{"title":"The Interaction Effect of ESG and Innovation on Firm Value","authors":"Mookwon Jung, Young-Lin Kim","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2022.08.51.4.471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.08.51.4.471","url":null,"abstract":"Firm’s innovation and ESG activities are important factors to obtain competitive edge and to achieve sustainable growth. This paper investigates the interaction effect of ESG and innovation on firm value, using ESG scores, patents and innovation index, and Tobin’s Q. Empirical analyses show that both ESG and innovation have a positive effect on firm value and they are positively interact, which implies that ESG activities contribute to the increase in firm value by itself and as a catalyst of innovation. We also found that the interaction effect is insignificant in the firm with excessive free cash flow. This implies that the ESG activities in the firm with the high agency cost are considered an inefficient excessive investment and do not help strengthen innovation capabilities nor increase firm value. Our findings also suggest that ESG is a means of promoting firm value if invested efficiently, rather than a financial burden in the tradeoff relationship with innovation investment. These results are similar across three elements of ESG and robust to the two-stage least squares analysis to deal with endogeneity concerns in the estimation.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122547684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regulation on Intra-group Transactions of Financial Affiliates in Non-financial Groups: The Current Status and Issues","authors":"Haerin Shim","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2022.04.51.2.097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.04.51.2.097","url":null,"abstract":"This study reviews the current status of the regulation of intra-group transactions of financial affiliates in non-financial groups and analyzes the limitations and loopholes in the regulatory environment surrounding these transactions. Intra-group transactions of group-affiliated financial firms are regulated under (1) the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, (2) the Commercial Act, (3) tax laws, and (4) financial statutes and regulations. Despite the existence of various regulations, in practice, regulatory blind spots and loopholes for intra-group transactions undertaken by financial affiliates in non-financial groups remain because of the weakness of the supervisory framework and the nature of financial service transactions. This study contributes to the extant discussion on the regulation of intra-group transactions by focusing on the regulation of intra-group transactions undertaken by financial affiliates that have not received much attention. In addition, this study provides timely policy implications when the new Act on comprehensive group-wide supervision of financial affiliates becomes effective.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126035461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of the Securities Transaction Tax Rate Cut on the Liquidity in KRX","authors":"Woo–baik Lee","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2022.04.51.2.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.04.51.2.131","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the impact of the securities transaction tax rate cut implemented in 2019 on the liquidity of the stock market. The empirical results are summarized as follows. First, cutting the transaction tax rate affects trading volume rather than spread or price. Additionally, this liquidity improvement more strongly affects low liquid stocks in the period before the transaction tax rate cut. Second, in low liquid stocks that showed effects in trading volume, individuals and foreigners took the leadership in overall trading. Third, liquidity improvement persisted not only in the short term immediately after the transaction tax rate cut, but also until the second half of the sample period. These empirical results show the differing effect of the transaction tax on improving liquidity by liquidity level and a limited effect in low-liquidity stocks. As investors trading low-liquidity stocks with high tax elasticity were sensitive to the burden of transaction costs, the effect of transaction tax cuts was strong, while such effects could not be found in stocks with high liquidity. These empirical results provide practical implications for the level of transaction costs and the method of setting as a means to revitalize market liquidity.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128734670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do Equity Indices Remember Cash Dividends?","authors":"Kwangsoo Ko","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2022.04.51.2.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.04.51.2.213","url":null,"abstract":"Most equity indices we come across are calculated without taking cash dividends into account. Therefore, it does not properly represent the performance of equity market, and has several problems as an underlying asset of equity index derivatives. An equity index that does not take into account cash dividends is called a price index, and a equity index that considers cash dividends is called a return index. When a price index is used as an equity index, an inefficient phenomenon occurs in that the dividend yield has a positive (+) effect on the equity return the next day. Furthermore, the relationship between KOSPI 200 futures and spot returns on ex-dividend day goes away from the cost-of-carry model of futures prices, and the basis between their prices decreases in a few days after ex-dividend date. Considering this empirical evidence and the theoretical flaws of the current equity indices, it is now necessary to change the calculation method of equity indices from the price index to the return index method. This will allow equity indices to represent the performance of equity market without any distortion, and will help determine the correct price of equity index derivatives.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129713280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discount Rates, Subscription Prices, and Subscription Rates in Equity Rights Offerings","authors":"Seung-Hyun Jang, P. Yoon","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2022.04.51.2.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.04.51.2.177","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the wealth effect of discount rates, subscription price announcement effects, and subscription rates with 407 equity rights offerings (with unsubscribed shares to the public) announced between 2004 and 2016. The major results of this study are as follows. First, the market not only responds negatively to the right offering announcements (3-day CAR of -13.83%) but also to announcements of final subscription prices (3-day CAR of -4.85%). The announcement effects of final subscription prices are not related to changes in subscription prices, but become more negative as announcements are delayed. Second, the discount rate significantly affects the wealth effects. This means that discount rates provide the information on firms’ future prospects. Firms with low information asymmetry and high ownership by the largest shareholders choose lower discount rates. Third, the non-subscription rate is about 14% and wealth transfer due to non-subscription is 7.08% of the amount raised by the right offerings. As the offering process is delayed, the subscription rates decrease. In addition, the listing of subscription rights have a significant positive impact on subscription rates. However, as market value decrease due to a right offering is similar to the amount raised, firms should consider alternative financing methods.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115016970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-term Performance of Going Public through SPACs","authors":"Youngkyun Park","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2022.02.51.