Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health最新文献

{"title":"The effects of lifestyle change on indicators of cardiometabolic health in semi-nomadic pastoralists.","authors":"Zane S Swanson, Hilary Bethancourt, Rosemary Nzunza, Emmanuel Ndiema, David R Braun, Asher Y Rosinger, Herman Pontzer","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad030","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Non-communicable disease risk and the epidemic of cardiometabolic diseases continue to grow across the expanding industrialized world. Probing the relationships between evolved human physiology and modern socioecological conditions is central to understanding this health crisis. Therefore, we investigated the relationships between increased market access, shifting subsistence patterns and cardiometabolic health indicators within Daasanach semi-nomadic pastoralists who vary in their engagement in traditional lifestyle and emerging market behaviors.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We conducted cross-sectional socioecological, demographic and lifestyle stressor surveys along with health, biomarker and nutrition examinations among 225 (51.6% female) Daasanach adults in 2019-2020. We used linear mixed-effects models to test how differing levels of engagement in market integration and traditional subsistence activities related to blood pressure (BP), body composition and blood chemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that systolic and diastolic BP, as well as the probability of having high BP (hypertension), were negatively associated with distance to market, a proxy for market integration. Additionally, body composition varied significantly by socioeconomic status (SES), with significant positive associations between BMI and body fat and higher SES among adults.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>While evidence for evolutionary mismatch and health variation have been found across a number of populations affected by an urban/rural divide, these results demonstrate the effects of market integration and sedentarization on cardiometabolic health associated with the early stages of lifestyle changes. Our findings provide evidence for the changes in health when small-scale populations begin the processes of sedentarization and market integration that result from myriad market pressures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"318-331"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10576223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41233643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The reproductive status determines tolerance and resistance to <i>Mycobacterium marinum</i> in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","authors":"Marta Arch,&nbsp;Maria Vidal,&nbsp;Esther Fuentes,&nbsp;Anmaw Shite Abat,&nbsp;Pere-Joan Cardona","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad029","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex and reproductive status of the host have a major impact on the immune response against infection. Our aim was to understand their impact on host tolerance or resistance in the systemic <i>Mycobacterium marinum</i> infection of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We measured host survival and bacillary load at time of death, as well as expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of immune genes (diptericin and drosomycin). We also assessed the impact of metabolic and hormonal regulation in the protection against infection by measuring expression of upd3, impl2 and ecR. Our data showed increased resistance in actively mating flies and in mated females, while reducing their tolerance to infection. Data suggests that Toll and immune deficiency (Imd) pathways determine tolerance and resistance, respectively, while higher basal levels of ecR favours the stimulation of the Imd pathway. A dual role has been found for upd3 expression, linked to increased/decreased mycobacterial load at the beginning and later in infection, respectively. Finally, impl2 expression has been related to increased resistance in non-actively mating males. These results allow further assessment on the differences between sexes and highlights the role of the reproductive status in <i>D. melanogaster</i> to face infections, demonstrating their importance to determine resistance and tolerance against <i>M. marinum</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"332-347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10590161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49689518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The EvMed Assessment: A test for measuring student understanding of core concepts in evolutionary medicine.","authors":"Taya Misheva,&nbsp;Randolph M Nesse,&nbsp;Daniel Z Grunspan,&nbsp;Sara E Brownell","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad028","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Universities throughout the USA increasingly offer undergraduate courses in evolutionary medicine (EvMed), which creates a need for pedagogical resources. Several resources offer course content (e.g. textbooks) and a previous study identified EvMed core principles to help instructors set learning goals. However, assessment tools are not yet available. In this study, we address this need by developing an assessment that measures students' ability to apply EvMed core principles to various health-related scenarios.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The <i>EvMed Assessment (EMA)</i> consists of questions containing a short description of a health-related scenario followed by several likely/unlikely items. We evaluated the assessment's validity and reliability using a variety of qualitative (expert reviews and student interviews) and quantitative (Cronbach's α and classical test theory) methods. We iteratively revised the assessment through several rounds of validation. We then administered the assessment to undergraduates in EvMed and Evolution courses at multiple institutions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We used results from the pilot to create the <i>EMA</i> final draft. After conducting quantitative validation, we deleted items that failed to meet performance criteria and revised items that exhibited borderline performance. The final version of the <i>EMA</i> consists of six core questions containing 25 items, and five supplemental questions containing 20 items.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>The <i>EMA</i> is a pedagogical tool supported by a wide range of validation evidence. Instructors can use it as a pre/post measure of student learning in an EvMed course to inform curriculum revision, or as a test bank to draw upon when developing in-class assessments, quizzes or exams.