European journal of medicinal plants最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of In vitro Anti-Diabetic Properties of Biosynthesized Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles from Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leaf) Aqueous Leaf Extract","authors":"O. O. Afuye, S. O. Omotayo","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11178","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Vernonia amygdalina is a common shrub that is widely used and extracts from them have been traditionally used as remedies for treating diabetes mellitus in various parts of the world. The use of V. amygdalina to synthesize MgO nanoparticles has been used for various biomedical applications and it is compatible with anti-diabetic studies. This research investigates the in vitro anti-diabetic potentials of biosynthesized from aqueous V. amygdalina leaf extract.\u0000Methodology: Aqueous extract of V. amygdalina-MgO nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared, X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. FTIR validated the presence of functional groups, the crystallization and size (66nm) of the nanoparticles was validated by XRD while SEM confirmed the shape of the nanoparticles synthesized.\u0000Result:  Qualitative screening confirmed the presence of saponin, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides while their concentrations were evaluated quantitatively. V. Amygdalina-MgONPs extract and acarbose showed significant inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 55.05% and 20.0% respectively.\u0000Conclusion: The study found that biosynthesized MgONPs-V. amygdalina aqueous extract has strong anti-diabetic properties, indicating its potential for diabetes treatment and management.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140222171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Various Drying Methods on the Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Stellaria media Leaves","authors":"Ridhima Singh, Mansi Chaudhary, E. Chauhan","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11177","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Stellaria media belongs to the family of Caryophyllaceae. The plant is widely distributed in cold and temperate region all over the world. However, different parts of the S. media plant have been used to treat various disorders such as diarrhoea, jaundice, asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, measles, renal, reproductive, digestive, and respiratory tracts inflammations.\u0000Aims: This investigation is aimed to determine the proximate composition and antioxidant activity of S. media leaves by using three different drying methods- Sun drying (SD), Shadow drying (SHD), and Oven drying (OD).\u0000Methodology: All the experiments were performed according to standard procedures of the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC). In this study, the effect of drying method on the proximate composition, mineral content, and antioxidant activity such as total flavonoid content, DPPH, and FRAP were investigated.\u0000Results: The result was compared with the fresh leaves (FL) of the S. media. FL of S. media was recorded to have maximum amount of moisture content. Also, the ash content which was determinant of minerals content was higher in OD sample compared with the FL and other drying methods. Protein and crude fiber were higher in dried samples as compared with the FL. Furthermore, levels of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) were higher in SD sample as compared with FL, SHD, and OD samples. Meanwhile, the total flavonoid content (TFC) 652.0±0.56 mg quercetin/g was highest present in OD sample in methanol extract. The inhibition percentage in DPPH ranged from 4.8±0.17 in FL in water extract to 95.8±0.21 in OD samples in methanol extract. The value of FRAP ranged from 9.0±0.42 µmol FeII/g in FL in water extract to 9277.0±0.33 µmol FeII/g in OD samples in methanol extract. Also, the result showed in both DPPH and FRAP highest value in OD sample in methanol extract as same as TFC.\u0000Conclusion: Nutrients and antioxidants help to maintain the nutritional status as well as to prevent various diseases. Therefore, they should be included as a dietary supplement. Furthermore, this represents a driver for future research in this field to consider different drying methods and determine the change in antioxidant activity using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"48 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140224574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of the Antifungal Activity of Fresh and Dried Solanum anguivi Fruits on Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum","authors":"Ouattara Sitapha, K. Elisée, K. Mathieu, Appia Franck Hermann Desire, Y. A. Francis, N. David, D. Joseph","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11176","url":null,"abstract":"In Côte d'Ivoire, as elsewhere in Africa, Solanum anguivi Lam is widely used in traditional medicine to treat bacterial and fungal infections. Given the importance of this plant, the extracts 70%, 80% and 100% from fresh and dried fruits was evaluated for the in vitro growth of two isolates of pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum), as well as its anti-free radical activity.  \u0000Antifungal tests were carried out by plating 1000 cells of each isolate on Sabouraud agar medium using the double dilution method in inclined tubes. Both extracts were active on the different strains tested, according to a dose-response relationship based on the principle of the method used. \u0000However, extracts from fresh fruit showed good activity on C. albicans, while the dried fresh fruit extracts were highly active on T. rubrum.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"18 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140081839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Profile, Acute Toxicity, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Hydroethanolic Extracts from Odontonema strictum (Nees) Kuntze (Acanthaceae) Root and Stem","authors":"Nitiéma Mathieu, Belemnaba Lazare, Ouedraogo Windingoudi Rimwagna Christian, B. Mohamed, Ouédraogo Salfo, Koala Moumouni, Traoré Aristide, Ahounou Aïkpe Judith Fifamin, Ouédraogo Noufou, Kini Bondo Félix, Ouédraogo Sylvin","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11175","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The leaves of Odontonema strictum (Nees) Kuntze (Acanthaceae), a decorative plant native to Latin America, are used to treat hypertension in alternative medicine. However, the other parts of the plant have not yet been investigated for their antihypertensive properties. Aims: Our study aimed to investigate phytochemical groups with antihypertensive potential, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and the safety of using stems and roots hydroethanolic extracts. \u0000Methodology: Phytochemical screening by HPTLC and determining flavonoids and total polyphenols were carried out. