: 95.9-99.9%], CEUS 96.1% [95% CI: 93.6-98.6%], MRI 94.4% [95% CI: 90.5-98.3%], and CECT 94.3% [95% CI: 91.8-96.8%].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FDG-PET/CT had significantly higher sensitivity and specificity than CECT, and significantly higher sensitivity than CEUS. MRI had a significantly higher sensitivity than CEUS, but a lower non-significant specificity. CECT had the lowest sensitivity and specificity.</p><p><strong>Prospero registration details: </strong>CRD42017055015 and CRD42017082996.</p>","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":" ","pages":"541-549"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandhya Patel, Alina Hasanain, Adam Fang, Mohammad Mahdi Khavandi, Trevor Mathias, Emil I Cohen, Vahid Etezadi, Saher S Sabri, Juan C Camacho, Hooman Yarmohammadi, Filip Banovac, Aiwu R He, Pejman Radkani, Peiman Habibollahi, Nariman Nezami
{"title":"Intra-arterial locoregional therapies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.","authors":"Sandhya Patel, Alina Hasanain, Adam Fang, Mohammad Mahdi Khavandi, Trevor Mathias, Emil I Cohen, Vahid Etezadi, Saher S Sabri, Juan C Camacho, Hooman Yarmohammadi, Filip Banovac, Aiwu R He, Pejman Radkani, Peiman Habibollahi, Nariman Nezami","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2402358","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2402358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the 2nd most common primary liver malignancy. For nonsurgical candidates, the primary treatment option is systemic chemotherapy, which can be combined with locoregional therapies to enhance local control. Common intra-arterial locoregional therapies include transarterial hepatic embolization, conventional transarterial chemoembolization, drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization, transarterial radioembolization with Yttrium-90 microspheres, and hepatic artery infusion. This article aims to review the latest literature on intra-arterial locoregional therapies for treating ICC.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>A literature search was conducted on PubMed using keywords: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, intra-arterial locoregional therapy, embolization, chemoembolization, radioembolization, hepatic artery infusion, and immunotherapy. Articles from 2008 to 2024 were reviewed. Survival data from retrospective and prospective studies, meta-analyses, and clinical trials were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Although no level I evidence supports the superiority of any specific intra-arterial therapy, there has been a shift toward favoring radioembolization. In our expert opinion, radioembolization may offer superior outcomes when performed by skilled operators with meticulous planning and personalized dosimetry, particularly for radiation segmentectomy or treating lobar/bilobar disease in appropriate candidates.</p>","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":" ","pages":"505-519"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"To STRIDE or not to STRIDE: a critique of \"treat to target\" in ulcerative colitis.","authors":"Klaus R Herrlinger, Eduard F Stange","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2397654","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2397654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The STRIDE consensus intends to complement the clinical endpoint with an endoscopic endpoint of mucosal healing and others as treatment targets in ulcerative colitis. If these targets are not reached, STRIDE requires dose or timing adjustments or switching the medication. This narrative review provides a critique of this concept.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>We analyze and discuss the limitations of current endpoints as targets, their currently limited achievability, and the lacking evidence from controlled trials relating to 'treat to target.' The relevant publications in PubMed were identified in a literature review with the key word 'ulcerative colitis.'</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>In ulcerative colitis, the standard clinical target is measured traditionally by the MAYO-score, but in variable combinations of patient and physician reported outcomes as well as also different definitions of the endoscopic part. Only a score of 0 is more stringent than clinical remission but is only achieved by a minority of patients in first and even less in second line therapy. The concept is not based on clear evidence that patients indeed benefit from appropriate escalation of treatment. Until the STRIDE approach is proven to be superior to standard treatment focusing on clinical well-being, the field should remain reluctant.</p>","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":" ","pages":"493-504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefano Francesco Crinò, Alberto Zorzi, Piero Tavian, Nicolò De Pretis, Antonio Facciorusso, Jahnvi Dhar, Jayanta Samanta, Sokol Sina, Erminia Manfrin, Luca Frulloni, Maria Cristina Conti Bellocchi
{"title":"Same versus separate sessions of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for distal malignant biliary obstruction: a propensity score-matched study.","authors":"Stefano Francesco Crinò, Alberto Zorzi, Piero Tavian, Nicolò De Pretis, Antonio Facciorusso, Jahnvi Dhar, Jayanta Samanta, Sokol Sina, Erminia Manfrin, Luca Frulloni, Maria Cristina Conti Bellocchi","doi":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2399176","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17474124.2024.2399176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Same-session endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an attractive policy for patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction (DMBO) requiring fine-needle biopsy (FNB) and biliary drainage. However, scanty and conflicting data exists regarding safety and efficacy when comparing these two procedures performed in same versus separate sessions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Single-center, retrospective, propensity score-matched study including patients with DMBO who underwent EUS-FNB followed by ERCP during the same or separate sessions. The primary outcome was the safety of the procedure [number of patients experiencing adverse events (AEs), overall AEs, its severity, post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP)]. Secondary outcomes were successful ERCP, use of advanced cannulation techniques, EUS-FNB adequacy, length of hospital stay, overall procedure time, and time to recurrent biliary obstruction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After propensity matching, 87 patients were allocated to each group. AEs developed in 23 (26.4%) vs. 17 (19.5%) patients in the same and separate sessions group, respectively (<i>p</i> = 0.280). The overall number, the severity of AEs, and the rate of PEP were similar in the two groups. Secondary outcome parameters were also comparable in the 2 groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Same-session EUS-FNB followed by ERCP with biliary drainage is safe and does not impair technical outcomes of tissue adequacy and biliary cannulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12257,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology","volume":" ","pages":"551-559"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}