{"title":"Two new Raabena species and a new Pararaabena species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida) with redescriptions of Raabena bella and Pararaabena dentata","authors":"Akira Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The genera <em>Raabena</em> and <em>Pararaabena</em> (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida, Blepharocorythidae) were monospecific, and their type species are <em>Raabena bella</em> Wolska, 1967 and <em>Pararaabena dentata</em> Wolska, 1968. They have been found in Asian elephants and closely resemble each other: ovoid and laterally compressed body; non-retractable adoral ciliary zone; funnel-shaped vestibulum; three non-retractable somatic ciliary arches. Furthermore, the positional relationship between the vestibular ciliary zone and the anterior dorsal ciliary zone identifies <em>Raabena</em> and <em>Pararaabena</em>: these two ciliary zones are connected in <em>Raabena</em> while they are separated in <em>Pararaabena</em><span>. While investigating entodiniomorphid ciliates of Asian elephants, the author often encountered ciliates similar to </span><em>Raabena bella</em> but with a sinuous body or with a small body and ciliates similar to <em>Pararaabena dentata</em> but with a slender body or with no or two caudal lobes. In this study, their general morphology and infraciliature were compared to <em>R. bella</em> and <em>P. dentata</em> to know whether they are new species or morphological variations in a species. As a result, the present study redescribed <em>R. bella</em> and <em>P. dentata</em>, and described <em>R. sinuosa</em> n. sp., <em>R. bellafilia</em> n. sp., <em>P. gracilis</em><span> n. sp., and morphotypes of </span><em>P. dentata</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 125986"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10022855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angela L. Creevy , David M. Wilkinson , Roxane Andersen , Richard J. Payne
{"title":"Testate amoebae response and vegetation composition after plantation removal on a former raised bog","authors":"Angela L. Creevy , David M. Wilkinson , Roxane Andersen , Richard J. Payne","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Extensive drainage of peatlands<span> in north-west Europe for the purposes of afforestation for timber production and harvesting has altered the carbon balance<span><span> and biodiversity value. Large-scale restoration projects aim to reinstate hydrological conditions to keep carbon locked up in the peat and to restart active peat growth. Testate amoebae are an informal grouping of well-studied </span>protists<span> in peatland environments and as microbial consumers play an important role in nutrient and carbon cycling. Using a space for time substitution approach, this study investigated the response of testate amoebae assemblages and vegetation composition after tree removal on a drained raised bog. There was a clear difference in microbial assemblages between open and a chronosequence</span></span></span></span> <span>of restoration areas. Results suggest microbial recovery after rewetting is a slow process with plant composition showing a faster response than the microbial assemblage. Mixotrophic testate amoebae had not recovered seventeen years following plantation removal and the establishment of </span><em>Sphagnum</em><span> mosses in the wetter microforms. These results suggest that vegetation composition and Testate amoeba assemblages respond differently to environmental drivers at forest-to-bog restoration areas. Local physicochemical peat properties were a stronger driver of the testate assemblage compared with vegetation. Complete recovery of microbial assemblages may take place over decadal timescales.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 125977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9703381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yong Heng Phua , Javier Tejeda , Michael C. Roy , Filip Husnik , Kevin C. Wakeman
{"title":"Bacterial communities and toxin profiles of Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae) from the Pacific island of Okinawa, Japan","authors":"Yong Heng Phua , Javier Tejeda , Michael C. Roy , Filip Husnik , Kevin C. Wakeman","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Variations in toxicity of the benthic dinoflagellate </span><em>Ostreopsis</em><span><span> Schmidt 1901 have been attributed to specific molecular clades, biogeography of isolated strains, and the associated </span>bacterial community. Here, we attempted to better understand the biodiversity and the basic biology influencing toxin production of </span><em>Ostreopsis</em><span><span>. Nine clonal cultures were established from Okinawa, Japan, and identified using phylogenetic analysis of the ITS-5.8S rRNA and 28S </span>rRNA genes. Morphological analysis suggests that the apical pore complex L/W ratio could be a feature for differentiating </span><em>Ostreopsis</em> sp. 2 from the <em>O. ovata</em><span> species complex. We analyzed the toxicity and bacterial communities using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and PCR-free metagenomic sequencing. Ovatoxin was detected in three of the seven strains of </span><em>O</em>. cf. <em>ovata</em> extracts<em>,</em> highlighting intraspecies variation in toxin production. Additionally, two new potential analogs of ovatoxin-a and ostreocin-A were identified. Commonly associated bacteria clades of <em>Ostreopsis</em> were identified from the established cultures. While some of these bacteria groups may be common to <em>Ostreopsis</em> (Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteria-Sphingobacteria, and Enterobacterales)<em>,</em><span> it was not clear from our analysis if any one or more of these plays a role in toxin biosynthesis. Further examination of biosynthetic pathways in metagenomic data and additional experiments isolating specific bacteria from </span><em>Ostreopsis</em> would aid these efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 