Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Take a load off: Skeletal implications of sedentism in the feet of modern body donors","authors":"Malorie E Albee","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad041","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives Modern biocultural environments continue to place selective pressures on our skeletons. In the past century, a major cultural pressure has been the rise in sedentism. However, studies considering the effects of sedentism on the foot have largely considered pathological changes to the gross foot without particular regard for the pedal skeleton. To address this gap in the literature, temporal trends in the development of osteoarthritis and entheseal changes on the tarsals and metatarsals were analyzed in the context of biodemographic data for recent modern humans. Methodology The sample utilized for this project is comprised of 71 individuals from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, with birth years ranging from 1909 to 1993. Temporal trends in osteoarthritis and entheseal changes were determined via ANCOVA, using year of birth as the explanatory variable and biodemographic variables (age, sex, stature, Body Mass Index, and tibial robusticity) as covariates. Results Results indicate that entheseal changes and osteoarthritis have decreased over time, and these trends are statistically significant. Temporal trends in pedal entheseal changes and osteoarthritis vary by sex. Conclusions and Implications The increase in sedentary behavior over time has usually been framed as a net negative for human health and well-being. However, considered in isolation, the decrease in entheseal changes and osteoarthritis presented here might be considered a positive development as they suggest overall less stress on the modern human foot. This study also has the potential to inform the health sciences and general public about biocultural contributors to modern foot health.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139055182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sperm intrusion into the implantation-stage blastocyst and its potential biological significance","authors":"Jayasree Sengupta, Thomas Kroneis, Amy M Boddy, Rahul Roy, Anish Sarkar, Deepayan Sarkar, Debabrata Ghosh, Berthold Huppertz","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad043","url":null,"abstract":"The human embryo derives from fusion of oocyte and sperm, undergoes growth and differentiation, resulting in a blastocyst. To initiate implantation, the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida, allowing access from external inputs. Modelling of uterine sperm distribution indicates that 200-5000 sperm cells may reach the implantation-stage blastocyst following natural coitus. We show ultrastructural evidence of sperm cells intruding into trophectoderm cells of zona-free blastocysts obtained from the uterus of rhesus monkeys. Interaction between additional sperm and zona-free blastocyst could be an evolutionary feature yielding adaptive processes influencing the developmental fate of embryos. This process bears potential implications in pregnancy success, sperm competition, and human health","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139051358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial simulation of autologous cell defection for cancer treatment.","authors":"Jibeom Choi","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer cells are highly cooperative in a nepotistic way and evolutionarily dynamic. Present cancer treatments often overlook these aspects, inducing the selection of resistant cancer cells and the corresponding relapse. As an alternative method of cancer elimination, autologous cell defection (ACD) was suggested by which modified cancer cells parasitically reliant on other cancer cells are implemented to the cancer cluster. Specifically, modified cancer cells should not produce costly growth factors that promote the growth of other cancer cells while receiving the benefit of exposure to such growth factors. Analytical models and rudimentary experiments up to date provide the medical feasibility of this method. In this study, I built comprehensive spatial simulation models by embracing the effects of the multiple growth factors, the Warburg effect, mutations and immunity. The simulation results based on planar spatial structures indicate that implementation of the defective modified tumours may replace the existing cancer cluster and defective cells would later collapse by themselves. Furthermore, I built a mathematical model that compares the fitness of the cells adjacent to the hypertumour-cancer interface. I also calculated whether anticancer drugs that reduce the effects of the growth factors promote or demote the utility of ACD under diverse fitness functions. The computational examination implies that anticancer drugs may impede the therapeutic effect of ACD when there is a strong concavity in the fitness function. The analysis results could work as a general guidance for effective ACD that may expand the paradigm of cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"461-471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138801348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep tight! Adolescent sleep quality across three distinct sleep ecologies.","authors":"Andrea Silva-Caballero, Helen L Ball, Karen L Kramer, Gillian R Bentley","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad040","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Good sleep quality, associated with few arousals, no daytime sleepiness and self-satisfaction with one's sleep, is pivotal for adolescent growth, maturation, cognition and overall health. This article aims to identify what ecological factors impact adolescent sleep quality across three distinct sleep ecologies representing a gradient of dense urbanity to small, rural environments with scarce artificial lighting and no Internet.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We analyze variation of sleep efficiency, a quantitative measure of sleep quality-defined as the ratio of total time spent asleep to total time dedicated to sleep-in two agricultural indigenous populations and one post-industrial group in Mexico (Campeche = 44, Puebla = 51, Mexico City = 50, respectively). Data collection included actigraphy, sleep diaries, questionnaires, interviews and ethnographic observations. We fit linear models to examine sleep efficiency variation within and between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that sleep efficiency varied significantly across sites, being highest in Mexico City (88%) and lowest in Campeche (75%). We found that variation in sleep efficiency was significantly associated with nightly exposure to light and social sleep practices.