Psychological Applications and Trends最新文献

{"title":"THE FRAGILITY OF REMEMBERING – DATA FROM CLINICAL CASES","authors":"A. Staniloiu, H. Markowitsch","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact028","url":null,"abstract":"\"False memories, memory distortions, confabulations, and other forms of memory aberrations and deficits occur in everyday life and – more frequently – in neurological and psychiatric patients. We studied such changes of memories in 42 patients with alcoholic Korsakoff’s syndrome, 18 with clipped or ruptured aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery [ACoA], 41 with a diagnosis of dissociative amnesia, and 52 healthy control individuals. All three patient groups had severe memory deficits. The neurological patients had deficits both with respect to acquiring new semantic and episodic memories, while the psychiatric patients were unable to retrieve episodic memories only. Both the neurological and the psychiatric patients had major problems in retrieving old episodic memories. However, the groups differed in that way, that the neurological patients tried to compensate their deficits by showing numerous confabulations (especially patients from the Korsakoff’s group), while the group with ruptures and repairs of their ACoAs showed a considerably tendency towards producing false memories. The psychiatric patients, on the hand, demonstrated a total lack of retrieving episodic memories from their past and showed no efforts to invent or generate alternative memories. It is concluded that especially the prefrontal cortex (frontal lobes) and its associated structures (mediodorsal thalamus, which is regularly degenerated in patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome) are relevant in controlling proper and accurate retrieval of information. This statement also seems to be confirmed from functional imaging results in patients with dissociative amnesia who show a reduced prefrontal metabolism. For normal individuals, states which reduce alertness (e.g., fatigue, sleep deprivation) and consequently dampen prefrontal control functions, similarly can lead to a heightened degree of fragile memory retrieval.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115665714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WHY DONATE AND FOR WHAT? THE PSEUDOINEFFICACY BIAS IN DONATING BEHAVIOR","authors":"F. Tommasi, Sofia Morandini, A. Meneghini, Andrea Ceschi, R. Sartori, Marija Gostimir","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact084","url":null,"abstract":"\"Charitable donations represent a possible indirect way to face the social challenge of poverty with people donating a certain amount of money independently of their social status and social roles. As such, scholarly authors devoted to the study of charity and donating behavior have proposed several models following different perspectives to explain the motivational factors and the individual conditions affecting donating behavior. In the present study, we aim at contributing to the selfish altruism model by suggesting the effect of pseudoinefficacy as possible cognitive bias which may be detrimental for deciding to donate. On the one hand, the selfish altruism model has gained notable attention as a possible explanation of the decision-making process underlying donating behavior. This model suggests that people offer aid to receive something in return or to gain a personal advantage. Such a personal benefit can be seen as the individual sense of being morally satisfied, namely, warm-glow. That is, those who donate may feel higher levels of social esteem, gratitude and respect from others which are aspects feeding their warm-glow. Individual would decide to donate by the possibility to gain moral satisfaction rather than acting for the common good. On the other hand, according to cognitive psychology, pseudoinefficacy may affect donating behaviors as an illusion of inefficacy that arises when individuals can only help some people but not others who yet are equally in need. In this sense, the phenomenon of pseudoinefficacy contributes to the selfish altruism model as an explanation of the individuals’ emotions that may reduce donors’ warm-glow. Ultimately, we propose a critical and interdisciplinary review of donating behaviors model and propose a research agenda for further investigations. Given the widespread of poverty as linked to the worldwide changes (i.e., novel pandemic of Sars-Cov-2), theoretical indications and reflections on donating behavior represent a pragmatic and moral concern whose relevance rests in the potential applied implications.