Fire Safety Science最新文献_第3页

Mathematical Modelling of Pool Fire Burning Rates in a Full- Scale Ventilated Tunnel 全尺寸通风隧道池火燃烧速率的数学模型

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-361

Hui Wang, H. Sahraoui

{"title":"Mathematical Modelling of Pool Fire Burning Rates in a Full- Scale Ventilated Tunnel","authors":"Hui Wang, H. Sahraoui","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-361","url":null,"abstract":"A computational fluid dynamic model with full coupling between gaseous and liquid phases is developed to predict buring rates of liquid pool fires in ventilated full-scale tunnel. Rates of fuel release are calculated using predictions of flame feedback to the surface of the pool. A pool fire in tunnel is modelled as an unsteady process, from the time of ignition until convergence to a quasi-steady burning rate. This feedback supports sustained flame above the pool surface and controls the burning rate of the fuel. The numerical model solves three dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with submodels for soot formation and thermal radiation transfer. Turbulent combustion process is modelled by an Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) by using two chemical reaction steps to CO prediction. The numerical model is shown to possess the ability to predict the effect of ventilation on burning rate and the initial growth period in a fullscale tunnel fire. The current study indicates that CO generation is relatively independent of position in the overfire region, and correlated solely as a function of mixture fraction. While no correlation of soot concentrations in terms of the mixture fraction is found. Abundant CO and soot are formed around the fire base, which is later deflected near the tunnel ceiling, and the backflow brings about the toxic products with a noticeable smoke stratification as the airflow velocity is below a critical value.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"361-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75487779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Combining Bromofluoropropene with Water Mist for Suppressing Deep Seated Wood Crib Fires 溴氟丙烯与细水雾复合扑灭深层木槽火灾

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1236

X. Ni, W. Chow, Shaogang Zhang, Mei Zhao, Zhongkui Zheng, Xishi Wang

引用次数: 1

Effects of Sample Width and Sidewalls on Downward Flame Spread over XPS Slabs 试样宽度和侧壁对XPS板火焰向下蔓延的影响

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-234

W. An, H. Xiao, Jinhua Sun, K. Liew, W. Yan, Y. Zhou, L. Jiang, X. Huang

{"title":"Effects of Sample Width and Sidewalls on Downward Flame Spread over XPS Slabs","authors":"W. An, H. Xiao, Jinhua Sun, K. Liew, W. Yan, Y. Zhou, L. Jiang, X. Huang","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-234","url":null,"abstract":"To study the effects of sample width and sidewalls on downward flame spread over extruded polystyrene (XPS) slabs, a series of laboratory-scale experiments were conducted. Flame shape, flame spread rate, mass loss rate and temperature were recorded. For XPS without sidewalls, the average maximum flame height (H) and average flame area per unit of width (A/w) rise linearly with an increase in sample width (w) and mass loss rate per unit of width. When sidewalls are absent, flame spread rate first drops and then rises with an increase in width. This trend is determined by gas-phase heat transfer. When sidewalls are present, flame spread rate increases with a rise in width, and solid-phase heat conduction determines the trend. Sidewall effects are comprised of four aspects: oxygen concentration near the sidewalls and gypsum board is low, which leads to reduced flame heat flux; upward and front air flow is intensified; the flame is stretched, and the surface flame is weakened; and molten XPS mass decreases. For narrow samples, H and A/w with sidewalls are higher than those without sidewalls, while the reverse was observed in wider samples. The mass loss rate, preheating length and average flame spread rate with sidewalls are smaller than those obtained without sidewalls. Flame spread acceleration with sidewalls occurs at a broader width than that without sidewalls. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical analysis.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"46 1","pages":"234-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86488639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Basic Experiment on the Heat Release Property of a Tsunami Fire Fueled by Debris and Fuel Oil Spilled on the Sea Surface Following Tsunami 海啸后海面散落的残骸和燃料油引发海啸火灾的放热特性基础实验

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-758

Tomoaki Nishino, Hidekazu Suzuki, T. Tsuchihashi

引用次数: 3

Thermal degradation and flame-retardant properties of epoxy acrylate resins modified with a novel flame retardant containing phosphorous and nitrogen 新型含磷氮阻燃剂改性环氧丙烯酸酯树脂的热降解及阻燃性能

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-883

X. Qian, Q. Tai, Yuan Hu, R. Yuen, T. Chee

{"title":"Thermal degradation and flame-retardant properties of epoxy acrylate resins modified with a novel flame retardant containing phosphorous and nitrogen","authors":"X. Qian, Q. Tai, Yuan Hu, R. Yuen, T. Chee","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-883","url":null,"abstract":"A novel monomer containing phosphorus and nitrogen (EBAPP) has been synthesized by allowing phenyl dichlorophosphate to react with ethylenediamine and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA). The structure of EBAPP was characterized by FTIR, 1 H NMR and 31 P NMR. A series of flame-retardant resins was obtained by blending EBAPP with epoxy acrylate (EA) in different ratios and exposing to the UV-light. The flame-retardant properties of the resins were characterized by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC). The results showed that the incorporation of EBAPP into EA could improve the flame retardancy of EA. The thermal properties of the resins were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in air atmosphere, indicating that EBAPP could improve the char residues at high temperature. Moreover, the thermal degradation of EA/EBAPP resins were investigated by the real-time fourier transform infrared spectra (RTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TGA-IR) analysis. The morphologies of the formed chars were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), demonstrating that 20 wt% of EBAPP in EA exhibited the most effective flame retardancy due to the dense char layers formed during combustion.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"27 1","pages":"883-894"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85490058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Fire Testing a New Fluorine-free AFFF Based on a Novel Class of Environmentally Sound High Performance Siloxane Surfactants 基于新型环保型高性能硅氧烷表面活性剂的新型无氟AFFF的燃烧测试