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using ABTS, FRAP, DPPH, and LPO methods. The inhibitory activity of Phospholipase A2 and 15-lipoxygenase was determined. Finally, acute oral toxicity was carried out on female mice NMRI. \u0000Results: The hydroethanolic extracts of Odontonema strictum root (HE_ROS) and stem (HE_SOS) contain tannins, sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids, and saponosides. HE_SOS gave the highest levels of flavonoids (23.69±1.10 mg QE/g) and total phenolics (64.15±4.02 mg TAE/g. The two hydroethanolic extracts had antioxidant activity, with HE_ROS being the best. However, these activities were lower than Trolox (p<0.05). The extracts have a moderate inhibitory effect on 15-lipoxygenase and Phospholipase A2. Finally, HE_ROS and HE_SOS are practically non-toxic when administered once orally. \u0000Conclusion: This study provided scientific data and could justify the use of Odontonema strictum in the treatment of hypertension.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"57 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139960958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Ameliorative Role of Citrullus vulgaris (Schrad) Seeds on Caffeine-induced Hepatic and Renal Dysfunction in Male Wistar Rats","authors":"A. Feyisayo, Suleiman Aishat Toyin, Obisakin Ayomiposi Blessing, Famurewa Akindele Joshua","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2024/v35i11174","url":null,"abstract":"Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. It is often marketed for its physical and cognitive performance benefits. Unlike many other psychoactive substances, it is legal and unregulated in nearly all parts of the world. The ingestion of potentially toxic amounts of caffeine in the forms of energy drinks, over-the-counter supplements, addiction or use of anhydrous caffeine products places individuals at risk for accidental overdose. An overdose of this drug is not without its attendant consequences on the liver and the Kidney. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the possible hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of Citrullus vulgaris seed extracts on caffeine induced toxicity. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. They were induced with caffeine (100 mg/kg) and treated with graded doses (100, 300 and 500 mg/ kg bwt.) of aqueous seeds extract of C. vulgaris for 21 days. The plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined and the concentrations of total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea were estimated. Electrolytes (sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium ion) were also estimated. Plasma lipid profiling (total cholesterol, triacylglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was carried out and the liver and kidney of the rats were examined for histopathological changes. The results showed that administration of aqueous seeds extract of Citrullus vulgaris restored the levels of the plasma enzymes, blood proteins, urea and creatinine as well as the levels of electrolytes close to normal control levels which were significantly altered by caffeine intoxication, Photomicrographs sections of the liver and kidney showed that the aqueous seeds extract of Citrullus vulgaris was able to repair damage to organs caused by caffeine-intoxication. The study concluded that the aqueous seeds extract of C. vulgaris possesses ameliorative potential against hepatic and renal damage that arises from caffeine-intoxication.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140510708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body Weight, Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Wistar Albino Rats Fed with Chia Seed Concentrate","authors":"Bakari Gaymary George, Mushi James Richard, Temba Benigni Alfred","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i111167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i111167","url":null,"abstract":"Chia seeds are among commonly used natural remedies to control obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. A research was conducted to evaluate the effects of chia seeds on Body weights, hematological parameters, blood glucose, and lipid profiles in Wistar rats. In the current study, Wistar rats were fed on chia seed powder mixed with broiler chicken feed mash at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%. Body weights, hematological parameters, blood glucose, and lipid profiles were monitored for 28 days. Results indicate that for the treated groups, there was significant increase in white blood cell (WBC) count and lymphocytes in a dose dependent manner (R2 = 0.87; p = 0.032). Plasma glucose and lipid profiles also decreased significantly in an dose dependent manner, whereby, for glucose, group 4 rats-decreased from 138.5 ± 0.8 to 80.3 ± 12.9 mg/dL from day 0 to day 28 of treatment. The results show no significant difference on weight gain in chia treated groups compared to control group. There were no significant variations in the other hematological parameters. In conclusion, findings in this study illustrated that chia seeds can be the good candidate for controlling blood glucose, lipid profiles and improving hematological parameters and also body weight in animals.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"20 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139166202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Phytochemical Analysis of Gliricidia sepium and Xylopia aethiopica Extracts","authors":"Lidji Casilde Jessica Sintes Ruth, Bolou Gbouhoury Eric-Kévin, Konan Gbê Kouakou N’dri Ange, N’guessan Jean David","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i111166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i111166","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Gliricidia sepium and Xylopia aethiopica are frequently utilized in traditional medicine in Ivory Coast. To mitigate potential risks associated with their uninformed use, it is crucial to assess their safety levels. This study was aimed at evaluating the acute toxicity and analyzing the phytochemicals in ethanolic extracts of Gliricidia sepium leaf and Xylopia aethiopica fruit. \u0000Materials and Methods: Triphytochemistry was carried out using staining and precipitation methods. While the Metabolite determinations were conducted via spectrophotometry. The assessment of acute toxicity followed the OECD protocol 423, employing female rats of the Wistar strain. \u0000Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that Ethanolic extracts of  Xylopia aethiopica fruit (XAF)  contains 7.72% polyphenols, 4.09% alkaloids, 0.34% tannins, 0.12% saponins, and 0.001% terpenoids. In comparison, Gliricidia sepium leaf (GSL) exhibited levels of 7.49% polyphenols, 3.41% alkaloids, 0.47% tannins, 0.01% saponins, and 0.51% terpenoids. The acute toxicity study demonstrated the absence of mortality and major toxicity issues at maximum doses of 5000 mg/kg body weight. \u0000Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of XAF and GSL, do not exhibit any acute toxic effect and they both contain some phytochemicals. This validates the frequent utilization and provides assurance to communities usings these plants.