Making Policies Work最新文献

{"title":"Policy instruments, policy learning and politics: impact assessment in the European Union","authors":"C. Dunlop, C. Radaelli","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00016","url":null,"abstract":"The conceptual work was informed by two European Research Council (ERC) projects – Analysis of Learning in Regulatory Governance (ALREG) (grant # 230267) and Procedural Tools for Effective Governance (PROTEGO) (grant # 694632).","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"398 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133532091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reverse engineering and policy design","authors":"R. Weaver","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00020","url":null,"abstract":"A mechanistic perspective on policy analysis and design has been described as focused on “a theory of a system of interlocking parts that transmit causal forces from X to Y” (Beach and Pedersen, 2013, p. 29). Hedström and Ylikoski (2010, p. 53) argue that a “mechanism-based explanation describes the causal process selectively. It does not aim at an exhaustive account of all details but seeks to capture the crucial elements of the process by abstracting away the irrelevant details.” In the approach used in this volume, first-order causal mechanisms are seen as those that “alter the behavior of individuals, groups and structures to achieve a specific outcome” through use of policy activators embedded in government policy (Capano, Howlett and Ramesh, Chapter 1 this volume). Second-order causal mechanisms are the use of knowledge about mechanisms at work in individual and collective behaviors to inform revisions to policy “activators.” This chapter examines the firstand second-order causal mechanisms at work in a policy sector that many governments have tried to influence through use of policy activators: retirement savings by households. It uses that analysis to draw broader implications for the understanding and utilization of causal mechanisms in policy research, and in particular the potential of and limitations on reverse engineering, that is, using an understanding of how causal mechanisms operate to design mechanisms whose predicted outcomes “coincide with the desirable outcome” (Maskin, 2008, p. 567; emphasis in original) sought by government. Reverse engineering can thus be seen as one form of second-order mechanism. In this analysis, government policy activators are one of several factors that shape individual and household decisions on (and ultimately aggregate levels of) retirement savings. In the terminology used in this volume, the causal mechanisms at work in moving from Stage 2 to Stage 3 of the simplified causal model shown in Figure 10.1 – both policy activators and other factors that may influence individual and household retirement savings behavior – are first-order causal mechanisms. Retirement savings behavior in turn affects","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134139586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Looping to success (and failure): second-order mechanisms and policy outcomes","authors":"M. Compton, P. Hart","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00021","url":null,"abstract":"Significant accomplishments of public policy successes are not always – or even rarely – noticed and appreciated for what they are. Much of the Dutch population lives happily and safely well below sea level, Brazil leads the world in tackling poverty and inequality, and Botswana has avoided the resource curse against all odds. In each case, smartly designed, well-executed, broadly supported and continuously evolving public policy programs make this happen. In this chapter, we examine how second-order mechanisms can remake political and social institutions to reinforce performance and contribute to the success of public policies. In doing so, we assume that public policy analysis and design necessitates a dynamic perspective, that policy processes unfold over time, and that temporality is an essential aspect of explanatory public policy theory. The study of success in public policy has been a modest affair compared to ongoing efforts to expose public policy failures and scandals and the inherent pathologies of government (Bovens and ‘t Hart, 1996, 2016; Hall, 1982; King and Crewe, 2014; Peirce, 1981; Schuck, 2014). The stubborn few who insist on studying public policy achievements have mainly focused on conceptualizing what “success” looks like in the complex contentious endeavor that is a public policy, program, or project. Scholars have advanced frameworks for assessing typologies and scales of success in real cases. This work enabled analysts to progress beyond the elegant but oversimplified emphasis on goal achievement that dominated classic program evaluation methodologies and the analytical vagaries of subsequent constructivist and goal-free approaches to evaluation (Bovens, ‘t Hart and Peters, 2001; McConnell, 2010). What this line of research has yet to deliver, however, is a robust framework explaining differential performance of otherwise similar policy endeavors, though it has","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131632607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural mechanisms affecting policy subsystems activity: beyond individual and group behavioral propensities in policy design and policy change","authors":"Michael Howlett","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00011","url":null,"abstract":"Policy sectors constitute distinct policy regimes consisting of the current collectively accepted definition of an issue, the current relevant policies (laws, regulations, fiscal instruments, government programs and relationships), and the actors and institutions (both inside and outside government) actively engaged in implementing and modifying them (Harris and Milkis, 1989; Eisner, 1994a, 1994b). These regimes are constructed at the “subsystem” level (McCool, 1998), that is, as subsets of political, social and economic systems and the various actors and activities of which those are comprised. According to Sabatier (1998, p. 99), “[a] subsystem consists of actors from a variety of public and private organizations who are actively concerned with a policy problem or issue, such as agriculture, and who regularly seek to influence public policy in that domain.” Such subsystems, he argued, provide “the most useful unit of analysis for understanding the overall policy process,” superior to the use of other units such as government organizations or programs. How these subsystems operate and what impact they have on policies and vice versa is a long-standing question in the policy