Experimental psychology最新文献_第9页

Actions Do Not Always Speak Louder Than Words. 行动并不总是比语言更响亮。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000555

Agata Ludwiczak, Zoe Adams, Magda Osman

{"title":"Actions Do Not Always Speak Louder Than Words.","authors":"Agata Ludwiczak, Zoe Adams, Magda Osman","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000555","url":null,"abstract":" Financial (dis)incentives (e.g., bonuses, taxes) and social incentives (e.g., public praise) have typically been proposed as methods to encourage greater cooperation for the benefit of all. However, when cooperation requires exertion of effort, such interventions might not always be effective. While incentives tend to be highly motivating when choosing to exert effort, evidence suggests that they have less of an effect on behavior during effort execution. The aim of this exploratory study was to incorporate these insights into empirical investigation of the effects of social incentives on cooperative effort. To this end, we modified a public goods game task to require effort contributions to a common good. Crucial manipulation involved incorporating social incentives into this task and linking them to (a) choices that people made or (b) effortful actions they exerted. Our findings suggest, in line with recent effort-based decision-making models, that social incentives have a stronger effect on cooperative effort when they are linked to choices that people make, rather than the actual effort they exert. This study demonstrates potential benefits of eliciting a priori declarations of cooperative effort tied to social incentives to encourage greater effort for the benefit of all.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40337557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Loud Auditory Distractors Are More Difficult to Ignore After All. 毕竟，响亮的听觉干扰更难以忽视。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000554

Lejla Alikadic, Jan Philipp Röer

{"title":"Loud Auditory Distractors Are More Difficult to Ignore After All.","authors":"Lejla Alikadic, Jan Philipp Röer","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000554","url":null,"abstract":" Working memory performance is markedly disrupted when task-irrelevant sound is played during item presentation or retention. In a preregistered replication study, we systematically examined the role of intensity in two types of auditory distraction. The first type of distraction is the changing-state effect (i.e., increased disruption by changing-state relative to steady-state sequences). The second type is the auditory deviant effect (i.e., increased disruption by auditory deviant relative to steady-state sequences). In previous experiments, the changing-state effect was independent of intensity. Whether a deviation in intensity leads to an increase in disruption has not yet been examined. We replicated the classic finding that the increased disruption by changing-state relative to steady-state sequences is independent of intensity. Contrary to previous studies, we found an unexpected main effect of intensity. Steady-state and changing-state sequences presented at 75 dB(A) were more disruptive than presented at 45 dB(A), suggesting that intensity plays a more important role than previously assumed in the disruption of working memory performance. Furthermore, we tested the prediction of the violation of expectancy account, according to which deviant distractors at a lower and higher intensity than the rest of the sequence should be equally disruptive. Our results were consistent with this prediction.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"163-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9609681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40337558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Anchoring and Sleep Inertia. 锚定和睡眠惯性。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000552

Marie-Lena Frech, Jan Alexander Häusser, Marie-Carolin Siems, David D Loschelder

{"title":"Anchoring and Sleep Inertia.","authors":"Marie-Lena Frech, Jan Alexander Häusser, Marie-Carolin Siems, David D Loschelder","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000552","url":null,"abstract":" Many occupational settings require individuals to make important decisions immediately after awakening. Although a plethora of psychological research has separately examined both sleep and anchoring effects on decision-making, little is known about their interaction. In the present study, we seek to shed light on the link between sleep inertia, the performance impairment immediately after awakening, and individuals' susceptibility to the anchoring bias. We proposed that sleep inertia would moderate participants' adjustment from anchors because sleep inertia leads to less cognitive effort invested, resulting in a stronger anchoring effect. One hundred four subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental group that answered anchoring tasks immediately after being awakened at nighttime or a control group that answered anchoring tasks at daytime. Our findings replicated the well-established anchoring effect in that higher anchors led participants to higher estimates than lower anchors. We did not find significant effects of sleep inertia. While the sleep inertia group reported greater sleepiness and having invested less cognitive effort compared to the control group, no systematic anchoring differences emerged, and cognitive effort did not qualify as a mediator of the anchoring effect. Bayesian analyses provide empirical evidence for these null findings. Implications for the anchoring literature and future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"146-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9645437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40337556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do Beliefs About Font Size Affect Retrospective Metamemory Judgments in Addition to Prospective Judgments? 除了前瞻判断外，关于字体大小的信念是否影响回顾性元记忆判断?

