Environment & Ecosystem Science最新文献

{"title":"IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WHEAT PRODUCTION IN NAWALPARASI (B.S.W) DISTRICT, NEPAL","authors":"Bibhor Gauli, M. Karki, D. Poudel, S. Poudel, Apil Chhetri","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.73.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.73.77","url":null,"abstract":"Survey research was conducted in Nawalparasi (B.S.W) district to assess farmers’ perception on climate change and the impact of climate change in wheat production. The survey was conducted in four municipalities (rural municipality). A total of 83 respondents were involved in this study. The primary data were collected through survey questionnaire, direct observation, focus group discussion, whereas secondary data on wheat area, production and productivity from different sources were also collected. The majority of the respondents (90.4%) perceived about climate change while 9.4% respondents were not aware about climate change. Furthermore, out of the respondents mentioning changes in temperature, rainfall duration, rainfall amount, dew and winter monsoon around 95.2%, 91.9%, 92.4%, 94% and 90.3% of them opinionated that there were changes in wheat production because of these factors respectively. Moreover, t-test and probit model analysis showed that there was great impact of climate change in wheat production and impact is increasing yearly in Nawalparsi(B.S.W) district. So, Government and policymakers should focus on climate resilient adaptation strategies formulation for crop cultivation through intensive research and extension packages. Adoption of technology to reduce the impact of climate change should be encouraged to gain optimum wheat production.","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88697042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CONTRIBUTION OF SATELLITE IMAGERY TO THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIMATE AND PYROLOGICAL VARIABLES OF BUSH FIRES IN THE SAVANNAH ZONE (case of the BOUNKANI REGION)","authors":"K. Sie, Talnan Jean Honore Coulibaly, Naga Coulibaly, I. Savane, Lanciné Droh Goné, Koffi Claude Alain Kouadio, Houebagnon Saint Jean Patrick Coulibaly, Souleymane Cissé, Issa Camara, Gaoussou Sylla","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.64.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.64.72","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was undertaken to characterize the bushfire regime and the climatic factors influencing its propagation in the Bounkani region. Thus, this work analyzes the spatio-temporal dynamics of fires and the relationship between climatic variables and pyrological variables. First, it exploits time series of active fires and burned areas from MODIS Active fires (MCD14ML) and MODIS Burned area (MCD60A1) data for the period from 2000 to 2017. The methodology is based on the evaluation of seasonality and fire occurrences, and on the spatio-temporal evolution of fires. The results obtained indicate that, on average, the fire season occurs between the months of November and March, generally corresponding to the dry season. Also, the number of fires and the area burned follow a decreasing trend during the 17 years of study. The months of December and January recorded the highest peaks of burned areas and fire outbreaks respectively. Finally, the analysis of the dependence between climatic variables and pyrological variables by the Pearson correlation method showed the influence of climatic parameters in the outbreak and spread of bushfires in the study area. Precipitation and relative humidity are the best predictors with a negative influence on fire activity, while the positive predictors remain temperature. These variables directly impact fire regime in general. The results of this study will assist policy makers and managers in decision making for the implementation of fire control strategies.","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89647754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECTS OF COPPER TOXICITY ON DIFFERENT GROWTH ATTRIBUTES OF PHLOX DRUMMONDII","authors":"S. Fatima, N. Aslam, S. Khalid","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.58.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.58.63","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metal contamination is one of the major problems prevailing in environment. Copper in high concentration is considered to have serious effects on plant growth parameters which results in chlorosis, disturbed mineral uptake and stunted growth. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of Phlox drummondii to tolerate and accumulate high copper doses. Plants were exposed to copper toxicity at three different concentrations (10 ppm, 20 ppm and 30 ppm) by using copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O). Results showed that chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids of treated plants decreased significantly (p˂0.05) with the increase of copper concentration. Selected copper levels showed no effect on plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and ascorbic acid (p>0.05). Relative water content increased significantly (p˂0.05) as compared to control plants. Copper uptake by roots of treated plants was greater as compared to control plants indicating Phlox drummondii ability to grow well in the copper contaminated soils and could be classified