sciences (Cater, 1964). Often these subsystems are viewed as examples of a general class of stable “homeostatic” systems that are self-adjusting or self-equilibrating in routine circumstances and often thought of as changing only under the pressure of external shocks or “jolts” that introduce new extraneous elements into the system, throwing them out of equilibrium (Sabatier, 1988; Aminzade, 1992). This notion of the exogenous nature of subsystem change focuses analytical attention on the various types of external crises that could provoke changes in","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131602971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Policy process research and the causal mechanism movement: reinvigorating the field?","authors":"E. Lindquist, A. Wellstead","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00009","url":null,"abstract":"Schlager and Blomquist’s paper comparing three “emerging theories of the policy process.” It examined the ACF, Elinor Ostrom’s Institutional Rational Choice (IRC, which later became IAD), and Terry Moe’s politics of structural choice approach. Issues of mechanisms and causality were briefly discussed, with ACF touted as a more sophisticated incorporation of the roles of information and learning; it challenges the other frameworks to consider the “ideological filtering of information, and changes in individuals’ beliefs, as mechanisms promoting or inhibiting policy change” (p. 666).","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123915924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling the mechanistic chain for better policy design","authors":"G. Capano, Michael Howlett, M. Ramesh","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00008","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how policy design can incentivize, constrain, and otherwise structure policy targets’ behavior to achieve desired results is vital but requires a clear understanding of the mechanisms that link policy tools to actual behavior. More importantly, it requires reasoning in terms of the processes and interactions that can be activated by policy tools to accomplish desired results. It is therefore imperative that policy designers – both those who study it and those who practice it – specify clearly the linkages between the input (policy design) and the output, via the intended and unintended processes triggered by the design. Many existing analytical efforts focus only on shedding light on what is needed for good policy design and ignore how good policy design works in terms of the types of processes that can be activated to achieve (or not) the desired results. As a result, we know little about how different solutions trigger and drive the achievement of intended outcomes. The literature on policy design is often based on anecdotes and correlations, jumping from proposed solutions to anticipated outcomes without exploring the conditions that are the real determinants of policy results. The objective of this book is to explore the usefulness of adopting a mechanistic approach to policy design, focusing on the actual ways in which policy designs can facilitate or hinder achievement of policy goals. It improves the analysis and practice of policy design by focusing on the mechanistic causation relevant to policy-making and policy behavior. The book thus brings to policy design studies the insights of the mechanistic turn in social sciences over the past few decades. This mechanistic turn is partly motivated by dissatisfaction with both the “law-like” and statistical explanations commonly employed by policy scholars.","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129170013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accountability mechanisms: the case of the European banking union","authors":"Mattia Guidi","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117021321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mechanisms of food waste prevention: theory, design, and practice for changing behaviours","authors":"Simone Busetti","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00012","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing international attention to food waste as an environmental, health, economic and social problem. Depletion of resources in producing food and the environmental and economic costs of discarding waste combined with the social, ethical and symbolic values of wasting food, while poverty and hunger are still a global issue. The two 2008 crises – the global food crisis and the most renowned financial crisis – have changed public attitudes towards food. Old certainties about food commodities and security were disrupted and food got new public attention, no longer as a moral issue towards developing countries, but as an internal security problem threatening the Western world (Collier, 2008; McMichael, 2009; Lang, 2010). Such developments certainly provided a favourable context for food sustainability, one where wasting food was considered less desirable and harder to afford and where policy measures tackling food waste could enjoy new visibility and global attention (Evans, Campbell and Murcott, 2013; Manzocco et al., 2016). In 2015, in fact, the UN adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, which included a specific commitment to halve food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including a commitment to address post-harvest losses (United Nations, 2015). Similarly, the 2014 Commission Communication promoting a zero-waste programme for Europe and the following 2015 Action Plan for the Circular Economy paid specific attention to food waste, in particular for improving measurement, date marking, food recovery and donation. In 2016, three EU countries – Italy, France and Romania – passed legislation for reducing food waste. If – as it appears – the time has come for action, the evidence base is still uncertain. As agreed by several commentators, how food waste prevention","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133169594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using mechanistic methods for policy design and analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127486727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How neglecting policy mechanisms can lead to policy failure: insights from public–private partnerships in Indias health sector","authors":"Altaf Virani","doi":"10.4337/9781788118194.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118194.00013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":120146,"journal":{"name":"Making Policies Work","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114918328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}