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116251643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RELEVANCE OF EDUCATION AND ENVIRONMENT ON RELIGIOSITY, QUALITY OF LIFE AND HAPPINESS","authors":"M. Ganesh Kumar","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact065","url":null,"abstract":"\"Religiosity is an inclination to find meaning and purpose of life in order to live an integrated life. Religiosity provides goals and value system, which shapes different aspects of life and enhances mental health and happiness. The objective of this paper is to review the relevance of education for mental health, happiness and religiosity in different Indian environmental context. Four hundred subjects from rural and urban population residing in various location of India were administered Oxford Happiness inventory test, WHO-QOL questionnaires and Religious orientation questionnaire. Multivariate ANOVA performed on differentiation scores revealed significant effects. Findings reveal that significant differences emerged in QOL, Happiness and Religiosity as a function of education, where less educated have higher degree of happiness and religiosity than highly educated participants. Education effect was statistically significant on Religiosity, Quality of Life and Happiness. The data suggests a strong trend in the expected direction. The findings have been discussed in terms of the characteristic education patterns of Indian subcontinent.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126764609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CULTURAL DIVERSITY AT WORK: CONCEPTS, PERCEIVED CONSEQUENCES AND PERSONAL RESOURCES FOR FRENCH AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYEES","authors":"Alexandrine Ceschiutti, René Mokounkolo","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact044","url":null,"abstract":"\"Background: As a result of globalization, work environments are now characterized by cultural diversity, resulting in diversified norms and approaches to quality of life at work (QWL), for which employees and organizations are unprepared (Ellemers & Rink, 2016). Consideration of this diversity is imperative because it can lead to intercultural misunderstandings and conflicts that are likely to affect employees’ performance and level of QWL (Stahl et al., 2010). Thus, to adapt, employees and organizations need to develop intercultural skills (Nguyen et al., 2018). Objectives: This study aims at three exploratory objectives. First, we observed employees’ perceptions of cultural differences, the indicators that they see as most salient, and how they evaluate them. Second, the perceived consequences of cultural diversity at work. Finally, the personal resources that can enable employees to interact effectively in culturally diverse situations. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 French agricultural employees (10 women and 2 men, aged between 18 and 65). An interview guide was used, and the data were analysed to identify the frequency of occurrence of each theme in text segments (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Results: The results show that the participants were aware of cross-cultural differences, which they perceived through 10 principal indicators. They observed that cultural diversity at work could have both positive (e.g. cohesion) and negative (e.g. racism) personal and organizational consequences and that cultural differences affect QWL and performance. Finally, with regard to the resources required to manage cultural diversity at work. The participants observed the importance of acquiring personal resources, in line with the literature on intercultural skills like cultural intelligence (Early & Ang, 2003).\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127385617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EFFECT OF A SCHOOL PREVENTION PROGRAM ON ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION A SOLOMON FOUR GROUP DESIGN","authors":"O. Orosová, B. Gajdošová, J. Benka","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact079","url":null,"abstract":"\"The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect effect of the Unplugged program on alcohol consumption (AC) as reported by schoolchildren a year after program implementation within a Solomon four group design. A randomized control trial using the Unplugged program was carried out among schoolchildren at 24 primary schools. Twelve schools were assigned to the experimental group (EG, n = 798, n = 401EG no pre-test, n = 397EG pre-test) while 12 schools were assigned to the control group (CG, n = 622, n = 298CG no pre-test, n = 333CG pre-test). The mean age of the schoolchildren was 13.5 years, SD = 0.59; 47.5% girls. The sample consisted of 1420 schoolchildren in total. The data collection was carried out immediately before implementing the program (T1, experimental and control group with a pre-test), immediately after implementing the program (T2) and a year after program implementation (T3). The consumption of alcohol during the last 30 days (Hibbel, Guttormsson, Ahlström, & Kraus, 2012) was dichotomized for the purposes of the statistical analysis. A serial mediation analysis was performed through the Hayes´ PROCESS tool in SPSS 25 (Model 6). The controlled variables in the serial mediation analysis were ACT2, pretest, and gender. The mediation effect was tested on 5000 samples by means of Bootstrapping. The direct effect of Unplugged on ACT3 was confirmed. The effect of Unplugged on ACT3 was serially mediated by meaningful participation in the community T3 and satisfaction with oneself T3. The results of this study have contributed to the effectiveness of the European school-based drug use prevention program Unplugged among Slovak schoolchildren.