125976"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9703382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tardigrade stowaways: Literature review of Propyxidium tardigradum (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) and its first record in Scotland","authors":"Karol Wałach , Brian Blagden","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Tardigrades are a phylum of microscopic invertebrates with a global distribution. Although our understanding of their systematic position and taxonomy has increased and continues to grow, their relationship with the other organisms that share their habitat remains poorly studied. One such organism is </span><em>Propyxidium tardigradum</em><span><span>, a peritrich </span>ciliate which uses tardigrades for dispersion and as a substrate for reproduction. Here, we present the first Scottish record and tenth global occurrence of </span><em>Propyxidium tardigradum</em>, thereby expanding our knowledge of its poorly understood zoogeographic distribution. We also summarise the literature concerning <em>P</em>. <em>tardigradum</em> biology, proffer hypotheses regarding the <em>Propyxidium</em>-tardigrade relationship, and the apparent lack of heterotardigrade ciliate infestation. Additionally, we indicate a number of recommendations for the direction of future studies regarding the ciliate. Finally, we add a further three species, <em>Milnesium variefidum, Hypsibius</em> cf. <em>scabropygus and Macrobiotus scoticus</em> to the list of <em>Propyxidium</em> host species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 125974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10005326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra E. Lennartz (née Rybarski) , Frank Nitsche , Alexandra Schoenle , Claudia Voigt , Michael Staubwasser , Hartmut Arndt
{"title":"High diversity and isolated distribution of aquatic heterotrophic protists in salars of the Atacama Desert at different salinities","authors":"Alexandra E. Lennartz (née Rybarski) , Frank Nitsche , Alexandra Schoenle , Claudia Voigt , Michael Staubwasser , Hartmut Arndt","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The species richness of eukaryotes in the hypersaline environment is generally thought to be low. However, recent studies showed a high degree of phylogenetic novelty at these extreme conditions with variable chemical parameters. These findings call for a more thorough look into the species richness of hypersaline environments. In this study, various hypersaline lakes (salars, 1–348 PSU) as well as further aquatic ecosystems of northern Chile were investigated regarding diversity of heterotrophic protists by metabarcoding studies of surface water samples. Investigations of genotypes of 18S rRNA genes showed a unique community composition in nearly each salar and even among different microhabitats within one salar. The genotype distribution showed no clear connection to the composition of main ions at the sampling sites, but protist communities from similar salinity ranges (either hypersaline, hyposaline or mesosaline) clustered together regarding their OTU composition. Salars appeared to be fairly isolated systems with only little exchange of protist communities where evolutionary lineages could separately evolve.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 125987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10025414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Morphologic and molecular characterization of Apertospathula pilata n. sp., a novel freshwater spathidiid (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) from Idaho, USA.","authors":"W. Bourland","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4363217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4363217","url":null,"abstract":"Order Spathidiida Foissner and Foissner, 1988 comprises a large group of morphologically diverse, primarily predatory, free living ciliates, the phylogeny of which has remained stubbornly unresolved. Families Arcuospathidiidae and Apertospathulidae are two morphologically similar groups established on the basis of differences in the morphology of the oral bulge and circumoral kinety. While Arcuospathidiidae is non-monophyletic in 18S rRNA gene analyses, the Apertospathulidae has been represented by only a single Apertospathula sequence in public databases. In this report, a novel freshwater species, Apertospathula pilata n. sp. is described on the basis of living observation, silver impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy. The phylogeny of the new species is assessed based on the rRNA cistron. The main features distinguishing A. pilata n. sp. from all congeners are: the oral bulge extrusomes (filiform, up to 25 µm long), the combination of body size (130-193 µm) and shape (spatulate), the extensive oral bulge length (41% of the cell length after protargol impregnation), and multiple micronuclei (one to five, two on average). The monophyly of Apertospathulidae Foissner, Xu and Kreutz, 2005 is rejected.","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"89 1","pages":"125990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47785040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Siliceous scales in the centrohelid heliozoan Raphidocystis contractilis facilitate settlement to the substratum","authors":"Yumeng Wan , Mikihiko Arikawa , Akane Chihara , Toshinobu Suzaki","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The centrohelid heliozoan <em>Raphidocystis contractilis</em><span><span> has hundreds of small scales on the surface of the cell body. To understand the biological functions of the scales, comparative examinations were conducted between wild-type and scale-deficient strains that has naturally lost scales after long-term cultivation. The scale-deficient strain exhibited decreased adhesion to the substratum and had a lower </span>sedimentation rate<span> in water than the wild-type strain, suggesting that the scale may have the ability to attach quickly and strongly to the substratum. Percoll<span> density gradient centrifugation showed that the scale-deficient strain had a lower density than that of the wild-type strain. In the wild-type strain, more scaled cells were observed in the higher specific gravity fractions. During the long-term culture of cells, only the cells suspended in the upper area of the flask were transferred to fresh medium. By repeating this procedure, we may have selected only cells that did not possess normal scales. In the natural environment, centrohelid heliozoans are easily flushed away if they cannot adhere strongly to the bottom. These results suggest that they use scales to ensure effective adhesion to the substratum.