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-05-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000549

Karlos Luna, Pedro B Albuquerque

{"title":"Do Beliefs About Font Size Affect Retrospective Metamemory Judgments in Addition to Prospective Judgments?","authors":"Karlos Luna, Pedro B Albuquerque","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000549","url":null,"abstract":" Beliefs about how memory works explain several effects on prospective metamemory judgments (e.g., the effect of font size on judgments of learning; JOLs). Less is known about the effect of beliefs on retrospective judgments (i.e., confidence). Here, we tested whether font size also affects confidence ratings and whether beliefs play a similar role in confidence than in JOLs. In two experiments, participants studied words in small and large size, rated JOLs, and completed a font-size test in which they indicated the font size at study and a standard old/new recognition test. The results confirmed that font size affected both JOLs and confidence ratings. The presentation of the counter-belief that memory is better for words in small font size in Experiment 2 and the analyses of confidence for participants who did not believe that large fonts improved memory suggested that the effect of font size on confidence was based on beliefs. This research shows that the debate on theory-based and experience-based factors should not be limited to prospective metamemory judgments but also encompass retrospective judgments.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 3","pages":"172-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40420471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Collective Punishment and Cheating in the Die-Under-the-Cup Task. 集体惩罚与杯赛任务中的作弊。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000543

Erez Siniver, Yossef Tobol, Gideon Yaniv

{"title":"Collective Punishment and Cheating in the Die-Under-the-Cup Task.","authors":"Erez Siniver, Yossef Tobol, Gideon Yaniv","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000543","url":null,"abstract":"A popular tool in the experimental research on dishonest behavior is the die-under-the-cup (DUTC) task in which subjects roll a die in private and report the outcome to the experimenter after being promised a payoff which increases with the die's outcome. The present paper reports the results of incorporating collective punishment into the DUTC task. We ran two experiments, each involving two rounds of the task performed in a computer lab. Despite being asked not to cheat, the average reported outcome in the first round exceeded the statistical expectancy of 3.5. The second round of the first experiment involved the threat that if this happened again, each subject would be fined by the difference between the average reported outcome and 3.5. Nevertheless, the average reported outcome in the second round significantly exceeded that of the first round. Running a second experiment, this time without the punishment threat, we ruled out the possibility that the increased cheating in the second round of the first experiment was due to a feedback effect, concluding that the threat of collective punishment acted to encourage cheating rather than helped deterring it.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42268727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Pervasive Problem of Post Hoc Data Selection in Studies on Unconscious Processing. 无意识处理研究中普遍存在的后置数据选择问题。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000541

Marcus Rothkirch, D. Shanks, G. Hesselmann

引用次数: 9

The Nature of Word Associations in Sentence Contexts. 句子语境中单词联想的本质

IF 1.1 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000547

Clara Planchuelo, Francisco Buades-Sitjar, José Antonio Hinojosa, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia

{"title":"The Nature of Word Associations in Sentence Contexts.","authors":"Clara Planchuelo, Francisco Buades-Sitjar, José Antonio Hinojosa, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000547","DOIUrl":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000547","url":null,"abstract":" How words are interrelated in the human mind is a scientific topic on which there is still no consensus, with different views on how word co-occurrence and semantic relatedness mediate word association. Recent research has shown that lexical associations are strongly predicted by the similarity of those words in terms of valence, arousal, and concreteness ratings. In the current study, we aimed at extending these results to more complex and realistic linguistic scenarios, since human communication is not done with word pairs, but rather through sentences. Hence, the aim of the current study was to verify whether valence, arousal, and concreteness also articulate sentence-level lexical representations. To this end, 32 native Spanish speakers were given cue words and asked to use them in sentences that would provide a meaningful context. The content words of the written sentences were then analyzed. Our results showed that the emotional dimensions (valence and arousal) and concreteness values of the cue words effectively predicted the same values of said dimensions of their sentences' words. In sum, the similarity in the emotional dimensions and concreteness are crucial mechanisms behind word association in the human mind.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 1","pages":"104-110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9386508/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41540607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In Search of the Preference Reversal Zone. 寻找偏好反转区。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000542