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Our findings point toward contextual cost-benefits of sleep disruption in adolescence. We highlight the need to prioritize research on adolescent sleep quality across distinct developmental ecologies and its impact on health to improve adolescent wellbeing through evidence-based health practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"448-460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10693291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138477160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testosterone is positively associated with coronary artery calcium in a low cardiovascular disease risk population.","authors":"Benjamin C Trumble, Jacob Negrey, Stephanie V Koebele, Randall C Thompson, L Samuel Wann, Adel H Allam, Bret Beheim, M Linda Sutherland, James D Sutherland, Daniel Eid Rodriguez, David E Michalik, Chris J Rowan, Guido P Lombardi, Angela R Garcia, Daniel K Cummings, Edmond Seabright, Sarah Alami, Thomas S Kraft, Paul Hooper, Kenneth Buetow, Andrei Irimia, Margaret Gatz, Jonathan Stieglitz, Michael D Gurven, Hillard Kaplan, Gregory S Thomas","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad039","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In industrialized populations, low male testosterone is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular mortality. However, coronary risk factors like obesity impact both testosterone and cardiovascular outcomes. Here, we assess the role of endogenous testosterone on coronary artery calcium in an active subsistence population with relatively low testosterone levels, low cardiovascular risk and low coronary artery calcium scores.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>In this cross-sectional community-based study, 719 Tsimane forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon aged 40+ years underwent computed tomography (49.8% male, mean age 57.6 years).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Coronary artery calcium levels were low; 84.5% had no coronary artery calcium. Zero-inflated negative binomial models found testosterone was positively associated with coronary artery calcium for the full sample (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR] = 1.477, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.001-2.170, P = 0.031), and in a male-only subset (IRR = 1.532, 95% CI 0.993-2.360, P = 0.053). Testosterone was also positively associated with clinically relevant coronary atherosclerosis (calcium >100 Agatston units) in the full sample (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.984, 95% CI 1.202-3.275, P = 0.007) and when limited to male-only sample (OR = 2.032, 95% CI 1.118-4.816, P = 0.024). Individuals with coronary artery calcium >100 had 20% higher levels of testosterone than those with calcium <100 (t = -3.201, P = 0.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Among Tsimane, testosterone is positively associated with coronary artery calcium despite generally low normal testosterone levels, minimal atherosclerosis and rare cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Associations between low testosterone and CVD events in industrialized populations are likely confounded by obesity and other lifestyle factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"472-484"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10746324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139032153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain: behavioural expression and response in an evolutionary framework","authors":"Amanda C de C Williams","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An evolutionary perspective offers insights into the major public health problem of chronic (persistent) pain; behaviours associated with it perpetuate both pain and disability. Pain is motivating, a need state, and pain-related behaviours promote recovery by: immediate active or passive defence; subsequent protection of wounds; suppression of competing responses; energy conservation; vigilance to threat; and learned avoidance of associated cues. When these persist beyond healing, as in chronic pain, they are disabling. In mammals, facial and bodily expression of pain is visible and identified by others as such. However, pain itself is modulated by social context, and conspecifics’ responses can result in pain reduction. The study of responses to pain has emphasized onlooker empathy, but observers frequently discount others’ pain; people with chronic pain report feeling disbelieved and stigmatized. This can be understood in terms of cheater detection on the part of observers – alertness to free riders that underpins the capacity for prosocial behaviours. These dynamics occur both in everyday life and in clinical encounters, and provide an account of the adaptiveness of pain-related behaviours.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"26 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135429909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the Behavioural Immune System on Covid-19 Lockdown Attitudes: The Relationship with Authoritarianism and Collectivism","authors":"Femke van Diepenbeek, Sharon E Kessler","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background and objectives The behavioural immune system is a motivational system that facilitates the avoidance of pathogens and is thought to have evolved as a less costly mechanism to combat infectious diseases compared to the physiological immune system. The Parasite Stress Theory of Social Values predicts that authoritarianism and collectivist attitudes may impact the behavioural immune system by predisposing people to support disease control measures, including severe restrictions like lockdowns or stay-at-home-orders. This study investigates the relationship between authoritarianism, collectivism, and Covid-19 worry on support for lockdown measures during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology A total of 187 UK participants were recruited to complete an online survey, which was administered between 22 June and 7 July 2020. The survey included measures of authoritarianism, collectivism, Covid-19 worry, and support for lockdown measures. The data were analysed using moderated parallel mediation analysis. Results Covid-19 worry had a direct effect on support for and enforcement of lockdown measures, but not on the idea that adherence to lockdown rules should be an individual choice. The relationship between Covid Worry and Support for and Enforcement of lockdown measures was not mediated by authoritarianism, nor was it moderated by Collectivism. Collectivism and Authoritarianism were related to increased levels of support for lockdown independently from Covid Worry, but were not related to enforcement. Conclusions and implications Support for lockdown restrictions and enforcement was mainly associated with covid worry. Our findings do not support the parasite stress theory of social values, and indicate that the Behavioural Immune System manifested in a more direct way, and not through social values.