European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology最新文献

{"title":"Developmental kinetics distinguish meiotic from mitotic chromosomal defects: Day-5 blastocyst achievement as age-independent predictor of euploid embryo yield","authors":"Mai Vuong Hung ,&nbsp;Pham Thi Hai Ha ,&nbsp;Nguyen Khac Han Hoan ,&nbsp;Nguyen Thanh Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While maternal age is established as a dominant reproductive risk factor, the mechanistic distinction between age-dependent meiotic errors and age-independent mitotic errors remains uncharacterized. These divergent pathways have profound implications for patient counseling and treatment stratification but are rarely differentiated clinically.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To establish distinct etiological pathways underlying chromosomal abnormalities by quantifying the differential age-sensitivity of whole-chromosome aneuploidies (meiotic origin) versus mosaic abnormalities (mitotic origin), determining whether developmental timing serves as an age-independent biomarker of genomic competence, and enabling practitioners to provide pathway-specific counseling and treatment recommendations.</div></div><div><h3>Search strategy</h3><div>PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for relevant studies.</div></div><div><h3>Selection criteria</h3><div>Retrospective cohort of 490 IVF patients (2,472 embryos) stratified by maternal age (≤35, 35–40, ≥40 years) with complete extended culture and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.</div></div><div><h3>Data collection and analysis</h3><div>Age-stratified analysis of developmental kinetics and comprehensive chromosomal classification. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of aneuploidy, adjusting for maternal age and day-5 blastocyst count.</div></div><div><h3>Main results</h3><div>Whole-chromosome aneuploidies demonstrated striking age-sensitivity (14.0 % to 36.5 %, 2.6-fold increase, p &lt; 0.001), reflecting progressive cohesin complex degradation, spindle checkpoint decline, and mitochondrial bioenergetic insufficiency. Mosaicism remained age-independent (∼41 %, p = 0.383), arising from post-meiotic mitotic errors. Day-5 blastocyst formation declined 30 % with age (p = 0.0154), yet day-6 formation remained age-independent (p = 0.106), indicating developmental delay rather than failure. Day-5 blastocyst count independently protected against aneuploidy (OR 0.965, 95 % CI: 0.944–0.987, p = 0.002), persisting after multivariate adjustment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Mechanistic differentiation between age-dependent meiotic and age-independent mitotic chromosomal abnormalities reveals fundamentally distinct etiological pathways with profound implications for clinical decision-making. In particular, day-5 blastocyst achievement emerges as an independent biomarker of oocyte quality, enabling precise within-age-group risk stratification regardless of chronological age. These findings translate developmental kinetics into quantitative clinical algorithms that substantially improve reproductive counseling accuracy and patient-specific prognostication beyond traditional age-based approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the ovarian function and gyneco-obstetrical profile of patients with an HNF1B abnormality","authors":"Audrey Cartault ,&nbsp;Camille Paret ,&nbsp;Charlotte Garczynski ,&nbsp;Sabrina Da Costa ,&nbsp;Zeina Chakhtoura ,&nbsp;Perrine Ernoult ,&nbsp;Dominique Chauveau ,&nbsp;Stéphane Decramer ,&nbsp;Stanislas Faguer ,&nbsp;Magali Viaud ,&nbsp;Céline Mercier ,&nbsp;Vanessa Rousseau ,&nbsp;Claire Thalamas ,&nbsp;Nicolas Gatimel ,&nbsp;Catherine Pienkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>HNF1B variant is a rare autosomal dominant disease that affects the embryonic development of the urogenital system, the mullerian development, the liver, the exocrine and endocrine pancreas functions responsible for MODY 5 diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ovarian reserve and the gyneco-obstetric profile of patients with an HNF1B anomaly.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>This was a pilot study coordinated by the Reference Centre of Rare Gynecological Pathologies (RGP). It was conducted in 3 hospital sites after agreement of the Reference Centres of Rare Renal Diseases. The primary endpoint was the serum AMH concentration, the secondary endpoint was the gyneco-obstetric characteristics of the patients.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>26 of the 54 patients aged 29 ± 13 years agreed to participate. All are carriers of the HNF1 pathogenic variant with a deletion in 50% of cases. 38% of patients had an AMH level &lt;25th percentile adjusted for age. No statistical significant association was observed with genetic, renal abnormality, or Mody diabetes. Their gynecological profile was comparable to general population. 42% had uterine malformation. Obstetric complications of threatened premature delivery, cholestasis of pregnancy were noted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We have, for the first time, described the ovarian function and gyneco-obstetric profile of patients with an HNF1 variant. We highlighted the value of monitoring their ovarian reserve. Fertility preservation should be discussed on an individual basis. These data need to be confirmed by a larger study and a longitudinal follow up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114961"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value of triglyceride-glucose index in diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Binze Chen ,&nbsp;Teng Ma ,&nbsp;Ying Liu ,&nbsp;Mengting Wang ,&nbsp;Tingting Yin ,&nbsp;Yanxia Han","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To assess the accuracy of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched up to April 18, 2025 for English-language clinical studies using TyG for GDM prediction. