Experimental psychology最新文献_第9页

Between the Scenes. 幕后花絮

IF 1.1 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-28 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000556

Murziakova Nadezhda, Kseniya Dovbnyuk, Liya Merzon, W Joseph MacInnes

{"title":"Between the Scenes.","authors":"Murziakova Nadezhda, Kseniya Dovbnyuk, Liya Merzon, W Joseph MacInnes","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000556","DOIUrl":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000556","url":null,"abstract":" We constantly move our eyes to new information while inspecting a scene, but these patterns of eye movements change based on the task and goals of the observer. Inhibition of return (IOR) may facilitate visual search by reducing the likelihood of revisiting previously attended locations. However, IOR may present in any visual task, or it may be search-specific. We investigated the presence of IOR in foraging, memorization, change detection, and two versions of visual search. One version of search used a static search array that remained stable throughout the trial, but the second used a scene flickering paradigm similar to the change detection task. IOR was observed in both versions of visual search, memorization, and foraging, but not in change detection. Visual search and change detection both had temporal nonscene components, and we observed that IOR could be maintained despite the scene removal but only for search. Although IOR is maintained in scene coordinates, short disruptions to this scene are insufficient to completely remove the inhibitory tags. Finally, we compare return saccades in trials without a probe and observe fewer return saccades in tasks for which IOR was observed, providing further evidence that IOR might serve as a novelty drive.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 4","pages":"185-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/19/27/zea_69_4_185.PMC9730397.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10805982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Individual Differences in the Evolution of Counting. 计数进化中的个体差异。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000546

Jasinta D. M. Dewi, Catherine Thevenot

{"title":"Individual Differences in the Evolution of Counting.","authors":"Jasinta D. M. Dewi, Catherine Thevenot","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000546","url":null,"abstract":"The alphabet-arithmetic paradigm, in which adults are asked to add a numeral addend to a letter augend (e.g., D + 3 = G), was conceived to mimic the way children learn addition. Studies using this paradigm often conclude that procedural learning leads to the memorization of associations between operands and answers. However, as recently suggested, memorization might only be used by a minority of participants and only for problems with the largest addend. In the present paper, we aim at investigating these individual differences through transfer effects from trained problems to new ones. Participants were trained over 12 learning sessions, followed by 3 transfer sessions. A group of participants, that we called the nonbreakers, showed a linear function associating solution times and addends throughout the experiment. In this group, transfer was observed during the first transfer session, suggesting that a procedural strategy, transferable to new items, was still used at the end of training. In another group of participants, that we called the breakers, we observed a decrease in solution times for problems with the largest addend. In this group, transfer was only observed after two transfer sessions, suggesting that procedural strategies were not used as often in this group than in the other group. This was especially true for problems with the largest addend because transfer effects were stronger when they were excluded. Therefore, during learning and for breakers, the answers to problems with larger addends are retrieved first and, as for non-breakers, the answers to problems with very small operands remain computed.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42704316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Transfer of Test-Enhanced Learning. 应试学习的转移。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000551

Donnelle DiMarco, Harvey Marmurek

{"title":"Transfer of Test-Enhanced Learning.","authors":"Donnelle DiMarco, Harvey Marmurek","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000551","url":null,"abstract":" Memory for paired-associate words is facilitated by interim testing relative to restudy. According to the mediator effectiveness hypothesis, the benefit of retrieval practice is a consequence of the activation of a mediator word linking the cue and target. Evidence for the activation of cue-related mediators stems from the finding that mediators are more effective at prompting recall of target words than are words not associated with the original cue, a pattern that is larger following testing than restudy. The benefit of testing for the unstudied cues at the final test is referred to as transfer of test-enhanced learning. One goal of the current study was to examine whether the activation of mediators leads to the recall of targets indirectly via the original cues in a process known as backward chaining. We indexed backward chaining with the probability of incorrectly recalling a trial-specific original cue in place of a target. The second goal was to explore whether testing would yield a transfer effect for cues associated with target words. In four experiments, following an initial study of weakly related word pairs (e.g., Mother-CHILD), participants either restudied the pairs or attempted to recall the target given the original cue (e.g., Mother). On a final cued-recall test, participants were presented with unstudied cues that were related to either the original cue (semantic mediators, e.g., Father) or the target (target-related cues, e.g., Baby). The type of new cue presented on the final test was varied either between subjects (Experiment 1) or mixed within a list (Experiments 2, 3, and 4). Mixing mediators and target-related cues reduced the transfer of test-enhanced learning and increased the likelihood of recalling the original cues when shown a mediator. These results challenge the assumptions of the mediator effectiveness hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40420470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Effect of Semantic Transparency in a Flanker Task. 语义透明度在侧卫任务中的作用。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000553