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125248255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LEARNING HABITS: DOES THE DIGITAL GENERATION HAVE DIGITAL STRESS AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE LEARNING OF MATHEMATICS?","authors":"Aija Cunska","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact042","url":null,"abstract":"\"Mathematics is one of the most important subjects that students learn at all levels of education. Understanding and competence in mathematics allows to integrate better into the labour market, perform complex calculations and model significant processes. It is mathematics that has been proven to be the most sensitive to compulsory distance learning as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Due to the state of emergency in Latvia, all schools were periodically closed for a total of 9 months, when the learning process could only take place in the e-environment. In this context, the study was motivated by the question \"\"Does digital stress exist for the digital generation and how does it affect the learning of mathematics?\"\" The aim of the study is to determine the initiators of digital stress by using the Stressor-strain-outcome framework and the consequences that students face when learning math remotely. Using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling with SmartPLS, a survey data of 185 students were analyzed. Anxiety, lack of instantaneous feedback, risks of self-directed learning and social isolation were found to contribute to digital stress, which in turn has a negative impact on interest and performance in learning mathematics. The study helped to delve into students' feelings and needs, as well as to develop recommendations to reduce the effects of the pandemic, to manage learning processes more effectively, to gain students' respect and to promote better learning in mathematics.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122377420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UNDERSTANDING METAPHORS: GETTING STARTED WITH TCM JUNIOR","authors":"A. Figueira, Cátia Santos","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact073","url":null,"abstract":"\"Our purpose is to present the first results of the application of a resource to analyze the ability to understand metaphors, with a group of 36 Portuguese children, from 4 to 6 years old. The instrument is the adaptation to European Portuguese of the TCM Junior, a metaphor comprehension test for children, from 4 to 6 years old, of Italian origin, which exists in circulation and with standardized data. At the moment, the material used is properly adapted for the Portuguese population, having followed all the rules of linguistic and cultural adaptation, and it is in the application phase, with a view to its measurement and loyalty, by meeting normative data. However, according to the tests carried out, the resource seems to us to have great potential: it is well accepted by children, it is discriminatory, within and between ages, the averages obtained are close to those of Italian counterparts, thus, the promising results are predictors a valid and necessary resource for the national context. The inexistence of adapted and available resources for European Portuguese on this subject is a fact. Moving forward with this task, a necessary and urgent task was looming, with guarantees of construct, theoretical and even content validity, based on the evidence of the original authors. We will also try, although briefly and not completely, for obvious reasons, to account for the instrument's architecture. We also consider, given its characteristics and evidence, and even as an initial project, that the resource in question can and should work as intervention material in terms of promoting the awareness of figurative and metaphorical language, it can be used by psychologists and other educators.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128137223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MANIPULATING EXPERIMENTALLY WITH SEXUAL DESIRE – THE IMPACT OF INNER SEXUAL FANTASIES","authors":"T. Aavik","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact029","url":null,"abstract":"\"Objective. Recent models of sexual response have challenged the traditional view of spontaneity of sexual desire and argue that desire is context specific and not so obviously spontaneous. However, the Inner responsive desire has been theorized mainly with regard to women’s sexuality. Design and method. For measurement of sexual desire, I distinguished state and trait levels of desire and applied Imagined Social Situation Exercise (ISSE) measures. Results. The trait level of sex desire was significantly different for men and women and state sex desire before the experiment was equal. The sex manipulation changed sex desire level compared with the controls and it worked equally for both men and women. Conclusions. Based on my results I can conclude that state and trait desire levels are similar for men and women and applying ISSE really increases state level of sexual desire. No sex differences were found and it seems that trait and state levels of sexual desire work relatively independently from each other.