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool was utilized for quality assessment, and the final results were presented by RevMan5.3. The overall accuracy of TyG in GDM diagnosis was identified using Stata15.0 and Meta-DiSc1.4. We also performed subgroup analyses by the sample size, prevalence, cutoff, and trimester of pregnancy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sixteen studies with 480,402 participants were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio of TyG in GDM diagnosis were 0.63 (95 % CI 0.56–0.70), 0.64 (95 % CI 0.60–0.68), 1.80 (95 % CI 1.60–1.90), 0.57 (95 % CI 0.49–0.67), and 3.00 (95 % CI 2.00–4.00), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve of TyG was 0.68 (95 % CI 0.64–0.72). Subgroup analyses revealed that small sample sizes, high prevalence, cutoff &lt; 8.5, and the second trimester corresponded to the high accuracy of TyG in GDM diagnosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>TyG demonstrates moderate diagnostic accuracy for GDM, with an area under the SROC curve of 0.68. Considering the limitations of the available studies, more prospective studies are still required to clarify the diagnostic value of TyG in actual clinical practice and offer a stronger basis for clinical decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114931"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound assessment of the perineal body: A scoping review","authors":"Ivo Vukasović ,&nbsp;Držislav Kalafatić ,&nbsp;Maja Banović ,&nbsp;Vladimir Banović","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The perineal body (PB) is a pyramidal fibromuscular structure located in the anterior part of the perineum, between the rectum and the vagina. It serves as a crucial component of the pelvic floor support system, particularly at levels II and III. Current understanding of pelvic floor anatomy is largely derived from cadaveric dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, ultrasound offers a promising alternative due to its ability to provide dynamic, non-invasive assessment, along with broad availability and cost-effectiveness. Importantly, ultrasound has the potential to reveal new insights into the anatomy of the perineal body and its functional role in both the static and dynamic support of the female pelvic floor.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature sources. Eligible studies included English-language publications involving ultrasound visualization or measurement of the PB in women. Data extraction and screening were conducted independently by two reviewers, with discrepancies resolved through consensus. Data extraction encompassed a comprehensive set of variables, including study number, study design, total sample size, subgroup sample sizes, ultrasound approach, probe type, parameters measured, imaging position, and main findings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 22 studies were included in the scoping review, with publications ranging from 1997 to 2025. The majority of studies were observational, and sample sizes varied from 22 to 1340 (mean 154) participants. In most studies published before 2012, endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) was the most commonly used modality. With advances in transvaginal ultrasound technology and the introduction of transperineal ultrasound, detecting and measuring the perineal body has become more accessible and precise. The perineal body can now be measured in three dimensions—depth, height, and width—rather than relying solely on the traditional measurement of perineal body thickness.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In conclusion, the perineal body is an important anatomical structure that can be clearly visualized and measured using ultrasound; however, significant heterogeneity in imaging approaches, probe types, and anatomical definitions underscores the need for standardized methodologies to improve reproducibility and support future clinical application in the diagnosis and management of pelvic organ prolapse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114904"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confirming age before MTP in minors: reconciling POCSO mandates with adolescent reproductive rights","authors":"Pragnesh Parmar ,&nbsp;Gunvanti Rathod","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114920","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114920"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiota and infertility: a translational review of mechanisms and clinical applications in assisted reproduction","authors":"Bixiu Du ,&nbsp;Yaru Yang ,&nbsp;Lang He ,&nbsp;Ying Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infertility constitutes a major global health concern, affecting approximately 17.5% of couples of reproductive age. Although advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have expanded treatment options, success rates remain highly variable due to host-specific and biological determinants. This review synthesizes current evidence on the reproductive impact of the human microbiota and its translational relevance to ART outcomes. Vaginal microbial communities dominated by <em>Lactobacillus</em>, particularly <em>L. crispatus</em>, are associated with improved conception and implantation, whereas genital or intestinal dysbiosis correlates with infertility and suboptimal treatment responses. The microbiota modulates reproductive competence through intertwined immune, endocrine–metabolic, and mucosal barrier pathways that regulate inflammation, hormonal balance, and epithelial integrity. Emerging findings indicate that gut microbial alterations linked to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis are accompanied by insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, impairing ovulation, endometrial receptivity, and embryo viability. Interventions such as probiotics and synbiotics yield heterogeneous efficacy; individualized