Miguel Lázaro, Lorena García, Víctor Illera, Ana García, Joana Acha

{"title":"The Effect of Semantic Transparency in a Flanker Task.","authors":"Miguel Lázaro, Lorena García, Víctor Illera, Ana García, Joana Acha","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000553","url":null,"abstract":" This study tried to replicate and extend the semantic transparency morphological effect using the flanker lexical decision paradigm (Grainger et al., 2020). In the first experiment, stems were used as flankers of target words that could be truly morphological (hunt hunter hunt), pseudomorphological (corn corner corn), or form-related with the flanker (broth brothel broth). In half of the trials, a related flanker was employed, and in the other half, an unrelated word was presented as flanker (e.g., table player table). The results showed a facilitative effect for the related condition as a main effect with no difference between experimental conditions. These results were interpreted in terms of an orthographic facilitation taking place when whole stems are presented as flankers. In the second experiment, short derivational suffixes were used as flankers of the same targets employed in the first experiment. The results showed an inhibitory effect of the same magnitude for the transparent and pseudomorphological conditions with no effect for the form condition. This finding suggests an inhibitory effect by which morphemes activate several lexical candidates that compete for recognition. Overall, the results are interpreted in terms of the cognitive requirements of the experimental task, the items selected, and the current models of morphological processing.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"132-145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40335601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Actions Do Not Always Speak Louder Than Words. 行动并不总是比语言更响亮。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000555

Agata Ludwiczak, Zoe Adams, Magda Osman

{"title":"Actions Do Not Always Speak Louder Than Words.","authors":"Agata Ludwiczak, Zoe Adams, Magda Osman","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000555","url":null,"abstract":" Financial (dis)incentives (e.g., bonuses, taxes) and social incentives (e.g., public praise) have typically been proposed as methods to encourage greater cooperation for the benefit of all. However, when cooperation requires exertion of effort, such interventions might not always be effective. While incentives tend to be highly motivating when choosing to exert effort, evidence suggests that they have less of an effect on behavior during effort execution. The aim of this exploratory study was to incorporate these insights into empirical investigation of the effects of social incentives on cooperative effort. To this end, we modified a public goods game task to require effort contributions to a common good. Crucial manipulation involved incorporating social incentives into this task and linking them to (a) choices that people made or (b) effortful actions they exerted. Our findings suggest, in line with recent effort-based decision-making models, that social incentives have a stronger effect on cooperative effort when they are linked to choices that people make, rather than the actual effort they exert. This study demonstrates potential benefits of eliciting a priori declarations of cooperative effort tied to social incentives to encourage greater effort for the benefit of all.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40337557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Loud Auditory Distractors Are More Difficult to Ignore After All. 毕竟，响亮的听觉干扰更难以忽视。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000554

Lejla Alikadic, Jan Philipp Röer

{"title":"Loud Auditory Distractors Are More Difficult to Ignore After All.","authors":"Lejla Alikadic, Jan Philipp Röer","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000554","url":null,"abstract":" Working memory performance is markedly disrupted when task-irrelevant sound is played during item presentation or retention. In a preregistered replication study, we systematically examined the role of intensity in two types of auditory distraction. The first type of distraction is the changing-state effect (i.e., increased disruption by changing-state relative to steady-state sequences). The second type is the auditory deviant effect (i.e., increased disruption by auditory deviant relative to steady-state sequences). In previous experiments, the changing-state effect was independent of intensity. Whether a deviation in intensity leads to an increase in disruption has not yet been examined. We replicated the classic finding that the increased disruption by changing-state relative to steady-state sequences is independent of intensity. Contrary to previous studies, we found an unexpected main effect of intensity. Steady-state and changing-state sequences presented at 75 dB(A) were more disruptive than presented at 45 dB(A), suggesting that intensity plays a more important role than previously assumed in the disruption of working memory performance. Furthermore, we tested the prediction of the violation of expectancy account, according to which deviant distractors at a lower and higher intensity than the rest of the sequence should be equally disruptive. Our results were consistent with this prediction.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"163-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9609681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40337558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Anchoring and Sleep Inertia. 锚定和睡眠惯性。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000552