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"353-362"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10597536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50161244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signalling need for care: a neglected functional role of medical treatment.","authors":"Mícheál de Barra,&nbsp;Kawthar Hakimy,&nbsp;Marijn de Bruin","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>While the primary goals of medical treatment are typically to shorten illness or relieve symptoms, we explore the idea that an important additional goal for some patients is to communicate their needs. Drawing on <i>signalling theory</i>, we argue that undergoing treatments can help patients legitimize their illness and thereby enable access to crucial support during convalescence.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Four pre-registered within-subjects experiments (<i>n</i> = 874) show that participants are more inclined to provide care to people who undergo treatment, especially when that treatment is painful. Results show this incentivizes the use of antibiotic treatments for viral infections as well as drug treatments for mental illness. A cross-sectional study of 194 chronic pain patients shows that those who experience stigma and doubt over the legitimacy of their illness are more likely to accept aversive treatments. Furthermore, two experiments (<i>n</i> = 653) indicate that subtle manipulations of one's sense of social support may increase willingness to accept treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>These results indicate that people make decisions to provide care in part based on the presence or absence of treatment and furthermore that patients' treatment decision-making is informed by the social consequences of their choices. Signalling theory may help explain the surprising longevity of some ineffective and costly medical procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"363-378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10611421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71411169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low birthweight is associated with epigenetic age acceleration in the first 3 years of life.","authors":"Edward B Quinn, Chu J Hsiao, Felicien M Maisha, Connie J Mulligan","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad019","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis posits that early life adversity is associated with poor adult health outcomes. Epidemiological evidence has supported this framework by linking low birthweight with adult health and mortality, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Accelerated epigenetic aging may be a pathway to connect early life experiences with adult health outcomes, based on associations of accelerated epigenetic aging with increased morbidity and mortality.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Sixty-seven mother-infant dyads were recruited in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Birthweight data were collected at birth, and blood samples were collected at birth and follow-up visits up to age 3. DNA methylation data were generated with the Illumina MethylationEPIC array and used to estimate epigenetic age. A multilevel model was used to test for associations between birthweight and epigenetic age acceleration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chronological age was highly correlated with epigenetic age from birth to age 3 (<i>r</i> = 0.95, <i>p</i> < 2.2 × 10^-16). Variation in epigenetic age acceleration increased over time. Birthweight, dichotomized around 2500 g, predicted epigenetic age acceleration over the first 3 years of life (<i>b</i> = -0.39, <i>p</i> = 0.005).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Our longitudinal analysis provides the first evidence for accelerated epigenetic aging that emerges between birth and age 3 and associates with low birthweight. These results suggest that early life experiences, such as low birthweight, may shape the trajectory of epigenetic aging in early childhood. Furthermore, accelerated epigenetic aging may be a pathway that links low birthweight and poor adult health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"251-261"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10360162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9862032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wealth, health and inequality in Agta foragers.","authors":"Abigail E Page, Milagros Ruiz, Mark Dyble, Daniel Major-Smith, Andrea B Migliano, Sarah Myers","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad015","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>There is significant evidence from large-scale, industrial and post-industrial societies that greater income and wealth inequality is negatively associated with both population health and increasing health inequalities. However, whether such relationships are inevitable and should be expected to impact the health of small-scale societies as they become more market-integrated is less clear.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Here, using mixed-effect models, we explore the relationship between health, wealth, wealth inequality and health inequalities in a small-scale foraging population from the Philippines, the Agta.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across 11 camps, we find small to moderate degrees of wealth inequality (maximal Gini Coefficient 0.44) which is highest in the most permanent camps, where individuals engage more heavily in the formal market. However, in both adults (<i>n</i> = 161) and children (<i>n</i> = 215), we find little evidence that either wealth or wealth inequality associates with ill health, except for one measure of nutritional condition-red blood cell count.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>We interpret these results in the light of high levels of cooperation among the Agta which may buffer against the detrimental effects of wealth inequality documented in industrial and post-industrial societies. We observe little intergenerational wealth transmission, highlighting the fluid nature of wealth, and thus wealth inequality, particularly in mobile communities. The deterioration of nutritional status, as indicated by red blood cell counts, requires further investigation before concluding the Agta's extensive cooperation networks may be beginning to breakdown in the face of increasing inequality.