{"title":"Risk scoring systems for early prediction of short-term mortality in resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.","authors":"Tharusan Thevathasan, Ulf Landmesser, Anne Freund, Janine Pöss, Carsten Skurk, Holger Thiele, Steffen Desch","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2025.2449899","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2025.2449899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a critical condition associated with high mortality rates and neurological impairment among survivors. In comatose OHCA patients who achieve return of spontaneous circulation, early risk stratification is important to inform treatment pathways and potentially improve outcomes. A range of prognostic tools have been developed to predict survival and neurological recovery. Each tool incorporates a unique combination of clinical, biochemical and physiological markers.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review article evaluates the required clinical data, predictive performances and practical applicability of major risk scores. A literature review was conducted in PubMed and Embase for studies published between January 2000 and October 2024. The review emphasizes the variability in discriminative power among the selected scores, with some models offering high sensitivity and specificity in outcome prediction, while others prioritize simplicity and accessibility.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Despite the advancements of these tools, limitations persist in data dependency and the clinical adaptability, highlighting areas for future improvement. Integrating artificial intelligence and real-time analytics could enhance predictive accuracy, offering dynamic prognostic capabilities that adapt to individual patient trajectories. This evolution must be grounded in ethical considerations to ensure predictive technologies complement rather than replace clinical judgment, balancing technology's potential with the complexities of individualized patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142921120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mazhed Kheyrbek, Sam Alsabti, Shailesh Niroula, Ela Ahmad, Mustapha Choucair, Unnati Bhatia, Adam Wernette, Karan Chhabra, Kateryna Strubchevska, Ivan Hanson, Alexandra Halalau
{"title":"Safety and efficacy of cerebral embolic protection systems in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mazhed Kheyrbek, Sam Alsabti, Shailesh Niroula, Ela Ahmad, Mustapha Choucair, Unnati Bhatia, Adam Wernette, Karan Chhabra, Kateryna Strubchevska, Ivan Hanson, Alexandra Halalau","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2445256","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2445256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stroke is a potential complication of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). Recent trials evaluating Cerebral Embolic Protection Systems (CEPS) to reduce the incidence of stroke after TAVR have been conflicting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multiple databases were searched for studies comparing TAVR with or without CEPS and that reported on the primary outcome of periprocedural stroke. Two authors individually screened the titles, the abstracts and the full texts using Covidence. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane's ROB-2 and ROBINS-I tools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 15 studies (3 randomized controlled trials, 7 national registries, and 5 cohort studies) met the eligibility criteria and were included in our review. CEPS was associated with lower rates of periprocedural stroke [OR 0.71 (95% CI 0.55, 0.93) <i>p</i> = 0.012], as well as lower rates of mortality [OR 0.60 (95% CI 0.49, 0.74) <i>p</i> < 0.001]. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of acute kidney injury [OR 0.91 (95% CI 0.82, 1.01) <i>p</i> = 0.087], major vascular complications [OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.83, 1.14) <i>p</i> = 0.734], and major life-threatening bleeding [OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.73, 1.07) <i>p</i> = 0.222].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that the use of CEPS in TAVR is associated with a lower risk of periprocedural stroke and mortality.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>The PROSPERO identification number is CRD42022374055.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Felicity de Vere, Nadeev Wijesuriya, Sandra Howell, Mark K Elliott, Vishal Mehta, Nilanka N Mannakkara, Marina Strocchi, Steven A Niederer, Christopher A Rinaldi
{"title":"Optimizing outcomes from cardiac resynchronization therapy: what do recent data and insights say?","authors":"Felicity de Vere, Nadeev Wijesuriya, Sandra Howell, Mark K Elliott, Vishal Mehta, Nilanka N Mannakkara, Marina Strocchi, Steven A Niederer, Christopher A Rinaldi","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2445246","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2445246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) is an effective treatment for heart failure (HF) in approximately two-thirds of recipients, with a third remaining CRT 'non-responders.' There is an increasing body of evidence exploring the reasons behind non-response, as well as ways to preempt or counteract it.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review will examine the most recent evidence regarding optimizing outcomes from CRT, as well as explore whether traditional CRT indeed remains the best first-line therapy for electrical resynchronization in HF. We will start by discussing methods of preempting non-response, such as refining patient selection and procedural technique, before reviewing how responses can be optimized post-implantation. For the purpose of this review, evidence was gathered from electronic literature searches (via PubMed and GoogleScholar), with a particular focus on primary evidence published in the last 5 years.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Ever-expanding research in the field of device therapy has armed physicians with more tools than ever to treat dyssynchronous HF. Newer developments, such as artificial intelligence (AI) guided device programming and conduction system pacing (CSP) are particularly exciting, and we will discuss how they could eventually lead to truly personalized care by maximizing outcomes from CRT.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seher Sener, Yusuf Ziya Sener, Ezgi Deniz Batu, Ilker Ertugrul, Ozge Basaran, Yelda Bilginer, Tevfik Karagoz, Seza Ozen