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 125971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9368900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a novel saline soil ciliate, Urosoma quadrinucleatum n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)","authors":"Chen Shao , Jing Lyu , Tongxuan Li, Jingyi Wang, Chunyu Lian","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The morphology and morphogenesis<span> of a new saline soil hypotrichous </span></span>ciliate, </span><em>Urosoma quadrinucleatum</em><span> n. sp., collected from northwestern China, were studied based on live observations and protargol stained specimens. The new species is characterized as follows: size in vivo 90–130 × 20–30 μm; body outline elongate-elliptical with both ends broadly rounded; four macronuclear nodules; cortical granules present; paroral in front of endoral; usually 16 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri. </span><em>Urosoma quadrinucleatum</em> n. sp. has almost the same morphogenetic characteristics as its congeners <span><em>U. </em><em>gigantea</em></span> and <em>U. salmastra</em>, and differs from other three congeners whose morphogenesis is known in the formation of the frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen as well as the development of marginal and dorsal kineties anlagen. The sequence differences among <em>U. quadrinucleatum</em> n. sp. and other <em>Urosoma</em> species further support the validity of the present organism as novel species. Further, <em>U. quadrinucleatum</em> n. sp. clusters with <em>U. salmastra</em><span> in the phylogenetic<span> analyses based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequence data.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 125970"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9683694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Morphological and molecular analysis of Aggregata aspera n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) in Amphioctopus ovulum and Amphioctopus marginatus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) from the Western Pacific Ocean","authors":"Lihua Wang , Jing Ren , Xiaodong Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Aggregata</em><span> Frenzel, 1885 (Apicomplexa) are dangerous protozoan parasites that cause malabsorption syndrome in wild and reared cephalopod species, resulting in significant economic loss to fishery and aquaculture industries. The new parasitic species, </span><em>Aggregata aspera</em><span> n. sp., in the digestive tract of </span><em>Amphioctopus ovulum</em> and <em>Amphioctopus marginatus</em> from an area in the Western Pacific Ocean was identified, it is the second two-host parasite species of <em>Aggregata</em><span><span>. Mature oocysts and sporocysts were spherical to ovoid in shape. Sporulated oocysts were 380.6–1,158.4 μm in length and 284.0–1,090.6 μm in width. The mature sporocysts were 16.2–18.3 μm in length and 15.7–17.6 μm in width, with irregular protuberances on the lateral wall of the sporocysts. Sporozoites within mature sporocysts were curled in shape and measured 13.0–17.0 μm in length and 1.6–2.4 μm in width. Each sporocyst contained 12–16 sporozoites. </span>Phylogenetic tree<span> analysis, based on 18S rRNA gene partial sequences, indicated that </span></span><em>Ag. aspera</em> forms a monophyletic cluster within the genus <em>Aggregata</em> and has a sister relationship with <em>Ag. sinensis</em><span>. These findings will provide the theoretical basis for the histopathology and diagnosis of coccidiosis in cephalopods.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 125957"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9683700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toxicological impacts and likely protein targets of bisphenol a in Paramecium caudatum","authors":"Marcus V.X. Senra , Ana Lúcia Fonseca","doi":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejop.2023.125958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used plasticizer agent and a well-known ubiquitous endocrine disruptor, which is frequently associated with a series of reproductive, developmental, and transgenerational effects over wildlife, livestocks, and humans. Although extensive toxicological data is available for metazoans, the impact of BPA over unicellular eukaryotes, which represents a considerable proportion of eukaryotic diversity, remains largely overlooked. Here, we used acute end-point toxicological assay and an inverted virtual-screening (IVS) approach to evaluate cellular impairments infringed by BPA over the cosmopolitan ciliated protist, <em>Paramecium caudatum</em>. Our data indicate a clear time-dependent effect over <em>P. caudatum</em> survival, which seems to be a consequence of disruptions to multiple core cellular functions, such as DNA and cell replication, transcription, translation and signaling pathways. Finally, the use of this ciliate as a biosensor to monitor BPA within environments and the relevance of bioinformatic methods to leverage our current knowledge on the impacts of emerging contaminants to biological systems are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12042,"journal":{"name":"European journal of protistology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 125958"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9668536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}