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"149-162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10237286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9579202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional factors, medical interventions and mode of birth among low-risk primiparous women in Poland.","authors":"Ilona Nenko, Katarzyna Kopeć-Godlewska, Mary C Towner, Laura D Klein, Agnieszka Micek","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad013","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Birth is a critical event in women's lives. Since humans have evolved to give birth in the context of social support, not having it in modern settings might lead to more complications during birth. Our aim was to model how emotional factors and medical interventions related to birth outcomes in hospital settings in Poland, where c-section rates have doubled in the last decade.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We analysed data from 2363 low-risk primiparous women who went into labor with the intention of giving birth vaginally. We used a model comparison approach to examine the relationship between emotional and medical variables and birth outcome (vaginal or c-section), including sociodemographic control variables in all models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A model with emotional factors better explained the data than a control model (Δ_AIC = 470.8); women with continuous personal support during labor had lower odds of a c-section compared to those attended by hospital staff only (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.09 - 0.16). A model that included medical interventions also better explained the data than a control model (Δ_AIC = 133.6); women given epidurals, in particular, had increased odds of a c-section over those who were not (OR = 3.55, 95% CI = 2.95 - 4.27). The best model included variables for both the level of personal support and the use of epidural (Δ_AIC = 598.0).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Continuous personal support during childbirth may be an evolutionarily informed strategy for reducing complications, including one of the most common obstetrical complications in modern hospital settings, the c-section.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"139-148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10224696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9548045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social determinants of health and disease in companion dogs: a cohort study from the Dog Aging Project.","authors":"Brianah M McCoy, Layla Brassington, Kelly Jin, Greer A Dolby, Sandi Shrager, Devin Collins, Matthew Dunbar, Audrey Ruple, Noah Snyder-Mackler","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to social environmental adversity is associated with health and survival across many social species, including humans. However, little is known about how these health and mortality effects vary across the lifespan and may be differentially impacted by various components of the environment. Here, we leveraged a relatively new and powerful model for human aging, the companion dog, to investigate which components of the social environment are associated with dog health and how these associations vary across the lifespan. We drew on comprehensive survey data collected on 21,410 dogs from the Dog Aging Project and identified five factors that together explained 33.7% of the variation in a dog's social environment. Factors capturing financial and household adversity were associated with poorer health and lower physical mobility in companion dogs, while factors that captured social support, such as living with other dogs, were associated with better health when controlling for dog age and weight. Notably, the effects of each environmental component were not equal: the effect of social support was 5× stronger than financial factors. The strength of these associations depended on the age of the dog, including a stronger relationship between the owner's age and the dog's health in younger as compared to older dogs. Taken together, these findings suggest the importance of income, stability and owner's age on owner-reported health outcomes in companion dogs and point to potential behavioral and/or environmental modifiers that can be used to promote healthy aging across species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"187-201"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10306367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9738856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of antibiotic resistance in an incurable and ultimately fatal infection: A retrospective case study.","authors":"Robert J Woods, Camilo Barbosa, Laura Koepping, Juan A Raygoza, Michael Mwangi, Andrew F Read","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The processes by which pathogens evolve within a host dictate the efficacy of treatment strategies designed to slow antibiotic resistance evolution and influence population-wide resistance levels. The aim of this study is to describe the underlying genetic and phenotypic changes leading to antibiotic resistance within a patient who died as resistance evolved to available antibiotics. We assess whether robust patterns of collateral sensitivity and response to combinations existed that might have been leveraged to improve therapy.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We used whole-genome sequencing of nine isolates taken from this patient over 279 days of a chronic infection with <i>Enterobacter hormaechei</i>, and systematically measured changes in resistance against five of the most relevant drugs considered for treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The entirety of the genetic change is consistent with <i>de novo</i> mutations and plasmid loss events, without acquisition of foreign genetic material via horizontal gene transfer. The nine isolates fall into three genetically distinct lineages, with early evolutionary trajectories being supplanted by previously unobserved multi-step evolutionary trajectories. Importantly, although the population evolved resistance to all the antibiotics used to treat the infection, no single isolate was resistant to all antibiotics. Evidence of collateral sensitivity and response to combinations therapy revealed inconsistent patterns across this diversifying population.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Translating antibiotic resistance management strategies from theoretical and laboratory data to clinical situations, such as this, will require managing diverse population with unpredictable resistance trajectories.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"163-173"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9654994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On evolutionary medicine and health disparities.","authors":"C Brandon Ogbunugafor, Fatimah Jackson","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad008","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"126-128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10184439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9858425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}