{"title":"Evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated with hydroxychloroquine.","authors":"Seher Sener, Yusuf Ziya Sener, Ezgi Deniz Batu, Ilker Ertugrul, Ozge Basaran, Yelda Bilginer, Tevfik Karagoz, Seza Ozen","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2445800","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2445800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydroxychloroquine on cardiac functions and left ventricular mass in patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE).</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Fifty patients with cSLE undergoing treatment with hydroxychloroquine underwent echocardiographic evaluation. All patients exhibited negative disease activity markers and were clinically in remission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median duration of hydroxychloroquine exposure was 7.1 (5.2-9.5) years, with a median cumulative dose of 784.8 (509.5-3437.6) grams. No correlation was identified between the parameters of left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular mass index and geometry, and cumulative hydroxychloroquine dose (<i>p</i> = 0.245, <i>p</i> = 0.094, <i>p</i> = 0.146, respectively). Furthermore, no significant correlation was identified between the cumulative dose of hydroxychloroquine and diastolic cardiac parameters (all <i>p</i> > 0.05). A comparison of the patients who received a cumulative dose of hydroxychloroquine below the median dose (the low-dose group) with those who received a higher dose (the high-dose group) revealed no significant differences in the echocardiographic parameters (all <i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study indicate that chronic hydroxychloroquine use in patients with cSLE does not result in adverse changes in left ventricular mass or impairment of cardiac functions. However, these patients should undergo regular evaluation to monitor for the potential development of cardiotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Better blood pressure control with the nanoformulation of antihypertensive drugs.","authors":"Steven G Chrysant","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2438813","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2438813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hypertension is very common and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, strokes, and death. However, at present only 14% of patients of developing countries have their blood pressure (BP) well controlled. The causes for the failure to control the BP are multiple and one of them could be the formulation of antihypertensive drugs.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>The recent development of nanotechnology by incorporating the drugs into nanoparticles is a new promising field of nanomedicine and preliminary studies have shown this nanoformulation to be more effective in the treatment of hypertension than the existing drug formulations. Another recent development is the nanoformulation of genes used for the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. For current information, a Medline search was conducted between 2017 and 2024 and 36 pertinent papers were selected.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The nanoformulations of drugs help achieve better drug concentrations, improve drug stability, low solubility, short half life, oral bioavailability, narrow therapeutic index, and poor pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and decrease the adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs. Also, the nanoformulation of genes for the treatment of hypertension has been shown in preliminary studies to be effective, but more research is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142779555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prasanna Sengodan, Ahmed Younes, Neeraj Shah, Ahmed Maraey, W Randolph Chitwood, Assad Movahed
{"title":"Contemporary review of the evolution of various treatment modalities for mitral regurgitation.","authors":"Prasanna Sengodan, Ahmed Younes, Neeraj Shah, Ahmed Maraey, W Randolph Chitwood, Assad Movahed","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2427622","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2427622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mitral regurgitation is one of the most common forms of valvular heart diseases for which there have been several innovative treatment strategies that have developed over the last several decades. We describe the various treatment modalities that have been used for the last several decades. All articles in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase were screened from inception to August 2024 for the following - 'Mitral valve regurgitation' 'Mitral valve repair' 'Mitral valve replacement' 'Robotic mitral surgery' 'Transcatheter mitral valve repair.'</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Mitral regurgitation (MR) is classified into primary and secondary MR. Causes of primary MR include degenerative disease, rheumatic heart disease, and infective endocarditis. Secondary MR is observed in the setting of left ventricle (LV) pathology, including ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy. In secondary MR, annular dilation, papillary muscle displacement, tethering of chordae tendineae and/or mitral valve (MV) leaflets result in leaflet restriction and malcoaptation.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>In this review, we discuss various modalities for the treatment of mitral regurgitation, as well as newer treatment options for MR including robotic MV repair and other minimally invasive procedures. Several ongoing randomized controlled trials in this topic will help shed more light and provide guidance to deliver the optimal care for our patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"639-651"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chiara Cirillo, Andrea Perillo, Emanuele Monda, Giuseppe Palmiero, Federica Verrillo, Marta Rubino, Gaetano Diana, Francesca Dongiglio, Martina Caiazza, Annapaola Cirillo, Adelaide Fusco, Carlo Fumagalli, Eduardo Bossone, Maria Giovanna Russo, Paolo Calabro, Giuseppe Limongelli
{"title":"Treatment options for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a patient-centric review.","authors":"Chiara Cirillo, Andrea Perillo, Emanuele Monda, Giuseppe Palmiero, Federica Verrillo, Marta Rubino, Gaetano Diana, Francesca Dongiglio, Martina Caiazza, Annapaola Cirillo, Adelaide Fusco, Carlo Fumagalli, Eduardo Bossone, Maria Giovanna Russo, Paolo Calabro, Giuseppe Limongelli","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2436659","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2436659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined by an increased left ventricular wall thickness not solely explainable by abnormal loading conditions. Estimated prevalence is 1:200-500 with roughly 60% of cases showing a familiar trait. Medical treatment and surgical interventions significantly altered prognosis in HCM. Recently, new therapies have been introduced in clinical practice and a patient-centric approach is key to HCM optimal management. This review aims to summarize the current HCM therapies focusing on the importance of personalized care and delineate therapeutic approaches under investigation.