Marie-Lena Frech, Jan Alexander Häusser, Marie-Carolin Siems, David D Loschelder

{"title":"Anchoring and Sleep Inertia.","authors":"Marie-Lena Frech, Jan Alexander Häusser, Marie-Carolin Siems, David D Loschelder","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000552","url":null,"abstract":" Many occupational settings require individuals to make important decisions immediately after awakening. Although a plethora of psychological research has separately examined both sleep and anchoring effects on decision-making, little is known about their interaction. In the present study, we seek to shed light on the link between sleep inertia, the performance impairment immediately after awakening, and individuals' susceptibility to the anchoring bias. We proposed that sleep inertia would moderate participants' adjustment from anchors because sleep inertia leads to less cognitive effort invested, resulting in a stronger anchoring effect. One hundred four subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental group that answered anchoring tasks immediately after being awakened at nighttime or a control group that answered anchoring tasks at daytime. Our findings replicated the well-established anchoring effect in that higher anchors led participants to higher estimates than lower anchors. We did not find significant effects of sleep inertia. While the sleep inertia group reported greater sleepiness and having invested less cognitive effort compared to the control group, no systematic anchoring differences emerged, and cognitive effort did not qualify as a mediator of the anchoring effect. Bayesian analyses provide empirical evidence for these null findings. Implications for the anchoring literature and future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"146-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9645437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40337556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do Beliefs About Font Size Affect Retrospective Metamemory Judgments in Addition to Prospective Judgments? 除了前瞻判断外，关于字体大小的信念是否影响回顾性元记忆判断?

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000549

Karlos Luna, Pedro B Albuquerque

{"title":"Do Beliefs About Font Size Affect Retrospective Metamemory Judgments in Addition to Prospective Judgments?","authors":"Karlos Luna, Pedro B Albuquerque","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000549","url":null,"abstract":" Beliefs about how memory works explain several effects on prospective metamemory judgments (e.g., the effect of font size on judgments of learning; JOLs). Less is known about the effect of beliefs on retrospective judgments (i.e., confidence). Here, we tested whether font size also affects confidence ratings and whether beliefs play a similar role in confidence than in JOLs. In two experiments, participants studied words in small and large size, rated JOLs, and completed a font-size test in which they indicated the font size at study and a standard old/new recognition test. The results confirmed that font size affected both JOLs and confidence ratings. The presentation of the counter-belief that memory is better for words in small font size in Experiment 2 and the analyses of confidence for participants who did not believe that large fonts improved memory suggested that the effect of font size on confidence was based on beliefs. This research shows that the debate on theory-based and experience-based factors should not be limited to prospective metamemory judgments but also encompass retrospective judgments.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"172-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40420471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Collective Punishment and Cheating in the Die-Under-the-Cup Task. 集体惩罚与杯赛任务中的作弊。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000543

Erez Siniver, Yossef Tobol, Gideon Yaniv

{"title":"Collective Punishment and Cheating in the Die-Under-the-Cup Task.","authors":"Erez Siniver, Yossef Tobol, Gideon Yaniv","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000543","url":null,"abstract":"A popular tool in the experimental research on dishonest behavior is the die-under-the-cup (DUTC) task in which subjects roll a die in private and report the outcome to the experimenter after being promised a payoff which increases with the die's outcome. The present paper reports the results of incorporating collective punishment into the DUTC task. We ran two experiments, each involving two rounds of the task performed in a computer lab. Despite being asked not to cheat, the average reported outcome in the first round exceeded the statistical expectancy of 3.5. The second round of the first experiment involved the threat that if this happened again, each subject would be fined by the difference between the average reported outcome and 3.5. Nevertheless, the average reported outcome in the second round significantly exceeded that of the first round. Running a second experiment, this time without the punishment threat, we ruled out the possibility that the increased cheating in the second round of the first experiment was due to a feedback effect, concluding that the threat of collective punishment acted to encourage cheating rather than helped deterring it.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42268727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Pervasive Problem of Post Hoc Data Selection in Studies on Unconscious Processing. 无意识处理研究中普遍存在的后置数据选择问题。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000541

Marcus Rothkirch, D. Shanks, G. Hesselmann

引用次数: 9