Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Evolutionary and Empirical Perspectives on ‘Demand’ Breastfeeding: the Baby in the Driver’s Seat or the Back Seat?","authors":"David P Tracer","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoae003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoae003","url":null,"abstract":"Background/Objectives The concept of “demand” breastfeeding is central in public health. A key feature of the concept is that the infant is the locus of control in the breastfeeding process; when the breast is demanded by the infant, it is given the opportunity to feed. This study questions this notion of the infant as the locus of control in demand breastfeeding for empirical and theoretical reasons. From an evolutionary perspective, infants are expected to seek maximal investment and, against this backdrop of maximal investment-seeking, parents decide how much investment to put into offspring. Methodology Focal follows were conducted among 113 mother-infant dyads in Papua New Guinea. During these follows, response times and types of responses including breastfeeding to offspring fussing and crying were recorded. Results Infants were breastfed an average of 3.6 times/hour for just over 2 minutes/feed. Fussing and crying were responded to quickly, with most response times under 1 minute. When the mother responded, she breastfed the child approximately 52% of the time. The other 48% of the time, mothers responded to infants with other forms of pacification. Mothers were significantly less likely to respond to infants by breastfeeding if the child had been breastfed within the past 59-76 minutes. Conclusion/Implications As predicted by evolutionary parental investment theory, infants make frequent demands on their parents for investment, but mothers are ultimately the locus of control in the investment process. The mother decides whether and how frequently to breastfeed her offspring against this backdrop of near-continuous investment demands.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139510457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconsidering the developmental origins of adult disease paradigm: the ‘metabolic coordination of childbirth’ hypothesis","authors":"Jonathan C K Wells, Gernot Desoye, David A Leon","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoae002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoae002","url":null,"abstract":"In uncomplicated pregnancies, birthweight is inversely associated with adult non-communicable disease (NCD) risk. One proposed mechanism is maternal malnutrition during pregnancy. Another explanation is that shared genes link birthweight with NCDs. Both hypotheses are supported, but evolutionary perspectives address only the environmental pathway. We propose that genetic and environmental associations of birthweight with NCD risk reflect coordinated regulatory systems between mother and fetus, that evolved to reduce risks of obstructed labour. First, the fetus must tailor its growth to maternal metabolic signals, as it cannot predict the size of the birth canal from its own genome. Second, we predict that maternal alleles that promote placental nutrient supply have been selected to constrain fetal growth and gestation length when fetally expressed. Conversely, maternal alleles that increase birth canal size have been selected to promote fetal growth and gestation when fetally expressed. Evidence supports these hypotheses. These regulatory mechanisms may have undergone powerful selection as hominin neonates evolved larger size and encephalisation, since every mother is at risk of gestating a baby excessive for her pelvis. Our perspective can explain the inverse association of birthweight with NCD risk across most of the birthweight range: any constraint of birthweight, through plastic or genetic mechanisms, may reduce the capacity for homeostasis and increase NCD susceptibility. However, maternal obesity and diabetes can overwhelm this coordination system, challenging vaginal delivery while increasing offspring NCD risk. We argue that selection on viable vaginal delivery played an over-arching role in shaping the association of birthweight with NCD risk.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139506144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-gut microbiota interactions during pregnancy","authors":"Katherine R Amato, Priyanka Pradhan, Elizabeth K Mallott, Wesley Shirola, Amy Lu","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoae001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoae001","url":null,"abstract":"Mammalian pregnancy is characterized by a well-known suite of physiological changes that support fetal growth and development, thereby positively affecting both maternal and offspring fitness. However, mothers also experience trade-offs between current and future maternal reproductive success, and maternal responses to these trade-offs can result in mother-offspring fitness conflicts. Knowledge of the mechanisms through which these trade-offs operate, as well as the contexts in which they operate, is critical for understanding the evolution of reproduction. Historically, hormonal changes during pregnancy have been thought to play a pivotal role in these conflicts since they directly and indirectly influence maternal metabolism, immunity, fetal growth, and other aspects of offspring development. However, recent research suggests the gut microbiota may also play an important role. Here, we create a foundation for exploring this role by constructing a mechanistic model linking changes in maternal hormones, immunity, and metabolism during pregnancy to changes in the gut microbiota. We posit that marked changes in hormones alter maternal gut microbiome composition and function both directly and indirectly via impacts on the immune system. The gut microbiota then feeds back to influence maternal immunity and metabolism. We posit that these dynamics are likely to be involved in mediating maternal and offspring fitness as well as trade-offs in different aspects of maternal and offspring health and fitness during pregnancy. We also predict that the interactions we describe are likely to vary across populations in response to maternal environments. Moving forward, empirical studies that combine microbial functional data and maternal physiological data with health and fitness outcomes for both mothers and infants will allow us to test the evolutionary and fitness implications of the gestational microbiota, enriching our understanding of the ecology and evolution of reproductive physiology.