antimicrobial strategies, metabolic modulation, and lifestyle optimization may offer complementary benefit, while microbiota reconstruction remains experimental. Methodological limitations, including contamination in low biomass samples, variations in sequencing workflows, and population heterogeneity, still hinder data comparability and mechanistic interpretation. Future research should prioritize adequately powered randomized controlled trials using standardized microbiome metrics and live birth as a primary endpoint. Integrating microbiome profiling into ART workflows may refine patient stratification and inform precision adjuvant therapies. However, clinical implementation requires stronger causal evidence, validated biomarkers, and harmonized methodological frameworks to translate microbiome discoveries into reproducible reproductive gains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114941"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caesarean section rates in public vs private hospitals in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis using the Robson ten group classification system","authors":"Sara Ebadi ,&nbsp;Viktoria El Radaf ,&nbsp;Tahir Mahmood ,&nbsp;Charles Savona-Ventura ,&nbsp;Mehreen Zaigham","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114921","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Since the last two decades, there has been a dramatic rise in caesarean sections (CS) throughout the world. This increase has been seen even in Europe, where rates vary significantly from 17% in Northern Europe to 56% in the South. Although, CS can be a lifesaving intervention when medically necessary, non-essential CS are associated with short- and long-term complications for both the mother and newborn. To curb this rising trend, it is important to understand underlying causes behind regional disparities, including differences between public and private hospitals.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;To investigate variations in CS rates between public and private hospitals across European regions and at a country level using the Robson Ten Group Classification.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A systemic review of studies published between 1st January 2000 and 12th March 2025 was conducted using MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Global Index Medicus, Web of Science and Cochrane library, analysing CS rates in 25 European countries. All studies reporting births in Europe, Robson group, written in English or Swedish were included. The developed protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (Registration number 513579). Meta-analysis using absolute numbers and percentages was conducted to compare the birth rates at country and regional levels. To assess the risk of bias, two reviewers independently evaluated the quality of the studies included using a modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale adapted for cohort studies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Of 1385 articles, 46 were eligible for inclusion in the final analysis. A total of 12 505&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;939 births were analysed, with 8 543&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;803 (68.3%) occurring in public hospitals and 3 962&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;136 (31.7%) in private hospitals. Overall, Southern Europe illustrated the highest CS rate (54.9% of all births) as compared to Northern Europe (16.9%). There was a lack of reporting from private hospitals, with data only for Southern Europe, where CS rates were significantly higher in private (73.1%) as compared to public (40.9%) hospitals. The largest differences were seen for low-risk women Robson Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 (private vs public: 67.8 vs 28%, 67.6 vs 39.7, 26.9 vs 9.1% and 38 vs 18% respectively).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;High CS rates were observed across Europe, with Southern Europe reporting the highest levels. Rates were consistently higher in private compared to public hospitals. In both settings, Group 5 (women with a previous CS) was the largest contributor to the overall CS rate. However, low-risk women in private hospitals (Groups 1 and 2) had twice the CS rates compared with public hospitals. These findings highlight that the excess CS burden in private hospitals is largely driven by unnecessary procedures in low-risk groups. There is an urgent need for interventions that promote evidence-based care and reduce unnecessary CS es","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114921"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of concern: \"Is dienogest a convenient treatment option for cesarean scar endometriosis or should it be treated surgically?\". [Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 282 (2023) 110-115].","authors":"Kerem Doga Seckin, Pinar Kadirogullari","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114933","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"114933"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146164714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced surgical techniques in minimally invasive surgery: multidisciplinary approach for silent obstructive uropathy in deep endometriosis","authors":"Lucía Chaul ,&nbsp;Ramiro Cabrera Carranco ,&nbsp;Ulises Armando Menocal Tavernier ,&nbsp;William Kondo ,&nbsp;Ana Gabriela Sierra Brozon ,&nbsp;Sofia Hernandez Vega","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114963","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114963"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inside Back Cover - Editors with images","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0301-2115(26)00062-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0301-2115(26)00062-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114996"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}