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>The review summarizes and critically evaluates the available data on currently available pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies for HCM. The evidence in support of the use of beta-blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, disopyramide, and cardiac myosin inhibitors is discussed. Furthermore, data and controversies on sudden death prevention, surgical and non-surgical septal reduction therapies are reported. Finally, future perspectives in HCM management such as new drugs and gene therapies are explored.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The authors stress the need for a personalized and tailored approach to managing patients with HCM, which is not only based on phenotypes and risk stratification, but also patients' preferences, needs, and beliefs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"625-637"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142779533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabio Angeli, Paolo Verdecchia, Alessio Mazzieri, Gianpaolo Reboldi
{"title":"Treatment of hypertension in the elderly: target the lowest well-tolerated blood pressure.","authors":"Fabio Angeli, Paolo Verdecchia, Alessio Mazzieri, Gianpaolo Reboldi","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2427637","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2427637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antihypertensive treatment provides substantial benefits in older people. However, many challenges remain, including the ideal blood pressure (BP) target to be achieved. Because the elderly population is particularly vulnerable to adverse events, BP control should be carefully managed. Some studies have evaluated the cardiovascular effects of different BP targets in older patients, with mixed results and uncertainty about the most appropriate BP target. However, pooled analyses suggest that intensive BP lowering provides greater cardiovascular protection than less intensive strategies in elderly hypertensive patients.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Understanding the balance between the risks and benefits of intensive BP targets and individualizing treatment is essential to ensure that older patients receive appropriate treatment to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications. We reviewed data from clinical trials which investigated the protective effects of BP lowering drugs in elderly hypertensive patients aged ≥65 years.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Evidence suggests that age does not preclude an aggressive strategy for treating hypertension in elderly patients. Being 'tolerant' with one hand and 'intensive' with the other should become a universal standard in the management of elderly hypertensive patients. The lowest well-tolerated BP could be a simple and universally applicable BP target in the management of hypertensive patients, including the elderly.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"615-624"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142603799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amer Harky, Roshni S K Patel, Maya Yien, Abdullah Khaled, Dang Nguyen, Sakshi Roy, Mohamed Zeinah
{"title":"Risk management of patients with multiple CVDs: what are the best practices?","authors":"Amer Harky, Roshni S K Patel, Maya Yien, Abdullah Khaled, Dang Nguyen, Sakshi Roy, Mohamed Zeinah","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2427634","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2427634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Managing patients with multiple risk factors for CVDs can present distinct challenges for healthcare providers, therefore addressing them can be paramount to optimize patient care.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This narrative review explores the burden that CVDs place on healthcare systems as well as how we can best optimize the risk management of these patients. Through a comprehensive review of literature, guidelines and clinical studies, this paper explores various approaches to risk management, lifestyle modifications and pharmacological interventions utilized in the management of CVDs. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as machine learning (ML) are discussed, highlighting potential opportunities for future research. By reviewing existing recommendations and evidence, this paper aims to provide insight into optimizing strategies and improving the outcomes for patients with multiple CVDs.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Optimizing risk factors can have a significant impact on patient outcomes, as such each patient should have a clear plan on how to manage these risk factors to minimize adverse healthcare results.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"603-614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean-Claude Asaker, Mridul Bansal, Aryan Mehta, Melvin G Joice, Rachna Kataria, Marwan Saad, J Dawn Abbott, Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula
{"title":"Short-term and long-term outcomes of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with cardiogenic shock.","authors":"Jean-Claude Asaker, Mridul Bansal, Aryan Mehta, Melvin G Joice, Rachna Kataria, Marwan Saad, J Dawn Abbott, Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula","doi":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2409437","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14779072.2024.2409437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cardiogenic shock is severe circulatory failure that results in significant in-hospital mortality, related morbidity, and economic burden. Patients with cardiogenic shock are at high risk for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, particularly within the subset of patients with an overlap of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review article will explore the prevalence, definition, management, and outcomes of common arrhythmias in patients with cardiogenic shock. This review will describe the pathophysiology of arrhythmia in cardiogenic shock and the impact of inotropic agents on increased arrhythmogenicity. In addition to medical management, focused assessment of mechanical circulatory support, radiofrequency ablation, deep sedation, and stellate ganglion block will be provided.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>We will navigate the limited data and describe the prognostic impacts of arrhythmia. Finally, we will conclude the review with a discussion of prevention strategies, research limitations, and future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12098,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"537-551"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}