Fire Safety Science最新文献_第7页

The correlation between carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide in fire effluents of flame retarded polymers 阻燃聚合物燃烧废液中一氧化碳与氰化氢的关系

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-389

S. Molyneux, A. Stec, T. Hull

{"title":"The correlation between carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide in fire effluents of flame retarded polymers","authors":"S. Molyneux, A. Stec, T. Hull","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-389","url":null,"abstract":"This study considers the demonstrated correlation between carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide in the special case of fire retarded materials. It shows that the combination of aluminium phosphinate and melamine polyphosphate causes a much smaller increase in the carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) yields than the combination of brominated polystyrene and antimony oxide, although both fire retardants inhibit combustion reactions in the gas phase. The formation and destruction mechanisms of CO and HCN are considered. It is shown that both toxicants form early in the flame, and that the OH radical is critical for the destruction of both CO and HCN. Crucially, in the context of the flame inhibition mechanism, this suggests that the phosphorus system reduces the H and O radical concentrations without a corresponding decrease in the OH radical concentration, thus it is an effective gas phase flame retardant which only causes a small increase in the toxic product yields. Conversely, the bromine system reduces the H, O and OH concentrations, and thus increases the fire toxicity, by inhibiting decomposition of CO and HCN. Moreover, while the phosphorus flame retardant is effective as an ignition suppressant at low temperatures, this effect ―switches off‖ at higher flame temperatures, minimising the potential increase in fire toxicity, once the fire develops.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"129 1","pages":"389-403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75739170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Characterization of Fire Suppression of an Idealized Commodity Using Uniform Water Fluxes 用均匀的水通量表征理想商品的灭火性能

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1208

Y. Xin, K. Meredith

{"title":"Characterization of Fire Suppression of an Idealized Commodity Using Uniform Water Fluxes","authors":"Y. Xin, K. Meredith","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1208","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental study was conducted to investigate fire suppression behaviors of an idealized commodity using uniform water fluxes. The objectives of this work are to better understand the physics of sprinkler suppression and to provide validation data for numerical fire modeling. The commodities used in the experiments consisted of corrugated cardboard boxes with a metal liner inside. The cardboard boxes were supported by steel beams to maintain the rack storage geometry similar to the standard commodity where wood pallets supported the cardboard boxes. The uniform water fluxes were generated by a water application apparatus (WAA), and adjusted to achieve uncontrolled and controlled fire scenarios. All fire tests were carried out in rack storage configurations with controlled fuel moisture content to minimize its impact on fire growth. The key measurements included heat release rate (HRR), fuel surface temperature, incident heat flux to the fuel surface and water flow rate transported to the bottom of the fuel array. The test results show that the measured heat release rates under various experimental conditions are very repeatable, and thus are suitable for model validation purposes. The fire test outcomes, i.e., controlled vs. uncontrolled fires, are directly correlated with the amount of water collected during the suppression stage, indicating that the sprinkler suppression mechanism is dominated by water transport in the fuel array. The idealized commodity exhibited fire growth rates similar to the standard commodity, largely due to the impact of the beam support on the fire spread. Furthermore, the critical delivered flux (CDF) that can prevent fire growth is very close between the idealized and the standard commodity. The similarities in fire growth and suppression characteristics suggest that it may be feasible to use the idealized commodity in numerical simulation of fire suppression, as an alternative to the more complex real fuel.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"1208-1221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73301623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fire Tests on Loaded Cross-laminated Timber Wall and Floor Elements 荷载交叉层压木墙和地板构件的防火试验

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-626

Michael Klippel, C. Leyder, A. Frangi, M. Fontana, F. Lam, A. Ceccotti

引用次数: 46

Residual Constitutive Behavior of Aluminum Alloys after Fire Exposure 火灾后铝合金的残余本构行为

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-612

P. Summers, B. Lattimer, S. Case

{"title":"Residual Constitutive Behavior of Aluminum Alloys after Fire Exposure","authors":"P. Summers, B. Lattimer, S. Case","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-612","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in lightweight transportation applications such as naval vessels and light passenger rail. The aluminum alloys considered include 5xxx-series (Al-Mg) and 6xxxseries (Al-Mg-Si) alloys due to their mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and weldability. A major concern in the use of aluminum alloys in lightweight structural applications is fire exposure. Aluminum mechanical properties are significantly reduced at 300°C. After fire exposure, structural damage will vary due to the local thermal history which is governed by the fire size and proximity and other environmental factors. It is paramount to understand the nature of this structural damage in terms of residual (post-fire) constitutive behavior so as to allow for informed damage assessment. AA5083-H116 and AA6061-T651 residual constitutive behavior was characterized using quasi-static tension tests. The alloys were exposed to elevated temperatures at controlled heating rates using an induction heater to simulate the varying conditions in a fire environment. The thermal history dependence of residual constitutive behavior was elucidated in terms of the microstructural strengthening mechanisms. The primary strengthening mechanisms of AA5083 and AA6061 evolve at elevated temperatures due to recrystallization and precipitate coarsening, respectively. Strengthening mechanism evolution has been shown to be kinetically dependent which explains the thermal history dependence of residual constitutive behavior. Structural damage from a wide range of fire scenarios may be understood using these underlying strengthening mechanisms which govern residual constitutive behavior.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"28 1","pages":"612-625"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79558173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Predictions of Transport Accident Fires Using Coupled Structural Dynamics and Computational Fluid Dynamics 基于结构动力学和计算流体动力学的交通事故火灾预测