as copper tolerant plant. Copper tolerance by phlox was associated with its capacity to absorb and accumulate in roots preventing translocation of metal to other photosynthetic tissues. Therefore, Phlox drummondii has the characteristic to be used as hyperaccumulator by vegetating in copper contaminated soils. Further studies at genetic level would play a key role in understanding the tolerance mechanism of Phlox drummondii towards copper contamination.","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73330270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TROPICAL RAINFOREST SOILS FORMED FROM DIFFERENT GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA","authors":"C. Madueke, I. Okore, E. C. Maduekeh, A. Onunwa, Maduabuchi Johnbosco Okafor, E. C. Nnabuihe, T. Nwosu","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.47.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.47.57","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the nature, properties and potentials of soils is grossly inadequate in the rainforest belt of southeastern Nigeria. As such, policymakers and other land users have tended to subscribe to unduly generalized ideas about the soils of the region. This has led to improper land use planning and aggravated land degradation. This necessitated the need for the comparative evaluation of the nature and potentials of the soils of the region to determine their degree of variability. Profile pits were dug in four towns underlain by different geologic formations: Umungwa (Benin Formation), Umuawa Ogii (Nsukka Formation), Ikpem (Igbaku Sandstones) and Amuro (Imo Clay Shales). The soils were characterized and classified using the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Taxonomy and land capability classification. The variability of soils across the different sites was subsequently analysed using the coefficient of variation (CV). The results show that the variability of sand across the study sites was moderate (20 – 21 %), silt was high (63 %), clay ranged from moderate (34 %) to high (52 %), while hydraulic conductivity was very high (128 – 144 %). Similarly, with regards to the chemical properties, soil pH and base saturation ranged from moderate (20 – 49 %) to high (52 %), while effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and aluminium saturation were high (70 – 77 %). It was concluded that the soils of southeastern Nigeria are very heterogeneous. Undue generalization should consequently be discouraged.","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82981280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BREAK FREE FROM PLASTICS: ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVES AND EVIDENCE FROM RWANDA","authors":"Janvier Hakuzimana","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.27.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.27.36","url":null,"abstract":"Plastics production (i.e 450 million tons per annum globally), use and disposal (i.e 300 million tons per annum globally) are one of the top environmental concerns and global waste management impediments. Nevertheless, nearly 90% of all plastics ever produced to present has never been recycled. Over the past decades, researchers’ voices have repeatedly been raised for acting and saving inland as well as aquatic ecosystems being harmed by the increasing plastic pollution. Microplastics have been reported by several studies to be in tap water, bottled drinks and in fish we eat. Consequently, conventions and agreements have been signed, laws and regulations enforced (banning, increased taxation, etc) in various regions and countries across the globe for lessening plastics harm on the environment. In this struggle, Rwanda looks to be in front line in beating plastic pollution crisis compared to other regional and continental countries; hence resulted in calling its capital Kigali by many, “the Africa’s cleanest city”. This success behind plastics break free could be attributed to Rwanda’s current strong institutional, political will (promotion of plastic recycling and reuse), legal frameworks (e.g non- biodegradable plastic bags ban, outlawing of single-use plastic items, penalties, severe fines, etc) and active citizens (e.g monthly community works also known as umuganda etc) in terms of eliminating plastic pollution, foster socio-economic development and environmental protection. These strategies do not only protect the environment but also save the money that the government would spend in cleaning the cities and facilitate the advertising of the country for its eco-friendliness; resulting in its tourism development. Recently, similar initiatives of reducing or banning plastics have been taken by several governments in African ,, lower-income countries and developed ones from other regions across the globe due to either limited recycling facilities, inadequate plastics trash disposal or as a solution to overcome the increase of plastic pollution which harm humans, farm animals, aquatic lives (fishes, sea turtles, etc), and the environment health. Thus, the present paper reviews the current knowledge of environmental impacts of plastics, approaches adopted for alleviating the harm from plastics in Rwanda and their implementation procedures which gave credits to the country on global environmental protection scene so that lessons from these practices can be implemented by other countries which aim at reducing plastics waste and associated pollution. The current solid waste management (i.e mainly plastics) and challenges are also discussed in order to be addressed by the authority in charge. Data and literature were retrieved from peer-reviewed journal articles, websites, books, reports, dissertations, local and international online newspapers. Despite significant efforts made towards a plastic free country, less has been written on plastic pollution ","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85984360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A REVIEW OF WETLANDS AND COASTAL RESOURCES OF THE NIGER DELTA: POTENTIALS, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS","authors":"N. H. O., Okujagu, D.C.","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.37.