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"5 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135874366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Take it to the limit: the limitations of energetic explanations for birth timing in humans","authors":"Cédric Cordey, Nicole M Webb, Martin Haeusler","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A hallmark of modern humans is that our newborns are neurologically immature compared to other primates. It is disputed whether this so-called secondary altriciality evolved due to remodelling of the pelvis associated with bipedal locomotion, as suggested by the obstetrical dilemma hypothesis, or from maternal energetic limitations during pregnancy. Specifically, the “Energetics of Gestation and Growth” (EGG) hypothesis posits that birth is initiated when fetal energy requirements exceed the maximum sustained maternal metabolic rate during pregnancy at around 2.1 × basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the non-pregnant, non-lactating condition (NPNL). However, the metabolic threshold argued under the EGG framework is derived from one study with a small sample size of only twelve women from the UK. Accordingly, we performed a meta-analysis of all published studies on metabolic scopes during pregnancy to better account for variability. After excluding three studies with methodological issues, a total of twelve studies with 303 women from five high- and three low-income countries were analysed. On average, pregnancy was found to be less metabolically challenging than previously suggested. The studies revealed substantial variation in metabolic scope during pregnancy, which was not reflected by variation in birth timing. Further, in a third of the studies the metabolic rates exceeded 2.1 × BMRNPNL. Our simulation of fetal energy requirements demonstrated that this metabolic threshold of 2.1 × BMRNPNL cannot realistically be crossed by the fetus around the time of birth. These findings imply that metabolic constraints are not the main limiting factor dictating gestation length.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135927796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogen Disgust is Associated with Interpersonal Bias Among Healthcare Professionals","authors":"Anastasia Makhanova, W Allen Lambert, Ryan Blanchard, Joe Alcock, Eric C Shattuck, Michael P Wilson","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background and objectives Pathogen avoidance is a fundamental motive that shapes many aspects of human behavior, including bias against groups stereotypically linked to disease (e.g., immigrants, outgroup members). This link has only been examined in convenience samples and it is unknown how pathogen avoidance processes operate in populations experiencing prolonged and heightened pathogen threat such as healthcare professionals. We examined whether healthcare professionals demonstrate the same link between pathogen disgust and intergroup bias as has been documented among the general population. Methodology Participants (N=317; 210 healthcare professionals) were recruited using snowball sampling to take an online survey. Participants completed the Three Domain Disgust Scale to assess pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust. Participants then rated their perceptions of a fictitious immigrant group (“Krasneeans”) and the degree to which they endorsed group-binding moral values. Results Compared to control participants, healthcare professionals reported lower levels of pathogen disgust, but not sexual or moral disgust. However, regardless of profession, higher pathogen disgust was associated with viewing Krasneeans as less likeable and more unclean. Additionally, regardless of profession, higher pathogen disgust was associated with greater endorsement of group-binding moral values, although healthcare professionals reported greater overall endorsement of group-binding moral values than did control participants. Conclusions and implications Although healthcare professionals demonstrated lower levels of pathogen disgust, they nevertheless exhibited largely the same relationship between pathogen disgust and interpersonal biases as did control participants. One practical implication of this association is that pathogen avoidance motives may contribute to inequitable patient treatment in healthcare settings.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"9 24","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136233517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic aging differences between Wichí and Criollos from Argentina: Insights from genomic history and ecology.","authors":"Vincenzo Iannuzzi, Stefania Sarno, Marco Sazzini, Paolo Abondio, Claudia Sala, Maria Giulia Bacalini, Davide Gentilini, Luciano Calzari, Federica Masciotta, Paolo Garagnani, Gastone Castellani, Edgardo Moretti, Maria Cristina Dasso, Federica Sevini, Zelda Alice Franceschi, Claudio Franceschi, Davide Pettener, Donata Luiselli, Cristina Giuliani","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad034","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Epigenetic estimators based on DNA methylation levels have emerged as promising biomarkers of human aging. These estimators exhibit natural variations across human groups, but data about indigenous populations remain underrepresented in research. This study aims to investigate differences in epigenetic estimators between two distinct human populations, both residing in the Gran Chaco region of Argentina, the Native-American Wichí, and admixed Criollos who are descendants of intermarriages between Native Americans and the first European colonizers, using a population genetic approach.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We analyzed 24 Wichí (mean age: 39.2 ± 12.9 yo) and 24 Criollos (mean age: 41.1 ± 14.0 yo) for DNA methylation levels using the Infinium MethylationEPIC (Illumina) to calculate 16 epigenetic estimators. Additionally, we examined genome-wide genetic variation using the HumanOmniExpress BeadChip (Illumina) to gain insights into the genetic history of these populations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results indicate that Native-American Wichí are epigenetically older compared to Criollos according to five epigenetic estimators. Analyses within the Criollos population reveal that global ancestry does not influence the differences observed, while local (chromosomal) ancestry shows positive associations between specific SNPs located in genomic regions over-represented by Native-American ancestry and measures of epigenetic age acceleration (AgeAccelHannum). Furthermore, we demonstrate that differences in population ecologies also contribute to observed epigenetic differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Overall, our study suggests that while the genomic history may partially account for the observed epigenetic differences, non-genetic factors, such as lifestyle and ecological factors, play a substantial role in the variability of epigenetic estimators, thereby contributing to variations in human epigenetic aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"397-414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10632719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89717558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}