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.02.51.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"Despite a surge in the merger of companies listed on the KOSDAQ market with special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs), limited domestic studies have systematically compared the listing through SPAC mergers and the general IPO. This study analyzes the impact of such companies going public after merging with SPACs as well as their performance by comparing them with the conventional IPOs. First, the firms listed through SPAC mergers are smaller and have a higher proportion of non-manufacturing industries than the conventional IPOs. Second, the operational and stock price performance of the firms listed through SPACs are not inferior to that of the conventional IPOs. Finally, a higher share allocation to institutional investors and subscription rates, for the shares recorded at the time of the SPAC listing, are related to the stock price performance observed after SPAC mergers. According to the empirical results of this study, going public by merging with SPACs provides early listing opportunities to small- and medium-sized companies; they do not experience a deterioration in their financial performance after being listed. The listing of SPACs creates a different and valuable path to enter the KOSDAQ market for such companies as compared to the conventional IPOs.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132946729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of KRX Designated Market Maker on Liquidity","authors":"Woo–baik Lee","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2022.02.51.1.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.02.51.1.027","url":null,"abstract":"The transformation of order-driven markets into a hybrid market by introducing market makers reflects the global trend to increase market quality factors, such as liquidity. This study evaluates how market makers influence liquidity, using the data on market maker-designated stocks collected in 2020. The analysis of the effectiveness of the market maker and significance of individual stock-level liquidity shows that the effect of newly designated stocks is higher than that of undesignated stocks. The study finds that the effect of increasing the stock liquidity of consecutively designated market makers is lower than that of the newly designated market makers; in particular, the effect of increased liquidity dominated the effect of the entire sample period during which short selling was banned. These empirical findings are interpreted as the effect of funds inflow, which occurred due to the monetary policies adopted and prohibition of short selling by financial authorities during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, combined with the liquidity provision of market makers. Overall, we compare the level of liquidity in the stocks designated by market makers to highly liquid stocks; the market maker’s role is assessed to have an effect on liquidity.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131392197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Formulation of Effective Regulations to Protect Financial Consumers from the Sale of High-risk Financial Products","authors":"Sehoon Kwon, Juil Ban","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2022.02.51.1.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.02.51.1.063","url":null,"abstract":"The DLF, Lime fund and Optimus fund scandals highlight the unethical management and sales behavior of financial companies as well as consumers’ lowered trust in them; this has raised awareness regarding high-risk financial products and the need for financial consumer protection in Korea. Financial authorities have devised various measures to prevent the recurrence of scandals. Examining the current state of high-risk financial product sales and the newly introduced regulatory measures, this study investigates whether there exists any lack in the financial consumer protection and regulatory measures. If financial companies play a responsible role in protecting financial consumers while manufacturing and selling risky and complex financial products and providing innovative investment opportunities and profit structures that cannot be found in the existing financial products, financial consumers’ trust may be restored in them. High-risk financial products should not be the means of exploiting financial consumers who lack financial literacy, but rather to enhance the dynamics of the capital market through efficient capital intermediation and risk diversification.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126882783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparing the Performance and Management Style of Retirement Pension Funds before and after the Private Pension Activation Plan","authors":"Young K. Park, Inwook Song, Jaeyoon Choi","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2021.12.50.6.593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2021.12.50.6.593","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed and compared the performance and management style of retirement pension funds before and after the private pension activation plan (PPAP). First, we found that retirement-pension funds showed better performance than public funds before the PPAP. However, after the PPAP, the retirement-pension market size increased and the difference in performance disappeared. Second, we found that the difference between top and bottom performance group in the retirement pension fund becomes more significant after the PPAP. Third, we found that various investment strategies such as small-medium size stock investment and sector investment are offered in the retirement-pension fund only to result in the inferior performance. Finally, when we compared the management style, the retirement-pension funds showed a smaller value factor compared to public funds for the period after the PPAP. Therefore, we argue that the fund selection has become a more significant factor in determining the retirement fund performance after the PPAP. However, considering that the average retirement-pension holders’ financial knowledge is rather low, the expansion of fund choices may adversely affect the pension holder’s performance. Therefore, a retirement-pension provider’s role as fund selection authority has become more critical, and it is necessary to establish an institutional device that can manage, supervise, and monitor their activities.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128908060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why do Fund Managers Increase the Lottery-Like Characteristics of the Fund?","authors":"Minyeon Han, Hyoung-Goo Kang, Kyounghun Bae","doi":"10.26845/kjfs.2021.12.50.6.557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2021.12.50.6.557","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate why fund managers invest in lottery-like stocks and whether the behavior that holds more lottery-like stocks affects performance. First, mutual funds that hold more lottery stocks may attract more fund flows. Our results support the theory that fund managers invest more in lottery-like stocks to reflect investors' preferences for extreme payoffs. Second, the level of lottery-like characteristics of mutual funds does not predict managers’ skill and performance. Therefore, fund managers holding more lottery stocks is not a result of managers’ skills. Third, lottery-like characteristics of mutual funds do not significantly affect performance in specific reporting periods (e.g., year-end or quarter-end). Based on this result, we conclude that fund managers do not invest more in lottery stocks to advance their career.","PeriodicalId":121772,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Financial Studies","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125978692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}