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.37.46","url":null,"abstract":"Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. The Niger Delta in Nigeria is the largest wetland in Africa and the third largest mangrove forest in the world with three sites listed as Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance. The Niger Delta wetlands and coastal resources are of high monetary significance to the local dwellers and the nation in general. This highly coveted wetland is changing rapidly, raising concern for its attendant implication on the communities relying upon its ecosystem potentials. A comprehensive data of the facilities delivered by wetlands is a significant key for real-time wetland ecosystem management. Existing literatures, were synthesized for this review on the potentials, challenges and prospects of the Niger Delta wetlands. It is pertinent from this review that the Niger Delta Wetland is wealthy in aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity of high financial significance to development of Nigeria, and is being challenged by natural and human activities such as dam construction, logging/lumbering, over-grazing, unrestrained tilling of soil for crop production, wetland reclamation, dredging, oil and gas exploration, over-fishing, invasive plant infestation, pollution, Coastal Infrastructure construction, poverty, droughts, desertification, sand storm, alien invasion, sea rising, erosion, etc. The Niger Delta Wetlands harbor tremendous wealth and supply many services that are necessary for human well-being such as location for spiritual renewal and recreation (eco-tourism), flood control, climate regulation, crop pollination, soil regeneration, raw material, energy, air and water purification; food chain supply, and medicines (Herbal solutions). This review postulates that in view of the immense significance and status of the Niger Delta Wetlands, effective and sequential monitoring be put in place by the establishment of centers of excellence in all universities in the Niger Delta Region with emphasis on studying the rich economic diversity of the wetland using remote sensing and Geographic Information System technologies for efficient conservation and management of the wetland resources.","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89110803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE IMPACT OF THE LOCKDOWN ON AIR QUALITY IN RESULT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC OVER HUBEI PROVINCE, CHINA","authors":"Faisal Mumtaz, Yu Tao, Barjeece Bashir, Hamid Faiz, M. Kareem, A. Ahmad, Hammad Ul Hassan","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.15.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.15.22","url":null,"abstract":"The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infectious respiratory disease becomes a global pandemic in few weeks from its start in December 2019 to early 2020. Various countries across the world including China went to lockdown and several caution were implemented to reduce the further spread of this infectious disease. Wuhan (China) was the first city to impose the lockdown for controlling the impact of COVID-19. The lockdown unexpectedly gives the scientific community a chance to investigate the influence of the human activity on air pollution in real world scenario. The present study attempted to investigate the impact of lockdown during the ongoing viral disease on the changes of fine particulate matters and some unhealthy gases i.e. PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, O3, AQI and NO2 over Hubei province of China, by using ground station data and TROPOMI satellite data. The air pollutants were compared as, (i) pre COVID-19 period (i.e. October-December 2019), (ii) throughout the lockdown in Hubei province (i.e. January 2020-March 2020) and Post lockdown duration (i.e. April 2020-June 2020). Results clearly showed that air quality was not secured due to high emission of CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10 on Pre COVID-19 times, but under the lockdown continuously decrease in NO2 from (54 mg/cm3 to 26 mg/cm3), SO2 (10.5 mg/cm3 to 7.77 mg/cm3) PM2.5 (49.22 mg/cm3 to 44.34 mg/cm3), PM10 concentrations (80.83 mg/cm3 to 57.04 mg/cm3) and AQI (72.95 mg/cm3 to 49.64 mg/cm3) has been observed. Because lockdown shuts all anthropogenic activities like industrial work, traffic vehicles and various socio-economic activities, which developed a healthy change on air quality. Emission of unhealthy gases and particulates were quite clear during the lockdown but again increase after finishing the lockdown period. However, we don’t support the lockdown as a measure for the betterment of air quality as this has severely posed negative impacts on the socio-economic processes and progress, but changes in human behavior of using industries and vehicles can help us to improve the air quality.","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80361829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BOAL (WALLAGO ATTU) FISH ABANDONMENT IN KELEGHAI RIVER, WEST BENGAL: AN IDEA BASED CLARIFICATION","authors":"Mrinmay Mandal, N. Chatterjee, S. Burman","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.23.