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139375627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Take a load off: Skeletal implications of sedentism in the feet of modern body donors","authors":"Malorie E Albee","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad041","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives Modern biocultural environments continue to place selective pressures on our skeletons. In the past century, a major cultural pressure has been the rise in sedentism. However, studies considering the effects of sedentism on the foot have largely considered pathological changes to the gross foot without particular regard for the pedal skeleton. To address this gap in the literature, temporal trends in the development of osteoarthritis and entheseal changes on the tarsals and metatarsals were analyzed in the context of biodemographic data for recent modern humans. Methodology The sample utilized for this project is comprised of 71 individuals from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, with birth years ranging from 1909 to 1993. Temporal trends in osteoarthritis and entheseal changes were determined via ANCOVA, using year of birth as the explanatory variable and biodemographic variables (age, sex, stature, Body Mass Index, and tibial robusticity) as covariates. Results Results indicate that entheseal changes and osteoarthritis have decreased over time, and these trends are statistically significant. Temporal trends in pedal entheseal changes and osteoarthritis vary by sex. Conclusions and Implications The increase in sedentary behavior over time has usually been framed as a net negative for human health and well-being. However, considered in isolation, the decrease in entheseal changes and osteoarthritis presented here might be considered a positive development as they suggest overall less stress on the modern human foot. This study also has the potential to inform the health sciences and general public about biocultural contributors to modern foot health.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139055182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sperm intrusion into the implantation-stage blastocyst and its potential biological significance","authors":"Jayasree Sengupta, Thomas Kroneis, Amy M Boddy, Rahul Roy, Anish Sarkar, Deepayan Sarkar, Debabrata Ghosh, Berthold Huppertz","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad043","url":null,"abstract":"The human embryo derives from fusion of oocyte and sperm, undergoes growth and differentiation, resulting in a blastocyst. To initiate implantation, the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida, allowing access from external inputs. Modelling of uterine sperm distribution indicates that 200-5000 sperm cells may reach the implantation-stage blastocyst following natural coitus. We show ultrastructural evidence of sperm cells intruding into trophectoderm cells of zona-free blastocysts obtained from the uterus of rhesus monkeys. Interaction between additional sperm and zona-free blastocyst could be an evolutionary feature yielding adaptive processes influencing the developmental fate of embryos. This process bears potential implications in pregnancy success, sperm competition, and human health","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139051358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial simulation of autologous cell defection for cancer treatment.","authors":"Jibeom Choi","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer cells are highly cooperative in a nepotistic way and evolutionarily dynamic. Present cancer treatments often overlook these aspects, inducing the selection of resistant cancer cells and the corresponding relapse. As an alternative method of cancer elimination, autologous cell defection (ACD) was suggested by which modified cancer cells parasitically reliant on other cancer cells are implemented to the cancer cluster. Specifically, modified cancer cells should not produce costly growth factors that promote the growth of other cancer cells while receiving the benefit of exposure to such growth factors. Analytical models and rudimentary experiments up to date provide the medical feasibility of this method. In this study, I built comprehensive spatial simulation models by embracing the effects of the multiple growth factors, the Warburg effect, mutations and immunity. The simulation results based on planar spatial structures indicate that implementation of the defective modified tumours may replace the existing cancer cluster and defective cells would later collapse by themselves. Furthermore, I built a mathematical model that compares the fitness of the cells adjacent to the hypertumour-cancer interface. I also calculated whether anticancer drugs that reduce the effects of the growth factors promote or demote the utility of ACD under diverse fitness functions. The computational examination implies that anticancer drugs may impede the therapeutic effect of ACD when there is a strong concavity in the fitness function. The analysis results could work as a general guidance for effective ACD that may expand the paradigm of cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"461-471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138801348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep tight! Adolescent sleep quality across three distinct sleep ecologies.","authors":"Andrea Silva-Caballero, Helen L Ball, Karen L Kramer, Gillian R Bentley","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad040","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Good sleep quality, associated with few arousals, no daytime sleepiness and self-satisfaction with one's sleep, is pivotal for adolescent growth, maturation, cognition and overall health. This article aims to identify what ecological factors impact adolescent sleep quality across three distinct sleep ecologies representing a gradient of dense urbanity to small, rural environments with scarce artificial lighting and no Internet.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We analyze variation of sleep efficiency, a quantitative measure of sleep quality-defined as the ratio of total time spent asleep to total time dedicated to sleep-in two agricultural indigenous populations and one post-industrial group in Mexico (Campeche = 44, Puebla = 51, Mexico City = 50, respectively). Data collection included actigraphy, sleep diaries, questionnaires, interviews and ethnographic observations. We fit linear models to examine sleep efficiency variation within and between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that sleep efficiency varied significantly across sites, being highest in Mexico City (88%) and lowest in Campeche (75%). We found that variation in sleep efficiency was significantly associated with nightly exposure to light and social sleep practices.