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-584

Alexander L. Brown, K. Metzinger, G. Wagner

引用次数: 1

Numerical Simulations of a Mechanically-Ventilated Multi- Compartment Fire 机械通风多隔间火灾的数值模拟

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-499

T. Beji, F. Bonte, B. Merci

引用次数: 10

Flaming Ignition Behavior of Hot Steel and Aluminum Spheres Landing in Cellulose Fuel Beds 热钢球和铝球降落在纤维素燃料床上的燃烧着火行为

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1368

C. Zak, J. Urban, V. Tran, A. Fernandez-Pello

{"title":"Flaming Ignition Behavior of Hot Steel and Aluminum Spheres Landing in Cellulose Fuel Beds","authors":"C. Zak, J. Urban, V. Tran, A. Fernandez-Pello","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1368","url":null,"abstract":"The ignition of combustible material by hot metal particles is an important fire ignition pathway that remains relatively unstudied. In this work, the flaming ignition behavior of powdered cellulose fuel beds by hot steel and aluminum spheres of various diameters and initial temperatures was studied. Understanding ignition in this scenario could offer insight into the mechanisms by which metal particles initiate wildland fires and fires in industrial settings. Earlier work on this topic has shown that ignition propensity has a relationship with the temperature and diameter of the sphere. However, little is known about the physical processes governing this relationship. This work provides further information regarding the conditions required for ignition, and useful observations for the development of a theoretical framework for predicting ignition propensity of combustible fuel beds. For the conditions tested, powdered cellulose ignition appears to exhibit limiting behavior in two regimes: for larger spheres, temperatures below 600 C did not ignite the cellulose and spheres with diameters below 2.38 mm for steel or 2.03 mm for aluminum and temperatures up to 1100 C did not ignite the cellulose either. We also observed that in the range of sphere diameters from 4-8 mm, aluminum spheres of a given diameter are more likely to cause ignition than their steel counterparts. This seems to be due to the fact that the aluminum spheres are molten at temperatures greater than 657.2 C; melting contributes to a spheres bulk energy through the latent heat of melting and allows for sphere deformation and splatter during impact. Furthermore, qualitative analysis of high speed schlieren videos shows differences in pyrolysis and ignition behavior and suggests that, different controlling processes may be at work for spheres of different sizes and for molten versus solid spheres.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1368-1378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90784760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

Simplified Calculation for Fire Performance of Post-Tensioned Timber Box Beams 后张箱梁防火性能的简化计算

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-640

Reuben Costello, A. Abu, P. Moss, A. Buchanan

引用次数: 4

Covalent functionalization of graphene oxide with flame retardant and its effect on thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy composites 氧化石墨烯与阻燃剂的共价功能化及其对环氧复合材料热稳定性和阻燃性的影响

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-895

Weizhao Hu, Lei Song, Jian Wang, Y. Hu, Ping Zhang

{"title":"Covalent functionalization of graphene oxide with flame retardant and its effect on thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy composites","authors":"Weizhao Hu, Lei Song, Jian Wang, Y. Hu, Ping Zhang","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-895","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the dispersion and fire retardant property in epoxy resin (EP), graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized via surface modification by a flame retardant which was synthesized by the reaction of methyl dichlorophosphate and 10-(2,5-dihydroxyl-phenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenan-threne-10-oxide (DOPO-BQ). The property of functionalized GO (FGO) was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, H- and P- nuclear magnetic resonance, X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Series different ratios of GO- and FGO- epoxy nanocomposites were obtained by in situ polymerization. The incorporation of FGO enhanced the thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy nanocomposites effectively. The thermal properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by TGA test in nitrogen atmosphere, indicating that FGO can improve the char residues. The flame retardancy of the nanocomposites was characterized by cone calorimeter test. The results showed that the incorporation of 2 wt.% FGO into EP decreased the value of peak heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, peak values of the CO release rate and CO2 release rate by 25%, 28%, 29.5%, 27% and 29%, respectively. This work confirms that the FGO is an effective solution for improving the thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy resins.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"170 1","pages":"895-904"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80668363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Fire testing of external combustible ship surfaces 船舶外部可燃物表面的防火试验

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-905

Franz Evegren, M. Rahm, M. Arvidson, T. Hertzberg

引用次数: 4