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.23.26","url":null,"abstract":"Aquatic freshwater fish diversity immensely declines from several native places in West Bengal. Lots of freshwater fish have been extricated and some become endangered or vulnerable in condition as well as in Keleghai river. Aquatic ecosystem meltdown or crisis due to anthropogenic intervention resulted disappearance of eco-sensitive species. Such, appearance of Boal (Wallago attu) fish in this river was very common but now it’s very amazing to see or to catch it. The number of this species decreased radically before some decades. The present study conducts an empirical investigation to find out the reasons are behind it. Lacking of printed information, the work concentrated on knowledge and perception of experienced fisherman for understanding the fact by interviewing method. After qualitative investigation, the study recommends that simplification of food web in this aquatic ecosystem is the major cause of abandonment of Attu fish in this river. Other important causes are advance unethical fishing techniques, habitat loss, and enormous use of chemical pesticide and fertilizer in wetlands.","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91297066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS","authors":"Saba-Ikhlas Malik, Sidra Mumtaz, S. Akhtar, Iqra Zahoor, Soha Kanwal, Mubbra Habib, Mehmood Ahmed Husnain Hashmi, Muhammad sakandar Majid","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.10.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.10.14","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explore the environmental protection agency (EPA) issues and also suggest solutions that will help to solve these issues. Method: We have used an analysis method for our study. We used the environmental protection agency (EPA) website, report, and previously published reports to evaluate issues. Results: Our results show that the environmental protection agency (EPA) has issues in workload and also in information security. We analyze both issues deeply and recommend some changes to the environmental protection agency (EPA) which includes a pilot project, a staffing plan for the entire department, measurements of the security, and tracking of the environmental protection agency (EPA) framework. Conclusion: From the whole analyses we conclude that the environmental protection agency (EPA) and office of inspectors general need to focus on that issue. There is a need for them to improve the problems that occur in such policies that are designed to save the atmosphere and human health.","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90729682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHARACTERIZATION, FORECASTING AND ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT IMPACTS IN THE SUDANO-SAHELIAN CLIMATE OF GOURMA PROVINCE IN BURKINA FASO","authors":"Julius Okoth Omondi, Isaac Chitedze, Judith Kumatso","doi":"10.26480/ees.01.2021.01.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2021.01.09","url":null,"abstract":"Natural hazards such as agricultural droughts impact negatively on crop yields and economic activities. Characterization of agricultural droughts provides precise and accurate information for decision making processes during agricultural drought events. Planning and responding to the hazards by government, and non-governmental organizations in the Sudano-Sahelian belt has been limited in the past due to knowledge gap on the nature and impact of the hazard. This study seeks to characterize historical agricultural droughts, assess their impact on crop yields and people’s susceptibility to undernourishment and through forecasting, unravel what the future holds. Annual effective reconnaissance drought index values are computed using mean monthly potential evapotranspiration and effective precipitation data. To assess the impact of agricultural drought, the index’s values are compared to crop yields and prevalence to undernourishment data. Results show that agricultural drought events of 1983 and 2008 are mild and ephemeral while the 1999 – 2006 event is severe and protracted. While there is 26% chance of materialization of an agricultural drought in Gourma, the chance of being ephemeral and of moderate category is the highest (8%). It has been determined that an ephemeral and moderate agricultural drought would trigger below average yields for maize, sorghum and millet. Mild, moderate and severe events increase prevalence to undernourishment by 2.9 %, 4.3 % and 5.8 % respectively. From 2020 to 2030, a continued materialization of agricultural droughts is expected","PeriodicalId":12034,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Ecosystem Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73885815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}