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131993149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"POSITIVE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN SLOVENIA: TEST OF A MODEL","authors":"A. Kozina, Tina Pivec","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact021","url":null,"abstract":"\"The PYD framework is based on Relational Developmental System Theory, which focuses on the importance of the interplay between individual characteristics and contexts (e.g., school, family, community, society) (Lerner, 2007). In the study, we will put this model through an empirical test using structural equation modelling. We will test a path leading from developmental assets (internal and external assets) to the 5Cs and further on to the positive (contribution) and negative (bullying, anxiety) outcomes. The basic assumptions are that the amount of developmental assets present is related to the PYD outcomes, the 5Cs, and these to the lower level of risky and problem behavior and to greater contribution. We will test three alternative models with variations in the 5Cs part: 5Cs model, one-factor model, two-factor model. The rationale for testing 5Cs as one factor originates in the studies (e.g., Holsen et al., 2017) showing that the associations between the 5Cs and negative outcomes appear to depend on how the 5Cs are treated in data analysis, i.e., as separate Cs or as one PYD factor. Similarly, proofs of a two-factor model can be found in the literature (Årdal et al., 2018). We will use Slovenian youth sample (N = 1982; 57.4% female; Mage = 15.35, SD = 1.21) participating in PYD-SI-MODEL study and a selection of self-report measures: Developmental Assets Profile (Scales, 2011), PYD questionnaire (Geldof et al., 2013), LAOM Anxiety Scale (Kozina, 2012); Adolescent Peer Relationship Index Bully-Target (Parada, 2000), and Thriving and Contribution Indicators (Benson, 2003). The findings show better fit of the 5C model. The study is the first of this kind to test the model on Slovenian data therefore together with scientific added value, the study has direct implications also for practice and for the promotion of positive youth development in Slovenia.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131133940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROFESSIONALS, STREAMERS AND AMATEUR PLAYERS: AN ETHNOGRAPHY FOR EXPLORING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOURS IN DIFFERENT WORK-PLAY CONDITIONS","authors":"A. Boldi, A. Rapp, Maurizio Tirassa","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact093","url":null,"abstract":"\"In recent decades, work has been going through a series of transformations leading to the rise of virtual organizations and to the spread of gamification practices. On the other side, also play activities have been going through a process of “workification”, with the rise of phenomena such as “grinding” in video games. Nowadays, the boundaries between work and play are blurred, so that the old dichotomies between game and labour do not hold anymore. This entanglement between work and play might shape the organizations and the dynamics of their members, radically. To understand how, we investigate organizational dynamics occurring in a multiplayer video game, as virtual gaming worlds are often designed to replicate complex social structures and serious work ecosystems. We involve Esports professionals, streamers, and amateur players as they differently intertwine “playing” and “working” practices during the gaming activity. Professionals have problems that are typical of workers, like pursuing a remunerated career in the area; streamers invest an emotional labour during live performances in order to attract spectators who economically sustain them; amateur players could perceive their activity as a “second work”. An ethnographic study within an Italian gaming community is in progress. We focus on “Call of Duty: Warzone”, a First-Person Shooter Battle Royale game which requires players to enact organizational efforts in order to reach the in-game objectives (e.g., defeat the enemy team). The study uses i) semi-structured interviews and participant observation conducted in the game environment played by the amateurs, ii-iii) observation of gaming sessions, analysis of online content and semi-structured interviews with reference to streamers and professional, iv) analysis of communication exchanges of all three types of players during the gaming sessions. We expect that players belonging to different categories will enact distinct organizational behaviours and give rise to various organizational structures. A cross-comparison between them, which is missing in current literature, would clarify how different modalities of combining work and play impact on organizational behaviours and dynamics; it could also help both academic and practitioners address the issues faced by current working virtual organizations, by providing insights on how to effectively organize people collaborating from a distance through “best practices” that can be found in games. Preliminary results will be presented at the conference. Since the study is targeted to the Italian context, generalization of the results might be difficult; however, we expect to provide rich insights through the adoption of a qualitative ethnographic approach.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":"18 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131094673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}