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1261

Ralf Hetzer, F. Kümmerlen, K. Wirz, D. Blunk

{"title":"Fire Testing a New Fluorine-free AFFF Based on a Novel Class of Environmentally Sound High Performance Siloxane Surfactants","authors":"Ralf Hetzer, F. Kümmerlen, K. Wirz, D. Blunk","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1261","url":null,"abstract":"The most effective fire extinguishing agents for pool fires are Aqueous Film Forming Foams (AFFF). Today, all available AFFF contain polyfluorinated compounds (PFC), i.e. polyfluorinated tensides (PFT), to establish the aqueous film on the surface of a burning liquid. These fluorinated compounds are persistent, potentially bio-accumulative and toxic. Therefore it is essential to find environmentally sound substitutes for these problematic surfactants. Commercially available fluorine-free foams (FfreeF) lack the ability of aqueous film formation. Although FfreeF are performing well in many situations [1,2], there are numerous scenarios where an aqueous film forming component is mandatory for fast fire extinguishing, e.g. in case of burning liquids. To achieve a well performing AFFF, a new approach is to replace the film forming PFC/PFT by siloxane surfactants. Today, siloxane surfactants are typically used in plant protective agents, in textile surface treatment and as lubricants. As the properties of commercially available siloxane surfactants are not suitable for AFFF, new siloxane surfactants were designed, synthesized and tested for their suitability as film forming ingredients in AFFF formulations. The surface activity and foaming behaviour of model formulations have been determined. Finally, one experimentally fluorine-free AFFF formulation has been subjected to fire tests. In this context a new fire test for scarcely available chemicals is presented.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"29 1","pages":"1261-1270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85277238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 37

Experimental Study on Suppression of Methane Explosion Containing Obstacles with Ultra-fine Water Mist 超细水雾抑制含障碍物甲烷爆炸的实验研究

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1247

H. Xue, Y. Li, P. Zhu, W. Qin, Xishi Wang

引用次数: 1

Ignition temperature and surface emissivity of heterogeneous loosely packed materials from pyrometric measurements 热法测量非均质松散堆积材料的点火温度和表面发射率

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-262

B. Dlugogorski, S. Hirunpraditkoon, E. Kennedy

{"title":"Ignition temperature and surface emissivity of heterogeneous loosely packed materials from pyrometric measurements","authors":"B. Dlugogorski, S. Hirunpraditkoon, E. Kennedy","doi":"10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-262","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the ignition temperature and emissivity of heterogeneous materials characterised by high void fraction of between 0.92 and 0.94 and composed of loose particles of shredded grass and paper, planed wood, shredded plastic bags, as well as sugar and bread, with about 95 % of the particles (by mass) of less than 50 mm in size. These materials reflect a typical composition and void fraction of so-called refusederived fuels (RDF), which are obtained from municipal solid waste, then densified and combusted for energy recovery. An infrared pyrometer, with a spectral response range of 8 to 14 µm, recorded the surface temperature of the surrogate RDF, prior to the onset of the flaming combustion, in a stand alone mass loss calorimeter operated at 20 and 45 kW m -2 . The overlapping spectral ranges of the pyrometer and the radiator heater necessitated the development of a practical methodology to obtain the actual surface temperature from the apparent measurements, which included the effect of the reflected radiation. In addition to surface temperatures (292 ‐ 325 °C for 20 kW m -2 and 250 ‐ 294 °C for 45 kW m -2 ), in this contribution, we estimate the actual emissivities (0.95 ‐ 0.98) of the materials from the intensity of the reflected radiation.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"66 1","pages":"262-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87755749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Temperature Field of Fire Room under Stack Effect in a Scaled High-rise Building Model 高层建筑模型烟囱效应下火灾室内温度场特性的实验研究

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-419

W. Shi, J. Ji, Jinhua Sun, S. Lo, Linjie Li, X. Yuan

{"title":"Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Temperature Field of Fire Room under Stack Effect in a Scaled High-rise Building Model","authors":"W. Shi, J. Ji, Jinhua Sun, S. Lo, Linjie Li, X. Yuan","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-419","url":null,"abstract":"A set of experiments were conducted in a scaled building model with 12 floors to study on the temperatures of fire room under stack effect in a high-rise building. The fuel mass loss rate, radiant flux, heat flux and temperatures in the atria and fire room at the first floor were experimentally investigated. The flames of pool fires in room are tilted towards the staircase under the air flow induced by the stack effect. The mass loss rate of fuel is influenced slightly by the position of window opened in the staircase, while the temperature distribution in the atria and fire room is different in the opened and closed staircases. The hot smoke temperatures in the atria and fire room at the first floor increase with an increasing pool size. The upper hot smoke temperatures in the atria are higher than those in the fire room in cases with an opened staircase. Compared different positions of the window opened in the staircase, it can be found that the upper hot smoke temperatures in the atria in cases with the 3 rd floor window opened are the highest due to the weaker stack effect. In the closed staircases, the upper hot smoke temperatures in the fire room are great higher than these in the atria at the first floor. Besides, the radiant flux and heat flux of the left sidewalls of staircase in an opened staircase are higher than those in a closed staircase, due to the tilted flame. The results obtained in this paper may be used for the safety design of the room in high-rise buildings.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"66 1","pages":"419-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83810245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Finding the Probability of Doors Being Open Using a Continuous Position Logger 使用连续位置记录器寻找门打开的概率

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-969

K. Frank, M. Spearpoint, S. Weddell

引用次数: 4