Steven Glautier,Hedwig Eisenbarth,Anne Macaskill

{"title":"In Search of the Preference Reversal Zone.","authors":"Steven Glautier,Hedwig Eisenbarth,Anne Macaskill","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000542","url":null,"abstract":"A preference reversal is observed when a preference for a larger-later (LL) reward over a smaller-sooner (SS) reward reverses as both rewards come closer in time. Preference reversals are common in everyday life and in the laboratory and are often claimed to support hyperbolic delay-discounting models which, in their simplest form, can model reversals with only one free parameter. However, it is not clear if the temporal location of preference reversals can be predicted a priori. Studies testing model predictions have not found support for them, but they overlooked the well-documented effect of reinforcer magnitude on discounting rate. Therefore, we directly tested hyperbolic and exponential model predictions in a pre-registered study by assessing individual discount rates for two reinforcer magnitudes. We then made individualized predictions about pairs of choices between which preference reversals should occur. With 107 participants, we found (1) little evidence that hyperbolic and exponential models could predict the temporal location of preference reversals, (2) some evidence that hyperbolic models had better predictive performance than exponential models, and (3) in contrast to many previous studies, that exponential models generally produced superior fits to the observed data than hyperbolic models.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"5 1","pages":"46-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Production Effect Interacts With Serial Positions 生产效应与序列位置相互作用

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000540

Sébastien Gionet, D. Guitard, J. Saint-Aubin

{"title":"The Production Effect Interacts With Serial Positions","authors":"Sébastien Gionet, D. Guitard, J. Saint-Aubin","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000540","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Reading some words aloud during presentation, that is, producing them, and reading other words silently generate a large memory advantage for words that are produced. This robust within-list production effect is in contrast with the between-lists condition in which all words are read aloud or silently. In a between-lists condition, produced items are better recognized, but not better recalled. The lack of a between-lists production effect with recall tasks has often been presented as one of its defining characteristics and as a benchmark for evaluating models. Recently, Cyr et al. (2021) showed that this occurs because item production interacts with serial positions: Produced items are less well recalled on the first serial positions than silently read items, while the reverse pattern is observed for the recency portion of the curve. However, this pattern was observed with a repeated-measures design, and it may be a by-product of compensatory processes under the control of participants. Here, using a between-participants design, we observed the predicted interaction between production and serial positions. The results further support the Revised Feature Model (RFM) suggesting that produced items are encoded with more modality-dependent distinctive features, therefore benefiting recall. However, the production of the additional distinctive features would disrupt rehearsal.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 1","pages":"12 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41651118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In Search of the Preference Reversal Zone. 寻找偏好反转区。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/zg6fk

S. Glautier, H. Eisenbarth, Anne C. Macaskill

{"title":"In Search of the Preference Reversal Zone.","authors":"S. Glautier, H. Eisenbarth, Anne C. Macaskill","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/zg6fk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/zg6fk","url":null,"abstract":"A preference reversal is observed when a preference for a larger-later (LL) reward over a smaller-sooner (SS) reward reverses as both rewards come closer in time. Preference reversals are common in everyday life and in the laboratory and are often claimed to support hyperbolic delay-discounting models which, in their simplest form, can model reversals with only one free parameter. However, it is not clear if the temporal location of preference reversals can be predicted a priori. Studies testing model predictions have not found support for them, but they overlooked the well-documented effect of reinforcer magnitude on discounting rate. Therefore, we directly tested hyperbolic and exponential model predictions in a pre-registered study by assessing individual discount rates for two reinforcer magnitudes. We then made individualized predictions about pairs of choices between which preference reversals should occur. With 107 participants, we found (1) little evidence that hyperbolic and exponential models could predict the temporal location of preference reversals, (2) some evidence that hyperbolic models had better predictive performance than exponential models, and (3) in contrast to many previous studies, that exponential models generally produced superior fits to the observed data than hyperbolic models.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"69 1 1","pages":"46-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41612516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1