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"97 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138954080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Combination of Stem Bark Extract of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth and Certain Antibiotics against Some Organisms of Medical Importance","authors":"Darlington Ugochukwu Onele, Ememobong Gideon Asuquo, C. Udobi, Chibuzor Nneamaka Nwosu, E. E. Akpanenang, Esther Chinonye Ugwoke","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i101165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i101165","url":null,"abstract":"Plant-derived compounds are known to exhibit a direct antibacterial activity and or an indirect activity as antibiotic resistance modifying compounds, and when combined with antibiotics, increased effectiveness may be observed. In this study, effort was directed towards combining the aqueous fraction of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Parkia biglobosa with some antibiotics to observe their combination effects on some organisms of medical importance. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract and test antibiotics was determined using the checkerboard assay. Combination studies were carried out to ascertain the activities of the combinations against test organisms using the rate of kill assay and checkerboard assay. Results obtained confirmed interaction between the plant extract and the test antibiotics. It specifically confirmed synergistic interaction between Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Nalidixic acid respectively and the extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Results obtained proved that in the search for alternative ways of combating bacterial infections, combination of plant extract with antibiotics could boost effectiveness and the aqueous fraction of the methanol extract of Parkia biglobosa is a possible candidate for this purpose against two of the tested organisms.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":" 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138612583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Influence of Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract on the Shelf Life of Ground Beef during Refrigerated Storage","authors":"Lucy J. Mwankunda, Frida Nyamete, Beatrice Kilima","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i101164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i101164","url":null,"abstract":"Consumers nowadays are becoming more aware of the importance of using meat products containing safe and natural additives. Hence, using natural food additives to extend the shelf life of meat along with delaying microbial growth is important. Given the increasingly popular view of Moringa oleifera leaves as a traditional remedy a study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of Moringa oleifera leaves aqueous extract on grounded meat. The study evaluated the physico-chemical, microbial, and organoleptic qualities of ground beef treated with, 0.5%1%, 1.5%, and 2% levels of aqueous solution of extract of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves during refrigerated storage at 4 ◦C. The meat samples treated with 1.5% crude extract of drumstick leaves significantly (P<0.05) improved meat pH, juiciness, texture, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability scores as compared to control and other treated samples. Microbial load in terms of Aerobic Plate Count (APC) was found to be decreased significantly (P< 0.05) in treated samples which 2% treatment was more effective. The lightness (L*), redness (a*) yellowness (b*) values significantly decrease which 2% has decrease more. The pH of ground beef showed a slight increase during storage but Moringa extract does not significantly affect the pH of the meat.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"29 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139237483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity of four Medicinal Plants for Antidiabetic Purposes Used in the Ivorian Pharmacopoeia","authors":"Philippe Kessé N’da, Syndoux Dembélé, E. Koffi, Emile Kouassi Bebgin, A. Adima","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i101163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i101163","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study aims to investigate the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of aqueous extracts from four plants used in the Yamoussoukro district (Côte d'Ivoire) for the treatment of diabetes. Methodology: Secondary metabolites of four plants (Alchornea cordifolia, Ocimum gratissimum, Tetrapleura tetraptera and Vernonia colorata) were carried out by phytochemical screening using appropriate reagents. Polyphenol and tannin contents were determined using the Folin- ciocalteu colorimetric method. The antioxidant activity of the various extracts was then assessed in vitro using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) assay. Acute toxicity was also assessed by administering extracts orally to mice in single increasing doses. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities were determined by monitoring blood glucose levels in mice after administration of the extracts. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, as well as alkaloids, saponosides, terpenes and sterols in all extracts. The highest total flavonoid content was obtained with the V. colorata extract (58.10 mg/g QE). The A. cordifolia extract had the highest content of total polyphenols (57.56 ± 2.34 mg/g GAE) and total tannins (0.84 ± 0.02 mg/g TAE). Also, the highest antioxidant capacity (0.4190 mg/mL) was observed with the A. cordifolia extract, as well as good hypoglycemic activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW. In addition, all the extracts studied had a lethal dose greater than 5000 mg/kg BW. Conclusion and Outlook: These results show that the plant extracts studied contain several secondary metabolites responsible for their good antioxidant capacities. What's more, the plants studied have good anti-diabetic activity and are non-toxic by the oral route. This could justify their use in traditional medicine to combat diabetes.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"60 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139247412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}