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Our findings point toward contextual cost-benefits of sleep disruption in adolescence. We highlight the need to prioritize research on adolescent sleep quality across distinct developmental ecologies and its impact on health to improve adolescent wellbeing through evidence-based health practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"448-460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10693291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138477160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testosterone is positively associated with coronary artery calcium in a low cardiovascular disease risk population.","authors":"Benjamin C Trumble, Jacob Negrey, Stephanie V Koebele, Randall C Thompson, L Samuel Wann, Adel H Allam, Bret Beheim, M Linda Sutherland, James D Sutherland, Daniel Eid Rodriguez, David E Michalik, Chris J Rowan, Guido P Lombardi, Angela R Garcia, Daniel K Cummings, Edmond Seabright, Sarah Alami, Thomas S Kraft, Paul Hooper, Kenneth Buetow, Andrei Irimia, Margaret Gatz, Jonathan Stieglitz, Michael D Gurven, Hillard Kaplan, Gregory S Thomas","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad039","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoad039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In industrialized populations, low male testosterone is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular mortality. However, coronary risk factors like obesity impact both testosterone and cardiovascular outcomes. Here, we assess the role of endogenous testosterone on coronary artery calcium in an active subsistence population with relatively low testosterone levels, low cardiovascular risk and low coronary artery calcium scores.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>In this cross-sectional community-based study, 719 Tsimane forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon aged 40+ years underwent computed tomography (49.8% male, mean age 57.6 years).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Coronary artery calcium levels were low; 84.5% had no coronary artery calcium. Zero-inflated negative binomial models found testosterone was positively associated with coronary artery calcium for the full sample (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR] = 1.477, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.001-2.170, P = 0.031), and in a male-only subset (IRR = 1.532, 95% CI 0.993-2.360, P = 0.053). Testosterone was also positively associated with clinically relevant coronary atherosclerosis (calcium >100 Agatston units) in the full sample (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.984, 95% CI 1.202-3.275, P = 0.007) and when limited to male-only sample (OR = 2.032, 95% CI 1.118-4.816, P = 0.024). Individuals with coronary artery calcium >100 had 20% higher levels of testosterone than those with calcium <100 (t = -3.201, P = 0.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Among Tsimane, testosterone is positively associated with coronary artery calcium despite generally low normal testosterone levels, minimal atherosclerosis and rare cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Associations between low testosterone and CVD events in industrialized populations are likely confounded by obesity and other lifestyle factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"472-484"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10746324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139032153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain: behavioural expression and response in an evolutionary framework","authors":"Amanda C de C Williams","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An evolutionary perspective offers insights into the major public health problem of chronic (persistent) pain; behaviours associated with it perpetuate both pain and disability. Pain is motivating, a need state, and pain-related behaviours promote recovery by: immediate active or passive defence; subsequent protection of wounds; suppression of competing responses; energy conservation; vigilance to threat; and learned avoidance of associated cues. When these persist beyond healing, as in chronic pain, they are disabling. In mammals, facial and bodily expression of pain is visible and identified by others as such. However, pain itself is modulated by social context, and conspecifics’ responses can result in pain reduction. The study of responses to pain has emphasized onlooker empathy, but observers frequently discount others’ pain; people with chronic pain report feeling disbelieved and stigmatized. This can be understood in terms of cheater detection on the part of observers – alertness to free riders that underpins the capacity for prosocial behaviours. These dynamics occur both in everyday life and in clinical encounters, and provide an account of the adaptiveness of pain-related behaviours.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"26 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135429909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the Behavioural Immune System on Covid-19 Lockdown Attitudes: The Relationship with Authoritarianism and Collectivism","authors":"Femke van Diepenbeek, Sharon E Kessler","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoad037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background and objectives The behavioural immune system is a motivational system that facilitates the avoidance of pathogens and is thought to have evolved as a less costly mechanism to combat infectious diseases compared to the physiological immune system. The Parasite Stress Theory of Social Values predicts that authoritarianism and collectivist attitudes may impact the behavioural immune system by predisposing people to support disease control measures, including severe restrictions like lockdowns or stay-at-home-orders. This study investigates the relationship between authoritarianism, collectivism, and Covid-19 worry on support for lockdown measures during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology A total of 187 UK participants were recruited to complete an online survey, which was administered between 22 June and 7 July 2020. The survey included measures of authoritarianism, collectivism, Covid-19 worry, and support for lockdown measures. The data were analysed using moderated parallel mediation analysis. Results Covid-19 worry had a direct effect on support for and enforcement of lockdown measures, but not on the idea that adherence to lockdown rules should be an individual choice. The relationship between Covid Worry and Support for and Enforcement of lockdown measures was not mediated by authoritarianism, nor was it moderated by Collectivism. Collectivism and Authoritarianism were related to increased levels of support for lockdown independently from Covid Worry, but were not related to enforcement. Conclusions and implications Support for lockdown restrictions and enforcement was mainly associated with covid worry. Our findings do not support the parasite stress theory of social values, and indicate that the Behavioural Immune System manifested in a more direct way, and not through social values.","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":"5 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135874366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}